Taiwan

name

"Taiwan" (pinyin: t á IW) ā n) A social name derived from the "taiwowan" society of the ethnic minority in southern Taiwan, which means the land of the seashore. The immigrants from Fujian Province who developed Taiwan translated this name into "Da Yuan", "Tai Yuan" and "Da Wan" according to the Minnan language, and then named it "Taiwan". During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the official used the name "Taiwan" in official documents, but until the Ming Dynasty, "Taiwan" referred to Tainan, Taiwan Province. In the Qing Dynasty, the government officially named the whole island "Taiwan" and set up a "Taiwan government" subordinate to Fujian Province. Before the Guangxu era, it was the only "government" in Taiwan and set up Taiwan Province in 1885. The abbreviation of Taiwan province takes the initial word "Taiwan" as the name of the province.

The figure on the right (the mobile version is the figure above) is officially written in traditional Chinese with the name "Taiwan", which is used in official documents, textbooks and other official occasions in Taiwan; In the writing below, the original traditional "Taiwan" character adopts homophonic variant characters, which is consistent with simplified Chinese characters. This writing method is widely used in Taiwan folk and media.

evolution

The name of Taiwan Province has changed frequently in the past dynasties. During the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period, it was called "Yizhou"; In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was called "Liuqiu"; In the Song Dynasty, it was called "Liuqiu" or "Liuqiu"; In the Yuan Dynasty, it was called "Liuqiu" or "Fuqiu"; During the Hongwu Period of the Ming Dynasty, it was called "xiaoryukyu". After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, there were many folk names for Taiwan, such as "Jilong mountain" (referring to the north of Taiwan), "Beigang" (the general name of the west coast of Taiwan), "Da Yuan" and "Tai Yuan". However, the official document of the Ming Dynasty in 1558 called Taiwan "Dongfan". Zheng Chenggong was renamed "Dongdu" and later Zheng Jing was changed to "Dongning". The Qing Dynasty changed its name to "Taiwan" and set up the Taiwan government, which was subordinate to Fujian Province, which was the official name of Taiwan.

Nickname

Taiwan is also known as "treasure island" because of its rich products and superior natural environment.

International occasions

The international organizations such as the United Nations, the world economic forum, the international standardization organization, the world bank, the International Monetary Fund and the International Basketball Federation use the word "Taiwan, China" (English: Taiwan, China) or "Taiwan province of China" (English: Taiwan, Province of China) as the name of Taiwan.

The name of Taiwan Province in international sports events such as the Olympic Games and international organizations such as APEC and the organization for economic cooperation and development is "Chinese Taipei". The name of Taiwan Province in the world trade organization is "Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Mazu separate customs zone", which is referred to as "China Taipei separate customs zone".

survey

In ancient times, Taiwan was connected with the mainland. Later, due to crustal movement, the connected parts sank into the sea to form the Taiwan Strait and Taiwan Island. The archaeological cultural relics of Taiwan during the prehistoric period have close relationship with Chinese mainland's southeastern culture. The prehistoric human beings in Taiwan mainly moved from Southeast China to Fujian through the Dongshan land bridge in the southern Taiwan Strait.

According to ancient documents, the Chinese mainland soldiers and civilians crossed Taiwan to cultivate and operate Taiwan Island, which can be traced back to the Three Kingdoms period. In 230, Sun Quan, king of Wu of the Three Kingdoms, sent 10000 officers and soldiers to "Yizhou" (today's Taiwan). The chronicle of water and soil near the sea written by Shen Ying of Wu left the earliest account of Taiwan in the world. In the Sui Dynasty at the end of the 6th century and the beginning of the 7th century, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent people to Taiwan three times to "visit different customs" and "comfort" local residents. During the 600 years from the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, the coastal people of the mainland, especially the residents of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in Fujian Province, flowed into Penghu or moved to Taiwan for reclamation in order to avoid the war. In the Northern Song Dynasty, at least in the second year of Xuanhe (1120), the administrative divisions of Quanzhou, Fujian Province included Penghu and its affiliated Taiwan Island, Diaoyu Island and its affiliated islands. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Penghu was under the jurisdiction of Jinjiang County, Quanzhou, Fujian Province. The economic, political and cultural ties between the mainland and Taiwan are becoming more and more frequent.

The Yuan Dynasty further strengthened the management of Taiwan. In 1292 (the 29th year of the Yuan Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty), Kublai Khan, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, sent Yang Xiang, the vice president of the navy ship, Wu Zhidou, a member of the Ministry of rites, and Ruan Jian, a member of the Ministry of Zhen, to Taiwan to "declare mercy". From 1335 to 1340 (after the Yuan Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty), the Yuan Dynasty officially set up a "patrol Department" in Penghu to administer the civil affairs of Penghu and Taiwan, under the jurisdiction of Jinjiang County, Quanzhou, Fujian Province (now Quanzhou). Since then, China has set up special political institutions in Taiwan.

After the Ming Dynasty, the people of the mainland and Taiwan had constant exchanges. From 1402 to 1424 (Yongle reign of emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty), Zheng He, the Navigator "three treasures eunuch", led a huge fleet to visit Nanyang countries. He once stopped in Taiwan and brought handicrafts and agricultural products to local residents. So far, it is said that the specialty "Sanbao ginger" of Fengshan mountain in Kaohsiung is left over by Zheng He. After the 15th century, Japanese pirates continued to harass China's southeast coastal areas. The Ming government added "guerrillas" and "spring and autumn flood guards" in Penghu; At the same time, troops were stationed in Keelung and Danshui ports.

From the Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, Taiwan (including Penghu Islands and Diaoyu Islands) was under the jurisdiction of Quanzhou, Fujian. The yuan and Ming governments set up an administrative organization inspection department in Penghu. In the late Ming Dynasty, the Netherlands and Spain occupied Taiwan.

In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, Han groups such as Lin Feng, Yuan Jin, Li Zhong, Li Dan, Yan Siqi and Zheng Zhilong operated and developed Taiwan. Zhao ruosi (Bingjian), an officer of the Fujian navy of the Ming Dynasty, built and managed a castle in Chigu, Tainan, in the 45th year of Wanli (1617). The jurisdiction of the Chinese government has officially extended to the island of Taiwan.

In the 16th century, Western colonial forces such as Spain and the Netherlands developed rapidly and began to extend their tentacles to the East. In the early 17th century, the Dutch colonists invaded Taiwan at the time of the peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty, the increasing strength of Manchu forces in the northeast and the difficult situation of the Ming government. Soon, the Spanish occupied some areas in the north and east of Taiwan. Later, they were driven away by the Dutch in 1642, and Taiwan became a Dutch colony. In September 1652, peasant leader Guo Huaiyi led a large-scale armed uprising.

By the end of the Ming Dynasty in the 1720s, mainland residents began to migrate to Taiwan on a large scale. In 1628 (the first year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty), it was a drought in Fujian. The Fujian government, Yan Siqi and Zheng Zhilong organized Fujian and Guangdong residents to move to Taiwan. On the one hand, they engaged in farming and trade, and on the other hand, they organized armed forces to resist the invasion of Japanese pirates and Dutch. At the end of the 17th century, more than 100000 mainland coastal pioneers went to Taiwan.

In 1644, the Qing army entered the customs and established the Qing regime in Beijing. In April 1661 (the 15th year of Yongli in the Southern Ming Dynasty and the 18th year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty), Zheng Chenggong led 25000 soldiers and hundreds of warships from Kinmen to Taiwan in the name of recruiting major generals in the Southern Ming Dynasty. In February 1662 (the 16th year of Yongli in the Southern Ming Dynasty and the first year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty), Zheng Chenggong forced the Dutch governor Coyette to sign and surrender. Zheng Chenggong died only four months after recovering Taiwan. Zheng's grandparents and grandchildren ruled Taiwan for three generations, rewarded sugar and salt making, set up industry and commerce, developed trade, opened schools, and improved the agricultural production mode of Gaoshan Nationality. These measures have promoted the rapid development of Taiwan's economy and culture. This is an important period of development in Taiwan's history, known as the "Ming Zheng era".

At the end of the Ming Zheng regime, it was in a state of military confrontation with the Qing government. On July 8, 1683 (the 22nd year of Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty), the Qing government sent Shi Lang, commander of the Fujian Navy, to lead more than 20000 officers and soldiers and more than 200 warships from Tongshan to Penghu and Taiwan, and Zheng army was defeated. Zheng Keyi, the grandson of Zheng Chenggong, led the people to submit to the Qing government. In 1684 (the 23rd year of Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty), the Qing government set up sub patrols of taixia bingbei road and Taiwan government, which were subordinate to Fujian Province. In 1885, the Qing Dynasty established Taiwan Province. After the victory of the Chinese people's war of resistance against Japan and the world anti fascist war in 1945, Taiwan returned to China's sovereign jurisdiction and the organizational system of Taiwan Province was restored. In 1949, the Chinese Kuomintang retreated to Taiwan. By 1811 (the 16th year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty), Taiwan's population had reached 1.9 million, most of which were immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong. A large number of immigrants arrived in Taiwan, which not only brought the mainland's advanced production experience and technology, but also provided the most important labor force for Taiwan's development. Together with the original residents of Taiwan, they have worked hard to build Taiwan from an undeveloped island in most areas into a treasure island with considerable economic prosperity. This process took about 200 years.

