Longshan County, Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province

Longshan County, with a total area of 3131 square kilometers, governs 21 townships (streets) and 397 villages (communities), with a total population of 610000 and a permanent resident population of 481800.

Longshan is located in the northwest border of Hunan Province, at the junction of Hunan, Hubei and Chongqing provinces (cities), which is one of the most remote counties (cities) in the province. Located in the hinterland of Wuling mountain area, it is the geometric center of Changsha, Wuhan, Chongqing and Guiyang, and five prefecture level cities of Jishou, Zhangjiajie, Enshi, Qianjiang and Tongren. It is also the center of Guizhou Zhangchang railway, ji'en Expressway and Zhangnan expressway The intersection of speed, known as "Hunan, Hubei and Sichuan Confucius.".

The population of 16 ethnic minorities, mainly Tujia and Miao, accounts for 81% of the total population of the county. It is one of the birthplaces of Tujia. Six items, including Tujia brocade skills and Tujia hand waving dance, are listed in the national intangible cultural heritage list, with six national representative inheritors. Ren Bishi, he long, Guan Xiangying, Wang Zhen, Xiao Ke and other proletarian revolutionaries of the older generation established the Hunan Hubei Sichuan Guizhou revolutionary base here, and established the Hunan Hubei Sichuan Guizhou provincial Party committee, provincial government and provincial military region in ciyantang town of our county. There are 13 revolutionary sites, which is the national patriotic education base.

Longshan County has famous tourism resources such as Liye Wulong mountain national scenic spot, Luota Park of Xiangxi World Geopark, Bamianshan of Southern Air grassland, Liye ancient city, Taiping mountain and rabala, which are one of the four ancient towns in Xiangxi. Longshan is the core area of Qin Bamboo Slips culture, the birthplace of Tujia culture and the rich area of red culture. It has more than 40 national brands, such as "the hometown of Chinese folk culture and art", "the hometown of Chinese Tujia Waving Dance", "the hometown of Chinese Tujia brocade" and "the famous town of Chinese history and culture".

Longshan County is rich in water conservancy, forest, grassland and other natural resources; there are huge reserves of coal, purple pottery, quartz sand, marble, shale gas and other minerals; the forest coverage rate reaches 71.2%, which is the first pilot county of forestry carbon sequestration project in Hunan Province.

Historical evolution

Longshan County was founded in 1729, the seventh year of Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty. Because it is the place of "Chen banner", Chen belongs to the dragon, which is a symbol of auspiciousness. In addition to the ups and downs of the territory, it is named Longshan County.

Jingzhou was in the Tang, Yuxia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, and Chu was in the spring and autumn and Warring States periods. From the Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties, it belonged to Qianzhong, Wuling, Yuanling and other prefectures, and was ruled by Tusi in the Five Dynasties, song, yuan, Ming and early Qing Dynasties. In the afternoon of 1729 (the seventh year of Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty), Longshan County was established as Yongshun Prefecture.

During the period of the Republic of China, it was the fourth administrative supervision district, and then the eighth administrative supervision district.

At the beginning of the founding of the people's Republic of China, it belonged to the Yongshun Office of Xiangxi administrative office, and later to the Miao Autonomous Prefecture of Xiangxi Shi family. Longshan people have a glorious revolutionary tradition. Since modern times, Longshan people have successively participated in the Bailian uprising, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, the Wuchang Uprising, and the movement to protect the law and fight against yuan. During the second Civil Revolutionary War, it was the center of Hunan Hubei Sichuan Guizhou revolutionary base founded by he long, Ren Bishi, Guan Xiangying, Wang Zhen, Xiao Ke, Liao Hansheng and other proletarian revolutionaries of the older generation. At that time, the provincial Party committee and government of Hunan Hubei Sichuan Guizhou were set up in xinglongjie Township and ciyantang town. At that time, there were more than 9600 Longshan sons and daughters who participated in the Red Army revolution with he long, and now there are 2400 martyrs on record.

administrative division

In 2015, the county governs 4 streets, 12 towns and 5 townships: Min'an street, Huatang street, Xinglong Street, Shiliao street, ciyantang Town, hongyanxi Town, washihe Town, miaoertan Town, Liye Town, Zhaoshi Town, Guitang Town, Shipai town, danfang Town, Xiluo Town, SHUITIANBA Town, nongche Town, Luota Town, Da'an Town, Maoping Town, neixi town and zanguo town. The county government is stationed at 88 Xinjian Road, Min'an street.

Location context

geological structure

The geological structure of Longshan County is complex, which is composed of sedimentary rocks of different geological ages. From old to new, there are Cambrian, Ordovician, Devonian and Permian in Paleozoic, Triassic and Cretaceous in Mesozoic, tertiary and Quaternary in Cenozoic. Therefore, there are 7 kinds of parent materials, including limestone, slate shale, sandstone, dolomite, purple sand shale, quaternary laterite and river alluvium.

Topography

Longshan County is located at the junction of the northeast side of Yunnan Guizhou Plateau and the southwest end of Western Hubei mountain. Wuling mountain range passes through the whole area obliquely from northeast to southwest. The terrain is high in the north and low in the south. It is the eastern edge of the second step of China's gradual decline from west to East. The county is a strong erosion (dissolution) mountainous area, with undulating mountains, overlapping mountains, crisscross valleys, steep slopes, deep valleys, broken mountains and scattered cultivated land. There are 192 mountaintops with an altitude of 1000-1200 meters, and 353 mountaintops with an altitude of more than 1200 meters. The main mountains are Hongqi boundary in the north, liaoyekelipo in the west, Mengbi boundary in the northeast, Yonglong boundary and Zengjia boundary in the East, Luota boundary in the middle and Bamianshan mountain in the southwest. They extend from the northeast to the south in the form of East, middle, West and North mountains, forming a "Wu" shaped geomorphic framework with high in the north, low in the south, steep in the East, gentle in the West and opening to the south.

