Mangkang County, Changdu City, Tibet Autonomous Region

Mangkang County Mangkang county is located in the southeast of Tibet Autonomous Region, the easternmost part of Changdu City, at the intersection of Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet. It lies between 98 ° 00 ′ - 99 ° 05 ′ E and 28 ° 37 ′ - 30 ° 20 ′ n. It borders Batang County in Sichuan Province in the East, Deqin County in Yunnan Province in the south, Zuogong County in the west, Gongjue county and Chaya County in the north.

Mangkang Tibetan means "good and wonderful region". In 2014, Mangkang County covers a total area of 11431 square kilometers and governs two towns and 14 townships (including one ethnic township). The total population of Mangkang county was 73155 (in 2000), and the gross output value of Mangkang county was 511.5445 million yuan (in the first half of 2012).

The main tourist attractions are the ancient tea horse road, Mangkang Yunnan snub nosed monkey nature reserve, Mangcuo scenic spot and Nigo temple.

On December 9, 2019, the people's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region approved the withdrawal of Mangkang county from poverty-stricken counties (districts). China's top 100 water purification counties and cities in 2020.

Historical evolution

Pre Qin Period

Although there is no investigation on the early human activities in Mangkang County, according to the sites and tombs excavated in the surrounding areas and counties, human activities have existed in Mangkang for a long time. The discovery of karuo site in Changdu in 1977 indicates that human activities occurred along the Lancang River as early as the Neolithic age.

The 32 stone slab tombs excavated in 1974 in Deqin, Yunnan Province, and Batang, Sichuan Province, adjacent to Mangkang County, all belong to the tombs from the Warring States period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, indicating that there were human activities in the Lancang River and Jinsha river basins from the Warring States period to the Qin and Han Dynasties. From the analysis of geographical location, there are ancient sites and tombs around Mangkang. It can be inferred that human activities have existed in Mangkang since ancient times, that is, before the Warring States period, the indigenous people of Mangkang lived along the Jinsha River and Lancang River.

Ownership of past dynasties

During the Three Kingdoms, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties, Mangkang county was a mixed area of Aborigines and ancient Qiang tribes.

In the Sui Dynasty, Mangkang belonged to the White Wolf state.

During the Tang Dynasty, after the unification of Tibet by Zanpu Songzanganbu in the 33rd Tubo Dynasty (AD 617), Mangkang was occupied by Tubo. After this period, due to the promotion of Buddhism, the establishment of temples and the management of Tubo officials, Tibetan Buddhism spread among the people with the deepening of political power. Tubo and the tribes and aborigines in Mangkang were integrated into the same ethnic group - Tibetan, so the present Tibetan in Mangkang continued. During this period, the "ancient tea horse road" was opened in Mangkang, and Mangkang became an important window for political, economic and cultural exchanges in Southeast Tubo. It has also become a must for military strategists of all dynasties.

In the Yuan Dynasty, Mangkang was under the jurisdiction of the Yuan government, which was under the jurisdiction of Tubo and other Lu Xuanwei envoys, and later was the wanhu government of yisimaganle.

In the fifth year of Hongwu (1372) to the third year of Zhengde (1508) of the Ming Dynasty, Mangkang was under the jurisdiction of wanhu cizong (Batang) who called on morkan (Mangkang). In the fourth year of Zhengde (1509), the Naxi nationality in Lijiang, Yunnan Province occupied most of Mangkang, and Mangkang became the occupied area of Naxi nationality. In 1639, Mangkang became the control area of Heshuote Gushi Khan.

From 1648 to 1665, Mangkang was under the rule of Tibet. From the 55th to 59th year of Kangxi (1716-1720), the Mongolian Junggar occupied Mangkang. Then the Qing government sent troops from Qinghai, Sichuan and Yunnan to attack Tibet, calming down the turmoil in Tibet. Mangkang was under the jurisdiction of Batang. In 1726, Mangkang was under the jurisdiction of Sichuan. In March 1905, the incident of Ma Ba Tang took place, which began to "change the land to flow". Later, the Qing government surveyed the boundaries of Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet, and established boundary steles in the East and south of Mangkang. The steles were under the jurisdiction of Sichuan in the East, Tibet in the west, and Mangkang was a place of Taiwan and auspicious. In 1911, the jiangka Committee was established in Mangkang.

In 1911, the Republic of China established the jiangka Committee in Mangkang.

In the first year of the Republic of China (1912), tranquility County and Yanjing county were established under the jurisdiction of the frontier ministers of Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet.

In 1932, Mangkang was under the jurisdiction of Tibet.

Establishment of county government

In January 1950, the Chinese people's Liberation Army marched into Tibet. In early October of the same year, the 157th regiment of the 18th army and the 126th regiment of the 14th army arrived at tranquility and yanjingzong (county) respectively.

On October 12, 1950, Tibet's ninth generation bendege gesongwangdui led an uprising in Mangkang. The people's Liberation Army liberated tranquility and Yanjing.

At the beginning of 1951, the people's Liberation Committee of Changdu region sent military representatives to tranquility and Yanjing (Zong) to establish a representative office.

In October 1956, the Tibet Working Committee changed the representative office of tranquility and Yanjing into a religious party committee, and formally established tranquility and Yanjing county.