After the Opium War in 1840, Western powers forced China to open trade ports. In the 1860s, some parts of Taiwan opened ports one after another.

In January 1874 (the 13th year of Tongzhi reign of the Qing Dynasty), the Japanese army invaded Taiwan. In October, China and Japan signed the Beijing treaty, which still shows that China exercises sovereignty over the whole of Taiwan. Since then, Qing officials proposed the establishment of a province in Taiwan. In 1874, the Qing government expanded the administrative division of Taiwan into two governments, eight counties and four halls.

During the Sino French war from 1884 to 1885, the French army attacked Taiwan and was seriously damaged by Liu Mingchuan's army. By June 1885, when the Sino French new treaty was signed, the French army was forced to withdraw from Taiwan.

In 1885 (the 11th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty), the Qing government classified Taiwan as a single province. Taiwan province became the 20th Province in China, and the first governor of Taiwan Province was Liu Mingchuan. During his tenure, Liu Mingchuan paved railways, opened mines, erected electric wires, made business wheels, set up enterprises and created new schools, which greatly promoted the development of social, economic and cultural development in Taiwan and became one of the most advanced provinces in China. Liu Mingchuan, the first governor of Taiwan, was known as "the father of Taiwan's modernization".

In 1894, Japan launched the Sino Japanese war. In 1895 (the 21st year of Guangxu's reign in the Qing Dynasty), the Qing government was defeated and was forced to sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki on April 17, ceding Taiwan to Japan. The signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki shocked and angered the whole country. The struggle of Taiwan compatriots against the header is surging, and the struggle of mainland compatriots against the peace treaty and land cutting is overwhelming. Taiwan has been occupied by Japan for 50 years.

After the Qing government ceded Taiwan in 1895, the people of Taiwan, unwilling to be subjugated slaves, and some of the Qing troops staying in Taiwan, tenaciously resisted the Japanese occupation. The battle began in June 1895 and ended with the fall of Tainan in October. It lasted five months. Taiwan's military and people fought more than 100 large and small battles with the Japanese army, fought against three modern Japanese divisions and a naval fleet, and successively killed and injured more than 32000 Japanese troops. Half of the Japanese guard division was destroyed. Apart from a few lives, most of the people's army and the Qing army in Taiwan died in battle, showing their strong will and noble righteousness to defend their homeland. This is extremely heroic in the history of China's modern anti aggression war and is worthy of eternal remembrance by future generations.

Japanese militarism colonized Taiwan for half a century, slaughtered 650000 Taiwan compatriots, and countless heinous crimes. In the entire 50 years after 1895, the war of resistance against Japan on the island of Taiwan has never been extinguished. The hearts of Taiwan compatriots to redo the "upright Chinese" have never cooled down. They have waged an epic political, military and cultural struggle with the Japanese colonial authorities. Tens of thousands of patriotic Taiwan compatriots have crossed the sea and returned to the mainland of the motherland to join the national anti Japanese and national salvation movement, With blood and life, it explains the Chinese people's patriotism and national integrity, and shows that Taiwan compatriots are an inseparable member of the big family of the Chinese nation.

On December 1, 1943, China, the United States and Britain simultaneously issued the Cairo Declaration in Chongqing, Washington and London. On the issue of Taiwan's return, the main contents of the Cairo Declaration are: the purpose of the war between China, the United States and Britain against Japan is to stop and punish Japan's aggression; "Deprive Japan of all the islands it captured or occupied in the Pacific Ocean after the outbreak of World War I", so that the Chinese territory forcibly occupied by Japan, such as northeast China, Taiwan and Penghu Islands, can be "returned to China". On July 26, 1945, China, the United States and Britain signed the Potsdam Proclamation (with the participation of the Soviet Union), reaffirming that "the conditions of the Cairo Declaration will be implemented, and Japan's sovereignty will be limited to Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and other small islands determined by us".

In August 1945, Japan was defeated in the Second World War. On August 15, Japan announced unconditional surrender, and the Chinese people's war of resistance against Japan and the world anti fascist war won. On October 25, the surrender ceremony of Taiwan Province of the Allied China theater was held in Taipei. So far, Taiwan and Penghu have returned to China's sovereign jurisdiction.

On October 1, 1949, new China was born. On the eve of the liberation of the mainland of the motherland, Chiang Kai Shek and some military and political personnel of the Kuomintang went to Taiwan. They relied on the shelter and support of the United States to maintain a partial security situation in Taiwan and put Taiwan and the mainland of the motherland in a state of division again. Although the two sides of the Strait have not yet been reunified, China's sovereignty and territorial integrity have never been divided and cannot be divided.

On January 1, 1979, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress issued a "letter to Taiwan compatriots", which, on behalf of the will of the people of all ethnic groups in the country, solemnly declared the general policy of striving for the peaceful reunification of the motherland, and put forward important proposals such as ending the state of military confrontation, realizing the free exchanges between compatriots on both sides of the Strait, providing air, mail and commerce, and carrying out economic and cultural exchanges.

On March 14, 2005, the third session of the Tenth National People's Congress passed the anti secession law, which provides a legal guarantee for opposing and curbing the secession of the country by "Taiwan independence" forces and promoting the peaceful reunification of the motherland.

prehistoric

Both sides of the Taiwan Strait in ancient times

Taiwan has a deep and long history with the mainland of China. The narrowest part of the Taiwan Strait between Fujian and Taiwan (Baisha Cape, Guanyin District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan Province to Haitan Island, Pingtan County, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province) is only about 130 kilometers. The Taiwan Strait is dominated by the continental shelf, and many sea and land changes have taken place in geology. According to geological research, 12 million years ago, Taiwan belonged to the southeast part of China, and was connected with Fujian land. Later, due to the changes of crustal movement, sea level rose continuously since ten thousand years ago. Taiwan formed a strait with the southern part of the Chinese mainland, namely the Taiwan Strait, forming Taiwan island. As an extension of the continental shelf, Taiwan still belongs to China. However, between Taiwan and the mainland, there is still a cross sea passage that can be passed on foot, the so-called "Dongshan land bridge". Chinese mainland Chinese mainland animal and many other large mammals have been moving to Taiwan from southeast of China after long hard journey. Fossils of Saber Toothed tigers, Saber Toothed elephants, common elephants, rhinoceros, bison, wild boar, bighorn deer and other large mammals unique to the mainland have proved that these ancient vertebrates could not swim across the sea, but migrated to Taiwan along the continental shelf in ancient times. Fujian and Taiwan, which were originally connected on a piece of land, have never been cut off from economic and cultural exchanges even after they face each other across the sea. Canoes were the means of transportation for ancient people to cross the sea to Taiwan. The ancestors were familiar with the sea and controlled the sea, and jointly created a splendid culture with the same root and the same origin on both sides of the Strait.

Prehistoric relics and prehistoric culture in Taiwan

Taiwan's prehistoric relics are long-standing and complex. They are distributed throughout the island. At present, the excavated artifacts include stone tools, jade, pottery, bone horns, bronze, iron and human bones, which have gone through the Paleolithic age, Neolithic age and the era of the combination of copper and stone. According to the excavation of archaeological sites, human habitation began in Taiwan in the late Paleolithic age (about 50000 years ago to about 7000 years ago), while Taiwan's prehistoric culture after the Neolithic Age (began 6500 years ago) is generally considered to belong to the South Island language family, that is, the legacy of Taiwan Gaoshan Nationality. In 1971, the fossils of "Zuozhen people" belonging to the middle Neolithic age were found in Zuozhen District, Tainan City, Taiwan Province. They lived about 3000 years ago. The ancestral home of "Zuozhen people" is in the mainland, and they share the same ancestral vein with "Zhangzhou people" and "Dongshan people". In 2011, Penghu hominid fossils belonging to the early Paleolithic age were found in the waters of Penghu waterway, Taiwan Province. It is the oldest human fossil in Taiwan, with a living age of about 450000 to 190000 years, providing key evidence for the distribution and pattern of Homo erectus in Asia.

According to the archaeological excavation data of Taiwan's academic circles, the earliest stage of Taiwan's prehistoric culture occurred in the late Pleistocene, about 50000 to 30000 years ago. Compared with the whole East and Southeast Asia, it can be said to belong to the late stage of the Paleolithic age. Some scholars also call it the pre pottery culture stage. The earliest culture in Taiwan was the long bin culture (about twenty thousand to twenty thousand thousand years ago), the most representative of the eight immortals cave. It was a relic of the late Paleolithic period excavated from the east coast of Taiwan. At that time, Taiwan was connected with the Chinese mainland, and people lived in gathering, hunting and fishing. Changbin culture is divided into four layers, of which the third layer is Changbin culture layer, which belongs to the late Paleolithic period. This batch of precious stones, bones and other cultural relics similar to the Paleolithic period in the mainland of the motherland pushed the relationship between ancient humans and culture in Fujian and Taiwan to the Paleolithic period. The Changbin culture continued on the east coast of Taiwan until it suddenly disappeared around 5000 years ago. Miaoli net culture also belongs to the Paleolithic culture, which ended about 6000 years ago. Since then, the Neolithic and even metal age cultures in Taiwan, such as dabenkeng culture, Taipei Yuanshan culture, Yingpu culture, Taidong Beinan culture and Taipei thirteen elements culture, have not gradually evolved from Changbin culture and network culture. Both Fujian and Taiwan cultures in the Neolithic Age belong to the marine shellfish mound culture dominated by "shellfish mining economy". The discovery of rice relics at the Dongzhang site in Fuqing, and rice remains on the pottery of the fengbitou site in Taiwan, shows that the ancestors of Fujian and Taiwan at that time had begun to plant rice, that is, in the late Neolithic age four or five thousand years ago, Fujian and Taiwan entered the agricultural society at the same time. Taiwan's early prehistoric culture is basically a derivative of the Southern Civilization of Chinese mainland.