The geomorphology of the county is obviously controlled by the geological structure. Due to the influence of Caledonian, Hercynian, Yanshan and Himalayan Crustal Movements and long-term invasion (dissolution) and other external factors, the geomorphology has the characteristics of alternate ridge and valley, wide height difference, deep cutting, wavy undulation, multi-level, ladder, chain and continuity. Daling mountain, the highest peak in the red flag boundary, is 1736.5 meters above sea level, while Longtou river beach, the lowest, is 218.2 meters above sea level. The relative elevation difference is 1518.3 meters, the slope is 2.3 ‰, the maximum cutting depth is 1136 meters, and the maximum cutting density is 4.7 km / km2. The formation is mainly mountainous, with hills, hills, plains and water surface and other geomorphic types, and most townships and villages have a variety of geomorphic types. The combination ratio of mountain, hill, hill, plain and water surface is 82:10:4:3:1.

Limestone (including dolomite) is widely distributed in the county, covering an area of 1616.94 square kilometers, accounting for 52.1% of the total area of Longshan County. Due to the long-term erosion and dissolution, the erosion denudation surfaces and depressions of different sizes have been formed, as well as many karst caves, funnels, sinkholes, stone buds, underground rivers and other landforms; due to the geological structure and the topography of high in the north and low in the south, the surface streams are deeply cut, and the water systems are distributed in dendritic and grid forms.

soil

There are 9 soil types, 19 sub types, 67 soil genera, 155 soil species and 33 varieties in Longshan County.

48.9% of the soil in the county is derived from the weathering of parent materials rich in mineral nutrients, such as slate shale, river alluvium (including ancient river and modern river alluvium), purple sand shale, etc. in addition, the county is located in the subtropical monsoon humid climate zone, coupled with the special temperature and humidity effect of small area climate, with mild climate, abundant rainfall, rainy and hot season, and vigorous vegetation growth, which is conducive to organic matter The accumulation of organic matter, even the weathered soil of limestone parent material, was once densely planted in history. Therefore, the original quality of natural soil in the county is higher, which leads to the same trend of cultivated soil.

According to the results of the second Soil Census in Longshan County, 94% of the soil is rich in alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen, and only 6% of the soil is deficient; 50% of the soil is rich in potassium, 41% of the soil is medium, and only 6% of the soil is deficient; 64% of the soil is rich in organic matter, and 0.1% of the soil is total nitrogen 2%.

climate

Longshan County is a subtropical continental humid monsoon climate zone. There are four distinct seasons throughout the year. The summer half year is affected by the summer monsoon, with abundant precipitation and warm and humid climate. The winter half year is controlled by the winter monsoon, with lower temperature, less precipitation and colder climate. Under the influence of complex mountains, the diversity climate of mountain vertical zone and horizontal direction is formed. Compared with the same latitude areas in the province, it has the characteristics of less total amount of light and heat, warm in winter and cool in summer, light and heat are basically in the same season, abundant precipitation, uneven distribution of time and space, diverse climate types, obvious three-dimensional characteristics, and more meteorological disasters.

According to the data of meteorological stations in Hunan Province, the annual average temperature in the county (taking the county as an example) is 15.8 ℃, which is only 0.4 ℃ higher than the lowest in Guidong and 2.6 ℃ lower than the highest in Daoxian, and 1.1 ℃, 0.9 ℃ and 1.1 ℃ lower than Yueyang, Changde and Pingjiang in the same latitude. The annual temperature range in the county is 22.1 ℃, which is smaller than that in most parts of the province. There is no severe heat in summer and cold in winter (except Bamianshan and other high altitude areas). The county has higher altitude, more mountains, more clouds and less sunshine, so it is not very hot in summer. When the cold air from the north goes down to the south, it is blocked by Qinba Mountains in the north. It can only cross the Hanjiang plain, insert into Dongting Lake, and detour from the East Road to affect the county. Moreover, the mountains in the county are heavy and the cold air can't drive straight in, so the cooling radiation is not big, and there is no severe cold in winter.

river system

Longshan County has rivers and streams. It is 2993.13 square kilometers of Yuanshui River Basin and 138.3 square kilometers of Lishui River Basin. There are 77 rivers with a drainage area of more than 10 square kilometers and a main stream length of more than 5 kilometers. Among them, there are 2 first-class tributaries, 17 second-class tributaries, 34 third-class tributaries, 18 fourth class tributaries and 6 fifth class tributaries, all of which belong to yuan and Li river systems.

natural resources

wild animal

Longshan County is warm and humid, with less severe cold in winter and less severe heat in summer. It has abundant vegetation and many natural caves, which is suitable for breeding and growth of many kinds of animals. After 1958, the area of forest decreased and the number of animals decreased. In 1999, the County Forest Resources Protection Station conducted a general survey of wild terrestrial vertebrates in the county, and found that there were 124 species of terrestrial vertebrates in the county. There are many kinds of insects, few shellfish, and many kinds of fish and other animals.

It is a national key protected rare animal county with South China tiger and cloud

Chinese PinYin : Hu Nan Sheng Xiang Xi Tu Jia Zu Miao Zu Zi Zhi Zhou Long Shan Xian