In November 1956, the leader of the 18 chieftains of Mangkang, pubaben ciwangduoji, led the rebels to openly attack the troops guarding zhuka bridge and encircle Rongxu Quartermaster station in a serious bloody incident, and openly launched an armed rebellion.

In March 1959, the upper reactionary group of the local government of Tibet tore up the "Seventeen article" agreement and launched an all-round armed rebellion. Some monasteries in Mangkang took part in the rebellion. For example, GANGDA temple and Lagong temple in Yanjing took part in the rebellion and GANGDA campaign took place. In June and July of the same year, a large number of local troops entered the quiet and salt well areas.

On April 9, 1960, the State Council merged tranquility County and Yanjing County into tranquility County, and established seven district and 36 Township agricultural and animal husbandry associations.

In 1963, Mangkang county was elected by universal suffrage. At the end of 1965, the seven administrative districts were re divided into 11 districts and 60 townships.

On July 20, 1965, the first people's Congress of Jingning County was held.

In November 1965, tranquility County was renamed Mangkang county.

On May 4, 1968, with the approval of the Party committee of the Tibet Military Region, the Revolutionary Committee of Mangkang county was established.

From 1971 to 1974, Mangkang county carried out the social reform movement in the whole county and realized the people's commune.

At the beginning of 1982, the "production contract system" was carried out in Mangkang county.

In 1988, Mangkang county carried out the policy of "withdrawing districts and merging townships", which divided 11 districts and 60 townships into 24 townships and two reserved areas, namely Yanjing district and Zhubalong district.

In November 2014, Changdu was set up as a city, and Mangkang county was under the jurisdiction of Changdu city.

administrative division

As of 2014, Mangkang county has jurisdiction over 2 towns and 14 townships (including 1 nationality township): gatuo Town, Rumei Town, quzika Township, Muxu Township, Yanjing Naxi nationality township, Zhubalong Township, qudeng Township, Xuzhong Township, Bangda Township, Gebo Township, Luoni Township, cuowa Township, angduo Township, Zongxi Township, mangling Township and soduoxi township. There are 60 administrative villages and 359 villager groups. Mangkang County People's government is located in gatuo town.

geographical environment

Location context

Mangkang county is located in the east of Tibet Autonomous Region and southeast of Changdu city. The geographical coordinates are 98 ° 00 ′ - 99 ° 05 ′ E and 28 ° 37 ′ - 30 ° 20 ′ n. It faces Batang County across the Jinsha River in the East, Deqin County in Yunnan Province in the south, Zuogong County in the West and Gongjue and Chaya counties in the north. The total area is 11431 square kilometers.

topographic features

The average altitude of Mangkang county is 4317 meters, and the Hengduan Mountains run through the county from north to south. Tranquility mountain range is the main mountain range in the territory, with a north-south trend. The main peaks are dalane peak, damaya mountain, kazisikachong mountain, dalane peak, wangqiuzhandui mountain, etc.

climatic conditions

Mangkang county belongs to semi humid monsoon climate zone of plateau temperate zone. It is humid in summer and cold and dry in winter. The average annual temperature is 10 ℃, and the average annual precipitation is 350-450 mm, mainly from June to September. The frost free period is 95 days. Natural disasters include flood, drought, frost, frozen soil, debris flow, etc.

hydrology

The main rivers in Mangkang county are Jinsha River, Lancang River and more than 70 tributaries. The Jinsha River and Lancang River have a total flow length of 1661 kilometers and a drainage area of 250 square kilometers. The main lake is Mangcuo.

natural resources

mineral resources

As of 2014, the main minerals in Mangkang county are gold, silver, lead, sand, tin, zinc, coal, salt, oil, sulfur, gypsum, graphite, etc.

Animal resources

As of 2014, the main wild animals in Mangkang county were eagle, eagle, deer, roe, Harrier, yellow monkey, wild boar, fox, lynx, bear, leopard, Sumen antelope, red panda, great green monkey, Yunnan golden monkey, etc.

plant resources

By 2014, the main medicinal plants were Codonopsis, Gentiana macrophylla, rhubarb, bupleurum, ephedra, Guanzhong, mint, Equisetum, Ganoderma lucidum, Coptis, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Arisaema, Cortex Moutan, Senecio scandens, Primula Primula, lithophylla macrophylla, Datura, Peucedanum, etc.

Population nationality

In 2000, according to the results of the fifth national census, the total population of Mangkang county is 73155, including 11310 in gatuo Town, 4985 in Rumei Town, 2975 in qudeng Township, 5158 in Xuzhong Township, 3045 in quzika Township, 4382 in Naxi nationality township, 4350 in jubalong Township, 2788 in gobo Township, 1716 in Ondo Township, 3191 in Luoni Township, 7766 in cuowa Township, 4499 in Zongxi Township, and 4499 in Muxu township There are 2173 people in mangling Township and 5037 people in soduoxi township.

There are Tibetans, Hans, Naxi, Bai, Tujia, Miao and other nationalities living in Mangkang County, of which Tibetans account for 98%.

economic development

In the first half of 2012, the gross domestic product of Mangkang county was 511.5445 million yuan, an increase of 11.5% over the same period of 2011. The added value of the primary industry reached 13071.4%

Chinese PinYin : Xi Cang Zi Zhi Qu Chang Dou Shi Mang Kang Xian