The origin of Gaoshan and other Austronesian languages

The most important minority ethnic group in Taiwan province is the Taiwan native, belonging to the Austronesian language group (also known as the Austronesian group), which originated in Fujian, the southern Chinese mainland and its adjacent areas. At least 8400 years ago, one of the major ancestral groups that make up the genetic structure of today's East Asian and Austronesian populations appeared in the southeast coast of China.

"South Island language family" is a linguistic classification put forward by linguists at the end of the 19th century. After research, the South Island language family has more than 1200 languages; With a population of more than 270 million, it is collectively referred to as the "South Island language family" in academia. About 6000 years ago, the ancestors of the Chinese mainland who lived in the southeast coast of China began to sail to sea and go on waves. The first stop arrived in Taiwan, China, and they spread to Philippines about 5000 years ago. Then they continued to migrate to the East and south, spreading the civilization of the fire to the vast Pacific Ocean and India ocean area. It has formed the largest Austronesian language group distributed in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean islands in the world.

According to the analysis and research results of ancient DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), whether the ancient population of Taiwan 2000-3000 years ago or the Gaoshan Nationality belonging to the Nandao language family in Modern Taiwan, the alleles shared with the Zhuang and Dong language population in South China, including Hainan Island, are much higher than other East Asian populations, indicating that the Zhuang and Dong language population is homologous with the Nandao language family, It provides direct evidence for the Austronesian language family, including the Gaoshan ethnic group, from Chinese mainland.

Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

During the Xia and Shang Dynasties, Taiwan belonged to Yangzhou in Kyushu. The cultural sites and relics of the Shang and Zhou dynasties discovered by archaeologists from Fujian and Taiwan have confirmed that the economic and cultural relations between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait were very close in ancient times, and the bronze utensils imported from Fujian have improved Taiwan's production capacity.

Han Dynasty to Three Kingdoms period

Han Dynasty

"Yi Zhou" (today's Taiwan) is recorded in the book of post Han Dynasty, a biographical history book that records the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Three Kingdoms period

In the first spring month of 230 (the second year of Sun Wu and Huanglong), general Wei Wen and Zhuge sent by Sun Quan of Emperor Wu directly arrived in Yizhou (today's Taiwan), which lasted a year. Wei Wen's floating in the sea to seek Yizhou was a great feat and initiative in the history of ancient Chinese navigation. This sea voyage was the first largest sea voyage recorded in ancient Chinese history, which was of great significance. It not only reflected the development and maturity of navigation technology at that time, but also proved that Sun Wu had strong overseas transportation capacity at that time. Wei Wen's floating sea seeking Yizhou has driven the political, economic and cultural ties between the inland region and Taiwan. The successful arrival at Yizhou also shows that the route from the coast of Zhejiang to Taiwan during the Sun Wu period was a mature route. Wei Wen's floating sea seeking Yizhou belongs to an indispensable part of the development history of China's ancient maritime Silk Road.

Shen Ying, governor of Danyang, Eastern Wu of the Three Kingdoms, wrote a detailed account of Taiwan's location, terrain, climate, residents, products and customs at that time. It is one of the earliest accounts of Taiwan in the world.

These documents in Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms period show that Chinese mainland has not only been closely associated with Taiwan and ethnic cultures and cultures, but also the Chinese people who discovered and developed Taiwan islands and Penghu archipelago since the earliest records. According to the principle of territorial ownership in modern international law, Taiwan Island and Penghu Islands naturally belong to part of Chinese territory.

Sui and Tang Dynasties

Sui Dynasty

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, contacts between the mainland and Taiwan increased. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent people to Liuqiu (now Taiwan) three times. In 607 (the third year of the great cause of the Sui Dynasty), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Yu Qiwei Zhu Kuan and Hai Shi He man to Liuqiu (now Taiwan) to visit. In 608 (the fourth year of the great cause of the Sui Dynasty), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty ordered Zhu Kuan to comfort Liu Qiu. In 610 (the sixth year of the great cause of the Sui Dynasty), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Wu benlang to invite Chen Ling and Chao Doctor Zhang Zhenzhou to lead more than 10000 troops from Yi'an, Guangdong (now Chaozhou) to Liuqiu, and then returned to Fujian.

According to the records in the book of Sui Dynasty, in the Sui Dynasty, merchant ships often came from the mainland to Taiwan to trade with local residents. Sui Shu · biography of Dongyi describes in detail the geography and customs of Liuqiu (today's Taiwan). At that time, it was only about 30 years since the Sui Dynasty visited Liuqiu (today's Taiwan). It can be seen that during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the mainland and Taiwan maintained close ties at the official and folk levels.

Tang Dynasty

During the Tang Dynasty, with a large number of Han people in the Central Plains moving south, the development of Fujian was gradually completed, and the Han people in the mainland also began to migrate to Taiwan. Since the middle of the Tang Dynasty, residents of Zhangzhou and Quanzhou in Fujian Province have moved to the Penghu Islands in Taiwan Province and used Penghu as a temporary fishing base and resting place. In 2003, yuweng island and Zhongtun island in Penghu Archipelago of Taiwan Province excavated the "large bowl of celadon with short hoop feet in the Tang Dynasty" and the "heavenly Saint ingot" and "Jingyou ingot" in the reign of song Renzong. At that time, Han residents did not have large-scale settlements in Penghu. They lived by fishing, shellfish gathering, breeding or farming, and traded with the coastal areas of Fujian. At this time, Han residents from the mainland had moved to Taiwan, but the number was small and did not settle down. They go to Taiwan to engage in fishing activities, or trade with ethnic minorities. There are also farming, mainly seasonal, from spring to autumn.

According to the archaeological excavation, the thirteen cultural sites in Xinbei City, Taiwan Province, have unearthed the Han and Tang Dynasties, including the five baht coins, the Tang Dynasty Kaiyuan Tong Bao money and other 90 odd currencies and the bronze bowl and porcelain tablets in Tang and Song Dynasties, which proved that Chinese mainland and Taiwan had close contacts in this period.

In the late Ming Dynasty, Hua you, a monk from Putuo Mountain, and his friend Xiao Ke traveled to Taiwan together. After he entered Taiwan from Haizi Nan (now Ilan Suao), traversed the north and south of Taiwan, he left Taiwan from Zhuluo (now Jiayi) and posted it in Anxi, Fujian (now Quanzhou). Finally, Hua You passed away here. From the manuscript of Hua you, the first monk to enter Taiwan, we can know that many Han people entered Taiwan at that time. Hua you once saw a tablet of the Tang Dynasty in Liliu mountain (north of the papaya River in Hualien County today). The book has the distinct word "Kaiyuan". He also found that people in the pan society of Ba Laochen (now Jiali village, Xincheng Township, Hualien County) can read the Analects of Confucius and the book of filial piety.

Song Dynasty

From the Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, Fujian's maritime trade flourished. At that time, the rise of Quanzhou port in Fujian, the development of maritime industry in the southeast coastal areas and the prosperity of overseas trade made it more convenient for mainland immigrants to cross Taiwan to the East. The natural endowment of Fujian with a large population and little land, the rapid growth of the population in Southern Fujian, frequent wars and heavy taxes forced the Han people in Zhangzhou and Quanzhou to move to the Penghu Archipelago and Taiwan Island, which promoted the preliminary development of Penghu and Taiwan Island.

Northern Song Dynasty

From the 11th to the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty in the 12th century, Fujian coastal fishermen began to move to Penghu. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Quanzhou, Fujian administratively managed the Penghu Islands, and Penghu governed Taiwan and Diaoyu Islands (today's Diaoyu Islands and their affiliated Islands). Wang Xiangzhi of the Song Dynasty wrote a book on the victory of public opinion, which quoted Lu Zao, the governor of Quanzhou, in the second year of Xuanhe of the Northern Song Dynasty (1120 AD), as saying: "Quanzhou is 50 away from the capital with four post stations and 30 overseas countries with six islands." it is also recorded in the article "36 around the island": "from the east of Jinjiang River in Quanzhou, the boat arrived in Penghu in three days." the "company" here, It can only refer to the relationship of administrative subordination, that is, in the Northern Song Dynasty, at least in 1120 in the second year of Xuanhe, the administrative divisions of Quanzhou included Penghu and its affiliated Taiwan Island and Diaoyu Island. The word "Lian" here does not mean the connection of physical geography, because no matter the Diaoyu Islands, Taiwan Islands and Penghu Islands are separated from Quanzhou and Jinjiang.

According to relevant genealogical records, the earliest immigrants from Fujian to Taiwan were people surnamed Su in Dehua County, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province in the late Northern Song Dynasty. After opening up Penghu, the Han people began to develop on the island of Taiwan and bring advanced production technology. At that time, Taiwan ethnic minorities who valued iron because of iron shortage exchanged food for iron from visiting Mainland Han businessmen.

Southern Song Dynasty

In the Southern Song Dynasty, people had more contacts with Taiwan. In 1171 (the seventh year of Qiandao in the Southern Song Dynasty), the Southern Song Dynasty put Penghu under the jurisdiction of Fujian Road Jinjiang county (now Quanzhou, Fujian). In order to protect the coastal residents of Penghu and Quanzhou, the government of the Southern Song Dynasty stationed troops in Yongning Village (now Shishi Yongning Town, Quanzhou, Fujian) on the coast of shuiao in the East and south of Quanzhou City. The Song Dynasty exercised effective jurisdiction and governance over Penghu. A considerable number of Han people have been in Penghu, and their contacts with the island of Taiwan have become increasingly frequent. Cross strait relations have been very close. Lu You, a patriotic poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, worked in Fuzhou for many years. He used to "mention tea and salt in Changping, Fujian Road". He was in charge of tea and salt affairs. In his poem Gan Xi, he wrote that "Liu Qiu was instructed by the master". Liu Qiu is today's Taiwan, indicating that Fujian and Taiwan had frequent trade in the Southern Song Dynasty.

There are ferocious walruses commonly known as "Heishuigou" in the Taiwan Strait, which are full of severe tests for Han immigrants who crossed the sea from the mainland to Taiwan in ancient times. Taiwan proverbs use "ten go, six die, three stay, and one turn back" to describe the sinister degree of "Heishuigou" walruses. The brave and fearless Han people along the coast, who paid countless lives, finally conquered the violent ocean, turned the wasteland on the sea into a paradise on earth, and developed the Penghu Islands in Taiwan Province. They built houses in Penghu, carried out farming and fishing, raised goats and "scattered food in the valley". If they had a dispute with each other, they went to the Yamen of Jinjiang county (now Quanzhou), where Quanzhou merchant ships often trade. Archaeological investigations found a large number of porcelain pieces and copper coins of the Song Dynasty in Penghu, which also confirmed that the Han people of the mainland moved to Taiwan and Penghu in the Song Dynasty. According to the records of Song Dynasty quoted from the book of min by he Qiaoyuan, "Penghu island was surrounded by 36 people during the great immersion, and many overseas Chinese lived on it,... The litigant depends on Jinjiang county. There are dozens of foreign trade ships outside the government, which is called the house outside the spring", indicating that the number of Southern Fujian people who migrated to Penghu from Quanzhou during the Song Dynasty gradually increased, and Penghu was once known as the "house outside Quanzhou". At that time, Quanzhou had set up a shipping department and became the main port of foreign trade in the Song Dynasty. The development of the maritime silk road made the ties between the two sides of the Strait closer. Some families in Southern Fujian began to migrate to Taiwan. Han residents, mainly farmers, fishermen and traders, as the "main force" of early immigrants to Taiwan, began to spread all over the island and live in harmony with local ethnic minorities in Taiwan.

Administrative divisions of Taiwan Province in the Song Dynasty

time

administrative division

1120

The Northern Song government assigned Penghu and its affiliated Taiwan Island, Diaoyu Island and its affiliated islands to Quanzhou, Fujian Province.

1171

The Southern Song government put Penghu under the jurisdiction of Fujian lujinjiang county (now Jinjiang, Quanzhou, Fujian).

Yuan Dynasty

During the Yuan Dynasty, the Chinese central government further strengthened the management of Taiwan. Penghu has been greatly developed and has folk houses. The Han people used Penghu as a springboard to move to the island of Taiwan. Trade between Taiwan and the mainland is constant, and it is also the place where mainland commercial ships often stay when they travel to and from Nanyang countries. In 1292 (the 29th year of the Yuan Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty), Kublai Khan, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, sent Yang Xiang, the vice president of the navy ship, Wu Zhidou, a member of the Ministry of rites, and Ruan Jian, a member of the Ministry of Zhen, to Taiwan to "declare mercy". In 1297 (the third year of Yuanzhen), yuan Chengzong ordered Pingzhang, Fujian Province, to send Zhang Hao and Zhang Jin, the provincial capital town, to lead the army to call on Taiwan and return with more than 100 local residents. Later, in order to persuade the local people to submit to the Yuan Dynasty, they were allowed to return to Taiwan. In some genealogies in Southern Fujian (such as the Chen genealogy of Hushan in Yongchun and the Chen genealogy of Fengzhou in Nan'an), there are also records of the migration of Han residents in the Yuan Dynasty to Taiwan. In 1349 (the ninth year of the reign of Zhizheng of the Yuan Dynasty), a book named "a brief history of the islanders" was written, which recorded the geography, scenery and human feelings of Taiwan and Penghu. The author was Wang Dayuan, a navigator of the Yuan Dynasty who visited Ryukyu (today's Taiwan). "A brief history of the islanders" shows that Wang Dayuan was very familiar with the geography of Taiwan Island. At that time, the languages and customs on both sides of the Taiwan Strait were different, so Han residents who had long been familiar with the environment of Taiwan Island accompanied and guided him.

Penghu patrol inspection department in the Yuan Dynasty

During the period from the Yuan Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty (1335 to 1340), the Yuan Dynasty set up a "Penghu inspection department" in Penghu to administer the civil affairs of Penghu and Taiwan, and also collected salt tax for the government. It was subordinate to Jinjiang County, Quanzhou Road, Xuanwei department, Fujian Road, Zhongshu Province, Jiangsu and Zhejiang Province (now Quanzhou, Fujian Province). Later, due to the adjustment of administrative zoning, it was subordinate to Zhongshu Province, Fujian and other places, which was the first official office in Taiwan. Since then, the Chinese central government has set up special political power institutions in Taiwan. At that time, the whole family of Han immigrants moved to the Penghu Islands in Taiwan Province, where they lived and worked in peace and contentment, had children and had established a relatively complete industrial system such as agriculture, handicrafts and animal husbandry.

Administrative divisions of Taiwan Province during the Yuan Dynasty

time

administrative division

From the later Yuan Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty (1335 to 1340)

The Yuan government officially established Penghu patrol inspection department in Penghu, which is subordinate to Jinjiang County, Quanzhou Road, Fujian Province (now Quanzhou, Fujian).

Ming Dynasty

Penghu patrol inspection department in the Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty inherited the local administrative system of the Yuan Dynasty. In the early Ming Dynasty, the Penghu inspection department was still set up on the Penghu Islands in Taiwan Province, which was subordinate to Jinjiang County, Quanzhou Prefecture, Fujian Province (now Quanzhou, Fujian).

After the 15th century, Japanese pirates continued to harass China's southeast coastal areas. The Ming government added "guerrillas" and "spring and autumn flood watch" on Penghu Islands in Taiwan Province. In 1388 (the 21st year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty), Penghu became a den for pirates and Japanese pirates along the southeast coast for many years. Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, implemented the sea ban policy, withdrew the Penghu inspection department at the request of Tang He, and moved the big families of Penghu to Zhangzhou and Quanzhou. Although Zhu Yuanzhang ordered emigration, it did not prevent the coastal people of Fujian from continuing to move to Penghu. The purpose of the Ming government's move was to keep the walls clean and prevent Japanese pirates and pirates from getting help from the sea, but it turned out to be counterproductive. After the abolition of the patrol inspection department and the relocation of residents, Japanese pirates and desperate outlaws at sea took advantage of it.

In 1560 (the 39th year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty), Japanese pirates invaded Penghu and Taiwan. In 1563 (the 42nd year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty), Yu Dayou attacked the pirates and Japanese pirates who occupied Penghu and stationed the auxiliary forces in Penghu. The Ming government considered the factors such as coastal public security and set up the Penghu inspection department according to his performance. In 1592 (the 20th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty), Toyotomi Xiuji, a Japanese Taige (outgoing guanbai), sent troops to invade Korea, and it was reported that there was a plot to invade Taiwan's chicken coop (now Keelung) and Tamsui (now Xinbei). There was martial law along the coast, and the Ming government deployed troops in Penghu. In view of the important strategic position of Taiwan and Penghu, in 1597 (the 25th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty), at the suggestion of Fujian Governor Xu Fuyuan, the Ming government added Penghu rangers to Penghu for defense. The Rangers are not permanent troops, but belong to the Ocean Patrol Force; Its military establishment is 850 and there are 20 sentinel ships. The main task is to go to Penghu for flood control when patrolling the ocean. The Taiwan Penghu region has become an outpost for China's Anti Japanese and anti Japanese forces. In 1616 (the 44th year of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty), Penghu Youbing was integrated into Fujian and other departments, and it was announced that the Wuyu Shuizhai of Quanzhou Prefecture, the political envoy, was transformed into wupeng Youbing.

Jurisdiction over Diaoyu Islands in Ming Dynasty

Diaoyu Island and other affiliated islands of Taiwan island are China's inherent territory. Ancient ancestors in China first discovered and named Diaoyu Dao through their production and fishery activities on the sea. In ancient Chinese literature, Diaoyu Island is also known as Diaoyu Island, Diaoyutai and diaoyushan. The waters surrounding Diaoyu Dao are traditionally Chinese fishing ground. Chinese fishermen have, for generations, engaged in fishery activities in these waters. In the past, Diaoyu Dao was used as a navigation marker by the Chinese people living on the southeast coast. At present, the earliest historical record of Diaoyu Island, Chiwei island and other place names is send off with the wind, which was written in 1403 (the first year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty). It shows that China had already discovered and named Diaoyu Dao by the 14th and 15th centuries. In the Ming Dynasty, the Chinese government included the Diaoyu Islands in the defense zone in order to defend the Japanese pirates along the southeast coast. In 1561 (the 40th year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty), the book "preparation of sea charts", presided over by Hu Zongxian, the highest general stationed in the southeast coast of the Ming Dynasty and compiled by Zheng ruozeng, clearly incorporated Diaoyu Islands and other islands into the "coastal mountain sand map" and included them in the coastal defense scope of the Ming Dynasty. In 1605 (the 33rd year of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty), Xu Bida and others drew the complete map of the unification of heaven and earth and coastal defense, and in 1621 (the first year of tomorrow), Mao Yuanyi drew the map of China's coastal defense, Wubeizhi · coastal defense II · map of coastal mountains and sand in Fujian, which also included Diaoyu Islands and other islands into China's coastal territory.

The jurisdiction and development of Taiwan and Penghu in the Ming Dynasty

During the Ming Dynasty, people from the mainland and Taiwan had constant contacts. According to the records of the history of the Ming Dynasty, as early as the mid-16th century, large-scale armed and commercial groups from the mainland had settled and traded in Taiwan, bringing the dawn of civilization to Taiwan. Although the Ming army had not been permanently stationed on Taiwan island for a long time, at that time, Taiwan had been officially included in the military defense area of the Ming Dynasty and became a strategic place for China's coastal defense.

The Ming Dynasty was an important turning point in the development of Shanghai's ocean in Chinese history. Compared with the opening-up policy of the Tang, song and Yuan Dynasties, the Ming government implemented a tough sea ban system at the beginning of the founding of the country for the sake of coastal defense security, and completely banned private maritime trade and marine activities, which is undoubtedly a drastic draw for Fujian, which is based on the sea. In order to survive and develop, smuggling trade and civilian maritime armed forces gradually became the dominant maritime activities in Fujian during this period.

During the Yongle period, Zheng He led a fleet to stop in Taiwan to bring handicrafts and agricultural products to local residents. Up to now, it is folklore that the specialty "Sanbao ginger" of Fengshan mountain in Kaohsiung is a legacy of Zheng He. During the Xuande period, Zheng He's fleet went to Dajingtou, xidingfang, Taiwan (now the central and Western District of Tainan City) to draw water, and also used medicine to treat local ethnic minorities. In 1591 (the 19th year of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty), Fujian ancestors crossed the sea to Taiwan. In order to seek peace, they respectfully asked the statue of Mazu in their hometown for protection. After landing in Lugang, Taiwan, the ancestors built a temple to worship the statue of Mazu. Later, when general Shi Lang attacked Taiwan, the statue of Mazu invited from Meizhou ancestral temple was regarded as "Meizhou Mazu" and stayed in Tian Hou palace in Lugang. In 1603 (the 31st year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty), Chen Di, a Confucian scholar of the Ming Dynasty, went to Dongfan (today's Taiwan) with Su Yu general Shen yourong to suppress the Japanese pirates. According to his own personal experience and field interview records, he wrote Dongfan Ji, which recorded the topography, ports, trade and customs of Taiwan at that time. It is one of the important documents in the early history of Taiwan, especially the history of Gaoshan culture and customs. The Dongfan Ji especially mentioned that the local generals of the Ming Dynasty had planned to set up administrative organs such as prefectures and counties in Taiwan.

The middle and late Ming Dynasty was the most active period for maritime merchants in Southeast China. With the direct collision and exchange between the East and West trade systems and their cultures, maritime merchants in Southeast China will not automatically give up controlling the trade rights and interests of East and Southeast Asia. Therefore, Taiwan island has once again become an important trade place for China to connect overseas and even Europe. In the 17th century, China's southeast coastal maritime merchants, relying on their geographical advantages, became the trade leader in this vast sea area.

Since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, with the development of private maritime trade, Taiwan and Penghu have become the base of mainland maritime merchants. Moreover, mainland fishermen often go to the Taiwan Strait to fish. Some of them settle in Taiwan and Penghu and become local residents. During the years of Jiajing and Wanli, famous maritime groups such as Chen Lao, Lin Daoqian and Lin Feng, which operated in the southeast coast, once engaged in private maritime trade activities in the Taiwan Strait based on Taiwan and Penghu, while Minnan people have opened at least two large-scale Taiwan towns in Taiwan, chicken cages (now Keelung) and Tamsui (now Xinbei).

Officials of the Ming Dynasty deeply recognized the strategic significance of Taiwan as an important coastal defense place in Southeast China. At least since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the Ming government has regarded Taiwan as an important gateway in the Zhangquan area along the coast of the mainland and the forefront of southeast coastal defense. Japanese pirates are not allowed to get involved. It has sent troops to Taiwan three times to pursue and suppress pirate groups. Huang Chengxuan, governor of Fujian Province, also repeatedly stressed the important status of Taiwan and Penghu and the position that outsiders should not infringe on in his memorials such as "a book on the Japanese feelings of the Ryukyu consultative newspaper" and "a book on coastal defense matters".

At the end of the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the Fujian government of the Ming Dynasty had plans to garrison troops in Taiwan for reclamation, implement management and set up counties.

From August 1617 (the 45th year of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty) to September 1618 (the 46th year of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty), Zhao Bingjian (also known as Zhao ruosi), a naval officer of the Ming Dynasty and a native of Zhangpu (now Zhangzhou, Fujian), had built a city in Taiwan to "Chikan" (now Tainan). At that time, Southern Taiwan had become a base for many Fujian Guangdong maritime armed groups. Zhao Bingjian's act of building a city as an officer of the Ming Dynasty shows that before 1618, the Fujian military had set up a castle on Taiwan Island, which means that the jurisdiction of the Chinese government has officially extended to Taiwan Island.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty in the 1920s, mainland residents began to migrate to Taiwan on a large scale, which greatly promoted the social, economic and cultural development of Taiwan. During the Jin and Tang Dynasties, the Han people in the Central Plains moved south to Fujian three times, which brought a lot of Central Plains culture; During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the mainland people went to Taiwan to create a foundation. They spread the production technology, customs and etiquette of their ancestral land to Taiwan and accelerated the development of Taiwan; Later, Taiwan called the mainland "Tangshan", called the mainland "Tang people", and called their ancestors on the mainland "Tangshan ancestors".

Yan Siqi, one of the leaders of minnanhai business group in the late Ming Dynasty, was born in qingjiao village, Haicheng County, Zhangzhou Prefecture, Fujian Province (now Haicang, Xiamen). In the era of global navigation, the Fujian government and Yan Siqi led Zheng Chenggong's father, Zheng Zhilong, and other minnanhai merchants and thousands of people to Taiwan island to set up ten strongholds as strongholds in Taiwan's Xi port (on the other hand, in Bengang, today's Yunlin north port and Jiayi new port area), build strongholds, settle down and open wasteland. For a long time, Yan Siqi has enjoyed a high position on both sides of the Strait, especially among the people, and is known as the "king of Taiwan". In Taiwan, many historical sites and memorial sites of Yan Siqi's founding still exist today.

Around 1628 (the first year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty), there were severe droughts in Southern Fujian, and the people had no livelihood. The Fujian government and Zheng Zhilong organized tens of thousands of victims to reclaim wasteland and settle in Taiwan. Many villages gradually formed everywhere. These villages later developed into Zhuluo waijiuzhuang (the Beilu village, which was first set up in Zhuluo County in the early days of the Qing government's governance of Taiwan and has been reclaimed for immigrants, is located in today's Jiayi county). There are also Han immigrants in Beinan and other areas of Taitung County. Since then, Taiwan has entered a period of large-scale development.

Before Taiwan was occupied by the Dutch during the apocalypse, Han immigrants had spread all over Taiwan, engaged in fishing, agriculture and commercial activities, and became permanent residents of Taiwan Island.

Evolution of administrative divisions in Taiwan Province during the Ming Dynasty

time

administrative division

1388

The Ming government abolished the Penghu inspection department.

1563

The Ming government restored the Penghu inspection department.

Dutch and Spanish colonial rule

With the great geographical discoveries in the 15th and 16th centuries and the opening of new routes, Western colonial forces such as Spain and the Netherlands began to extend their tentacles to the East. At the same time, China is in an eventful autumn of declining national power at the end of the Ming Dynasty. The situation in Northeast China is tense and its internal rule is in jeopardy.

Dutch invasion of Taiwan and Penghu (16041622-1625)

After the outbreak of the Dutch war of independence, the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company and launched a series of wars to seize the colonies of Spain and Portugal in Asia. Later, the Dutch opened business pavilions in Jakarta, Ambon in Indonesia and Pinghu in Japan, but the trade with China did not go well. In 1604 (the 32nd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty), the Dutch colonists belonging to the Dutch East India company planned to attack Macao as a base for trade with the Ming Dynasty, but failed because they were repulsed by the Portuguese. The Dutch colonists instead invaded the Penghu Islands in Taiwan Province when the Ming army had no flood troops to defend, but the Ming army general Shen yourong led his troops to Penghu and asked the Dutch colonists to leave. Under the pressure of Holland, the colonists could not smoothly trade with the Chinese mainland, so they left. In 1622 (the second year of tomorrow's opening), the Dutch colonists took advantage of the return of the wandering troops in Penghu to occupy the Penghu Islands in Taiwan province again. They also built a castle at the end of the wind cabinet (known as "church bay" in the Netherlands). The four forts were equipped with cannons. In 1624 (the fourth year of tomorrow's opening), the navy of the Ming Dynasty gathered 10000 troops and 200 warships in the Penghu sea area, which was personally supervised by Fujian governor Nan Juyi. The army marched in three ways, surrounded the fengkuiwei City, and launched a war to recover the land from the Dutch colonists who invaded Penghu. After eight months of fierce fighting, the Dutch colonists realized that they could not compete with the Ming army with less than a thousand people, so they took the initiative to withdraw from Penghu, demolished the fortress and fort of fengkuangwei City, and fled to Taiwan Island. The battle of Penghu ensured the security of China's southeast coast and made the people of the Ming Dynasty realize the importance of coastal defense construction in Fujian coastal areas. In 1625 (five years after the recovery of Penghu tomorrow), the Ming government increased its garrison in Penghu, and also raised the level and salary of the garrison in Penghu, greatly enhancing the defense capability of Penghu, and strengthening the ties between the garrison in Fujian coastal areas and Penghu.

The Netherlands and Spain occupied Taiwan Island

In 1624 (four years after tomorrow), Holland colonists, who were expelled from Penghu and Holland by Chinese soldiers and civilians, established the colonial administrative center of China, Chinese mainland, Japan, Korea and Southeast Asia, and occupied the southern part of Taiwan. They built their colonial administrative center "hot LAN shading city" (now An Ping Fort) in a Kun (Tainan An Ping) as the colonial ruling center.

In 1626 (the sixth year of tomorrow's opening), Spanish colonists invaded northern Taiwan and built cities in chicken cages (today's Keelung) and Shiliao Island (today's Keelung peace Island) in Northern Taiwan, which were called the "main city of salvation" (i.e. San Salvador city). Later, they occupied clam Nanan (today's Yilan) and built "San Domingo City" (near the original site of today's Hongmao city) in Huwei (today's Xinbei freshwater). However, the Spanish colonists were unable to expel the Dutch, nor could they earn enough profits to maintain the cost of the garrison. Instead, they relied on their colony Manila to subsidize the colonial expansion of North Taiwan. Therefore, after the economic recession in Manila, the Spanish colonists reduced their garrison, giving the Dutch an opportunity. In 1642 (the 15th year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty), the Netherlands occupied Northern Taiwan instead of Spain.

Colonial rule during the Dutch occupation (1624-1662)

At that time, the Ming government was facing the double dilemma of the great peasant uprising and the powerful threat of the post Jin regime in the northeast. It was unable to use troops in the Fujian sea to drive the Netherlands and restore Taiwan, and the colonial rule of the Dutch colonists in Taiwan lasted for 38 years. In order to increase the production of rice, sugar and other crops, Dutch colonists recruited residents from the coastal areas of Fujian and Penghu to move to Taiwan for reclamation. In 1659, Taiwan's Han population reached 25000 to 30000. The Dutch colonists carried out compulsory rule, took the land as their own, carried out cruel economic exploitation and strict activity control on the people of Taiwan, forced the people to pay all kinds of exorbitant taxes, closely monitored and controlled the Han and Gaoshan people, plundered Taiwan's rice and sugar, and re exported the purchased Chinese raw silk, sugar and porcelain to various countries through Taiwan, Seek high profits. Around 1650, the Dutch East India Company's annual net income in Taiwan was about 4 billion Dutch guilders (about 4 tons of gold).

Under the cruel exploitation and oppression of the Dutch colonists, the profits of the Taiwan stronghold ranked second in the Asian stronghold of the Dutch East India Company at that time (second only to Japan), and the profits were mainly distributed to the shareholders of the company. In order to completely enslave the people of Taiwan spiritually, the Dutch colonists employed a large number of authentic Dutch Protestant clergy to preach in Taiwan as a supplement to political colonial rule.

Taiwan people's anti-G struggle

The Dutch colonists' wanton collection and evil deeds plunged the people of Taiwan into deep water and aroused the resistance of the people of all ethnic groups in Taiwan.

In 1629 and 1636, the Gaoshan people in Taiwan launched two large-scale armed uprisings: the Ma Dou Xi incident and the Xiao Long incident. In 1652, Guo Huaiyi led the largest armed uprising. Although it was finally suppressed, a total of 3000 to 4000 people were killed by Dutch colonists, it showed that Dutch colonial rule had been in crisis. Nine years later, they cooperated with national hero Zheng Chenggong to expel the Dutch and recover Taiwan.

After the suppression of the uprising, the Dutch colonists built the commercial center "Promen Zhecheng" (today's Chigu building) in the central and Western District of Tainan City to strengthen the prevention of the resistance of the Taiwan people.

Ming Zheng period

Zheng Chenggong

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the world was in an era of booming sea power, while the Ming Dynasty closed the sea. In this context, Zheng Zhilong established a huge maritime armed force and fleet with folk forces to control Fujian's trade between Taiwan, Japan and Southeast Asia. In 1628 (the first year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty), Zheng Zhilong was appeased by the government of the Ming Dynasty. Zheng Chenggong was the son of Zheng Zhilong. His original name was Zheng Sen. He was born in Pinghu, Kyushu, Japan (today's Pinghu City, Nagasaki county) in 1624 (the fourth year of tomorrow). At the age of six, he returned to his hometown in Southern Fujian to study and receive traditional Confucian education. After passing the middle school entrance examination in his youth, he was sent to Nanjing Guozi prison for further study and worshipped Qian Qianyi, a famous Confucian in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Qian Qianyi was also the Minister of rites of the Ming Dynasty at that time. In 1644 (the 17th year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty), Wu Sangui, who was originally a general of the Ming Dynasty and guarded the mountain customs, led the Qing army into the customs, and the Ming dynasty fell. Zheng Zhilong founded the exiled Nanming regime in Fuzhou in 1645 for emperor Longwu. Zheng Zhilong once took Zheng Chenggong (also called Zheng Sen at that time) who was 21 years old to see Zhu Yujian, Emperor Longwu. When Zhu Yujian saw Zheng Chenggong's appearance, he gave him the Ming state surname "Zhu" and named him "Chenggong". This is the origin of the "state surname Ye" and "Zheng Chenggong". In 1646, Emperor Longwu was captured and killed by the Qing army in Tingzhou, Fujian (now Changting County, Longyan, Fujian). Although Zheng Zhilong surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, he did not hand over his maritime armed forces and fleet to the Qing government, but to his son Zheng Chenggong, who was unwilling to surrender.

Zheng Chenggong, who took off his Confucian clothes and put on his military uniform, took over the forces left after his father surrendered to the Qing Dynasty. In 1647, he vowed against the Qing Dynasty in xiaojinmen (now Lieyu Township, Jinmen County, Fujian Province). He set up troops to resist the Qing Dynasty based on the coastal areas of Southern Fujian, such as Jinmen, Xiamen, Nan'ao and Tong'an. He was named "Yanping king" by Yongli emperor of the Southern Ming Dynasty. Many poor peasants in Southern Fujian joined Zheng Chenggong. By 1658, he had about 3000 warships and 170000 troops.

In order to maintain huge military and political expenditure and adhere to the long-term resistance to the Qing Dynasty, Zheng Chenggong inherited his father's maritime foundation and vigorously developed maritime trade. He set up five major firms in the mountains and seas, trafficked goods from the mainland to overseas, accumulated a lot of wealth through East-West trade, and implemented "supporting war by business". The main targets of Zheng Chenggong's maritime trade are Japan and Southeast Asian countries. Zheng Chenggong exported raw silk, silk fabrics, granulated sugar, porcelain, leather, medicinal materials, handicrafts, etc. and imported gold, silver, copper, knives, seafood, mountain goods, spices, etc. from Japan and Southeast Asian countries. Because of the huge profits of maritime trade, Zheng Chenggong was able to have more than 100000 well-equipped troops in the narrow coastal areas of Southern Fujian and fought with the rulers of the Qing Dynasty who occupied most of the country for more than ten years.

Zheng Chenggong recovered Taiwan (1661-1662)

After gaining strength, Zheng Chenggong attacked Jiangning prefecture (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) in 1659, but was eventually repulsed by the Qing troops who constantly reinforced him. Therefore, he returned to Siming (now Xiamen, Fujian and Jinmen) to overhaul the ships and tried his best to plan to expel the Dutch who invaded Taiwan and recover the land.

In April 1661 (the 15th year of Yongli in the Southern Ming Dynasty and the 18th year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty), Zheng Chenggong left some troops to guard Siming, led 25000 soldiers and hundreds of warships to march to Taiwan through Penghu in the name of "Daming recruiting the surname of the great general".

On April 30, Zheng Jun landed at Deer gate (now Tainan). With the active support of the people, Zheng Jun fought many fierce battles with the Dutch army and wiped out 240 elite soldiers led by Dutch captain Thomas Bedell on land; At sea, Zheng Jun bombed and sank the Dutch main ship Hector to repel the rest of the Dutch ships. On May 4, Zheng Jun recaptured Chigu City, one of the two Dutch castles in Taiwan, and then besieged another castle, Taiwan City, for more than nine months. During this period, he beat back the reinforcements mobilized by the Dutch colonists from badavia, refused the Dutch's request to buy Zheng Chenggong's withdrawal with financial interests, and finally besieged Caiyi, Taiwan chief of the Dutch East India Company, and the crippled enemy in the city of zelanzha. Zheng Chenggong solemnly pointed out in his "letter of surrender" to Premier I: "however, Taiwan has long been managed by the Chinese people, and China's land,... Now that I come to claim it, the land should belong to me". Nine months after the siege, more than 1600 Dutch soldiers were killed and injured, and only 600 soldiers were left to participate in the battle. They had run out of ammunition and food, and the epidemic was prevalent. The situation was completely desperate. The Dutch colonists had no choice but to sign and surrender on February 1, 1662 (the 16th year of Yongli in the Southern Ming Dynasty and the first year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty), and the two sides signed the Treaty of peace between Zheng and he. So far, the Chinese people recovered the treasure island Taiwan occupied by the Dutch colonists.

Because of this historical achievement, Zheng Chenggong is known as a national hero and the "holy king of Taiwan" in Taiwan. Zheng Chenggong's military struggle to recover Taiwan is a successful attempt of the Chinese nation to oppose foreign aggression. Through this struggle, the Dutch colonists were expelled, the interests of the Chinese nation were safeguarded, and China's sovereignty and territorial integrity were safeguarded. Therefore, it is of great historical significance.

Administrative division of Taiwan in the Ming and Zheng Dynasties

After Zheng Chenggong recovered Taiwan, he designated Chigu building, which is located in the middle and west of Tainan, as the "eastern capital Mingjing", set up "chengtianfu" and two counties (Tianxing County in the north and Wannian County in the south of chengtianfu), and set up another department as the "Penghu pacification Department". In order to commemorate the hometown, it was renamed as "Anping town". Later, the "east capital" was also known as Taiwan. After being abolished by Zheng Jing, it was renamed "Dongning" and set up the "total system of Dongning".

The development of politics, economy, culture and education in Taiwan during the Ming and Zheng dynasties (1662-1683)

At the same time, Zheng Chenggong implemented the policy of land reclamation, so that tens of thousands of military dependents went with the army to Chianan Plain, Pingtung plain and other places to vigorously reclaim land, forming a large number of villages and towns in southern and Western Taiwan. Some place names in southern Taiwan today, such as "Xinying" (Tainan), "Xiaying" (Tainan) and "Zuoying" (Kaohsiung), were left over by Zheng Chenggong when he dispatched troops to land reclamation.

Zheng Chenggong died only four months after recovering Taiwan at the age of 39. Later, his sons Zheng Jing and sun Zheng Keyi ruled Taiwan for 22 years, and Zheng Jing entrusted much of the construction and management of Taiwan to Chen Yonghua, a think-tank and military master who had read a lot of poetry and books. The Zheng family rewards sugar making, salt making, set up business and trade, and develops trade. It introduces the palace, temples and various ordinances and regulations of Ming Dynasty in Chinese mainland to improve the agricultural production mode of Gaoshan Nationality. At the suggestion of Chen Yonghua, the first Confucius Temple in Taiwan was built in 1665 (the 19th year of Yongli in the Ming Dynasty and the 4th year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty), which is today's Confucius Temple in Tainan. A school called "Minglun hall" was set next to it, which respected the Confucian values of ethics and was called "the first school in Taiwan", which means the earliest school in Taiwan. The school has a teaching assistant from the Imperial College, And further introduce the imperial examination system in Chinese mainland. Shen Guangwen, a scholar in the Southern Ming Dynasty, also established the earliest poetry society in Taiwan, "Dongyin society". The Zheng family has brought Chinese mainland's advanced production methods and Chinese culture into Taiwan comprehensively and deeply, and promoted the rapid development of Taiwan's economy and culture, and made Taiwan's ties with Chinese mainland more closely and indivisible. At the end of the Ming and Zheng dynasties, excluding the ethnic minorities in the mountains, Taiwan's population was close to 200000.

Zheng Chenggong made Taiwan a base for anti Qing and Ming Dynasty. The Qing government suppressed the Zheng family in Taiwan. In 1656, the thirteen year of Qing Dynasty carried out the policy of maritime prohibition to implement the economic blockade of the Zheng family. So Taiwan's trade activities with Chinese mainland could only be carried out privately. In order to obtain materials and promote foreign trade, Zheng Jingcai and Chen Yonghua suggested that Xiamen should be sent to Hangzhou and Taiwan to establish secret trade associations to engage in smuggling trade, and to exchange the sugar and deer skin from Taiwan for Chinese mainland's cloth and daily necessities, and to trade with Japan, Southeast Asia and other places, and purchase military supplies and textiles.

Evolution of administrative divisions in Taiwan Province during the Ming and Zheng Dynasties

time

administrative division

1662

The Chigu area (now central and Western Tainan) was changed to the eastern capital Mingjing, with one government and two counties. The government was Chengtian government, the counties were Tianxing county (now South-South Taiwan) and Wannian county (now Tainan and Kaohsiung); Renlan Zhecheng (today's Anping in Tainan) was changed to Anping town. The local division is a two-level system of government and county, with towns and counties at the same level. Chengtian mansion is located in Mingjing, the eastern capital, which covers the northern garden of the city to Deqing river. Wannian County Office is located in tulucheng. The two counties are bounded by Fu'an river.

1664

Zheng Jing changed Dongdu to Dongning and two counties to two prefectures; There are three comfort departments: South Road (now Tainan Jiali), North Road (now Kaohsiung Zuoying) and Penghu. In addition, there are also pacifiers in the half line (now Changhua), chicken cage (now Keelung) and Danshui (now Xinbei). Chengtian Prefecture is parallel to Tianxing Prefecture and Wannian Prefecture.

Qing Dynasty

Kangxi unified Taiwan (1683)

After Zheng Chenggong's death, the Ming Zheng regime and the Qing government were in a state of military confrontation. Due to the failure of Zheng Jing's six-year war against the mainland, foreign trade declined sharply, and fell into a cruel political power struggle. The people at all levels were swayed. The Qing government took the opportunity to sow discord, resulting in the surrender of many Ming Zheng generals to the Qing Dynasty. In the face of the chaotic Ming Zheng regime, the attitude of the Qing government was roughly "both peace and war" and "both suppression and pacification". After a long period of fruitless negotiations on the Taiwan issue, Kangxi decided to "settle the sea border" and solve it by force. On July 8, 1683 (the 22nd year of Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty), the Qing government sent Shi Lang, the former Fujian navy commander under Zheng Chenggong, to lead more than 20000 water and land officers and soldiers and more than 200 warships from Tongshan (now Zhangzhou, Fujian) to Penghu and Taiwan. The Qing army attacked the garrison in Penghu, and Zheng army was defeated. Zheng Keyi led his people to submit to the Qing government. Kangxi accepted the surrender and gave preferential treatment to Zheng. So far, Taiwan was under the direct rule of the Qing government.

The reunification of Taiwan in the Qing Dynasty was not only for historical reasons, but also from practical needs. It not only avoided the further separation of Taiwan, but also brought security and stability to Southeast China in the Qing Dynasty. At the same time, the strong national strength, the unity of monarchs and officials and the internal friction in Taiwan created conditions and opportunities for the reunification of Taiwan in the early Qing Dynasty. During the reunification of Taiwan, the Qing government used both kindness and power, suppression and appeasement, made good use of talents, actively won the hearts of the people of Taiwan, and realized the rapid reunification of Taiwan at a small cost. In addition, the Qing government also attached great importance to the rehabilitation work after the reunification of Taiwan, realized the harmonious coexistence between the garrison and the Taiwan people, properly settled the surrender forces of the Zheng regime in Taiwan, and promoted the rapid restoration of production and living order in Taiwan. Therefore, it laid the foundation and created conditions for the sustainable development of Taiwan.

However, after the recovery of Taiwan, many ministers lacked understanding of Taiwan's strategic position, and there was a dispute over abandonment and retention. Some people advocate abandoning Taiwan and only moving the people on the island back to the mainland. Shi Lang understood the situation that western colonists coveted Taiwan for many years and stressed the importance of Taiwan's strategic position: Taiwan "is the left protection of the four provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong", "abandoning it will lead to great disaster, leaving it sincere and strengthening the border forever". Kangxi agreed with Shi Lang's opinion that "Taiwan's abandonment is of great concern. It is particularly unacceptable to abandon and not keep it", ending the discussion of Taiwan's abandonment and retention.

Administrative division of Taiwan and its jurisdiction over Diaoyu Islands in the Qing Dynasty (1683-1895)

In 1684 (the 23rd year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty), the Qing Dynasty set up taixia Road, which was jointly signed by Taiwan and Xiamen. The road office was set up in Xiamen, with one government and three counties, and Taiwan as one government, known as the Taiwan government. The government was set up in today's Tainan, under the jurisdiction of Taiwan County (about today's Tainan), Fengshan county (about today's Kaohsiung and Pingdong counties), Zhuluo county (about north of today's Jiayi County, excluding today's Yilan County, Hualian County and Taidong county), It is subordinate to Fujian Province and becomes the ninth government of Fujian Province. With the establishment of the Taiwan government, Fujian Province changed its name from "Bamin", which governed eight administrative organs at the same level under Fujian Road in the Song Dynasty, to the nine government system. Therefore, Fujian has the nickname of "jiumin" for 201 years. Taiwan has been reintegrated into the unified jurisdiction of the Chinese central government. It has closer ties with the mainland in political, economic, cultural and other aspects, and has become an integral part of the overall national reunification.

For the affiliated islands of Taiwan Island, the Qing government followed the practice of the Ming Dynasty, continued to include the Diaoyu Islands and other islands in China's coastal defense, and explicitly placed them under the administrative jurisdiction of the local government of Taiwan. Official documents of the Qing court, such as A Tour of Duty in the Taiwan Strait (Tai Hai Shi Cha Lu) and Annals of Taiwan Prefecture (Tai Wan Fu Zhi) all gave detailed accounts concerning China's administration over Diaoyu Dao. In 1871 (the 10th year of the Tongzhi reign of the Qing Dynasty), Volume 86 of the re compilation of the general annals of Fujian compiled by Chen Shouqi and others listed the Diaoyu Islands as an important part of coastal defense and was under the jurisdiction of the karma LAN Hall of the Taiwan government (now Yilan County, Taiwan Province). In 1872 (the 11th year of Tongzhi), Zhou Maoqi, the governor of Taiwan, wrote the "whole Taiwan picture theory", which used pictures to express the whole of Taiwan. The content clearly recorded that "there are famous Diaoyutai islands in the ocean behind the mountain, and more than ten giant boats can be moored".

In 1723 (the year of yongzhengyuan of the Qing Dynasty), the Qing government set up "Danshui hall" in the north of dajiaxi, and "Changhua County" in the south of dajiaxi and the north of Huwei river. In 1727 (the fifth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty), taixia road was divided into "Taiwan Road", the Taoist office was moved to today's Tainan, and the Penghu Islands were separated from Taiwan county to set up "Penghu hall".

On May 10, 1737 (the second year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty), Wu Jin, a Bachelor of the cabinet and Minister of rites, proposed the establishment of a province in Taiwan. However, at that time, the Qing government believed that Taiwan had enough chief soldiers and imperial historians in the official system. The establishment of a province could easily lead to power disputes. Moreover, Taiwan was only one government and four counties. Changing the province was inconsistent with the system and was not beneficial to things. Therefore, this memorial was not adopted, However, since then, this topic has been put forward and practiced in different ways.

In 1786 (the 51st year of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty), the Lin shuangwen incident occurred in Taiwan. In 1787 (the 52nd year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty), the Qing government calmed down the Lin shuangwen incident and changed Zhuluo County into Jiayi County in order to reward the people of Zhuluo County for their righteous deeds of helping to calm down the chaos.

The administrative regulation of "one government, four counties and two halls" under the jurisdiction of Taiwan Dao has been used for nearly 90 years. It was not changed until 1812 (the 17th year of Jiaqing of the Qing Dynasty) when the imperial court added "karma LAN hall" (about today's Yilan County). The jurisdiction of karma LAN hall includes China's coastal defense Chongyao Diaoyu Island and its affiliated islands.

At the end of the first year of Guangxu's reign (1875), the Qing government issued an edict to set up Taibei government in FUKAN and Danshui County in fufu; The karmalan hall was changed to Yilan County; Hsinchu County was changed to Zhuqian, where the former freshwater department was located; The three counties are under the jurisdiction of Taibei Prefecture. In addition, the karmalan general contract was changed to the Taipei government sub defense general contract and moved to the chicken cage. Since then, Taipei has become another political center of gravity in Taiwan, standing side by side with the Taiwan government (Tainan); And because the land is the key point and the economy is prosperous, its importance is increasing day by day. After the Sino French war, Taipei officially replaced Tainan's political status and became Taiwan's political center.

During the Tongzhi period, there were frequent contradictions between the mainland of Fujian Province and Taiwan on the distribution of cooperative rates, and the proposal for the establishment of Taiwan Province arose again. In 1876 (the second year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty), Yuan Baoheng, the Minister of criminal affairs, proposed to change Fujian governor to Taiwan governor, but was opposed by the Qing court. In 1885 (the 11th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty), because France, Japan, Britain, the United States and other Western powers coveted Taiwan, Taiwan defense was becoming more and more important. Zuo Zongtang, who supervised the military affairs in the Fujian sea as an imperial envoy, played "reply to the matters to be handled in the coastal defense, please set up a special Minister for the whole administration of coastal defense" and "important in Taiwan defense, please move the governor of Fujian to Taiwan to suppress deterrence", Strategically, it discusses the importance, necessity and feasibility of coastal defense construction and Taiwan's provincial construction, which provides the most important public opinion preparation for Taiwan's provincial construction. Finally, on October 12, 1885 (the 11th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty), Empress Dowager Cixi, who listened to the government with a curtain hanging, issued an edict to establish a navy. At the same time, she agreed to the invitation of Zuo Zongtang, and officially issued an edict to establish a province in Taiwan.

By 1887 (the 13th year of Guangxu's reign in the Qing Dynasty), the division of Fujian and Taiwan was officially realized, and Taiwan was a separate province. The official name was Fujian Taiwan Province, commonly known as Taiwan Province. Taiwan Province has three governments (Taipei government, Taiwan government and Tainan government) and one Zhili prefecture (Taidong Zhili prefecture). The three prefectures have jurisdiction over 11 counties (Yilan County, Danshui County, Hsinchu County, Miaoli County, Taichung County, Changhua County, Yunlin County, Zhuluo County, Anping County, Fengshan county and Hengchun county) and 3 halls (Keelung hall, Puli social hall and Penghu Hall). The establishment of Taiwan's organizational system is mainly to consolidate the southeast coastal defense, defend against the aggression of foreign powers and strengthen military defense; Internally, it began the process of modern industrialization, and mining, postal service, transportation, reclamation and education developed one after another. Since then, Taiwan society has entered a period of large-scale development.

The political, economic and social development of Taiwan in the early and middle Qing Dynasty (1683-1858)

Fujian and Guangdong have many mountains, few fields, dense population and narrow land. In the Qing Dynasty, they were often devastated and damaged by natural disasters and war turmoil. Taiwan is sparsely populated and fertile, like a paradise in the world. Therefore, there is an endless stream of immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong to Taiwan. The merchant ships between Fujian and Taiwan are "flying in the ladder" and "selling sails like weaving". The exchanges between the two sides of the Strait have developed rapidly. In 1686 (the 25th year of Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty), Hakkas reclaimed Pingdong plain. In 1709 (the 48th year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty), Chen Lai zhangken ("Ken Hao" is a group focusing on land development and reclamation) reclaimed dajiala (today's Taipei area), which became the beginning of reclamation activities in the Taipei basin.

Population pressure increased in Chinese mainland in early eighteenth Century. In order to attract immigrants to develop Taiwan, prevent rebellion and the inflow of bandits and mobs on the premise of ensuring social stability, the Qing government restricted the immigration of mainlanders to Taiwan in the early stage of ruling Taiwan. After the end of Kangxi, Qing officials who did not know the real situation of Taiwan believed that the sharp increase of Taiwan's population had brought problems such as insufficient food and easy to change. Therefore, the Qing government began to issue a ban on crossing Taiwan, formulate corresponding policies at different times to limit the growth of Taiwan's population, strictly prevent illegal passengers from crossing Taiwan, strictly restrict mainland immigrants, and prohibit single vagrants and their families from crossing Taiwan. Officials familiar with Taiwan's situation know that Taiwan is rich and suitable for farming.

Although the Qing government's policy on emigrating to Taiwan was sometimes strict and sometimes loose in the early stage of Governing Taiwan, a large number of mainland immigrants still chose to sneak into Taiwan in order to make a living. No matter how the policy of the Qing government swayed, it could not stop the upsurge of immigrants moving to Taiwan. People crossing the sea and entering Taiwan were higher and higher, and Taiwan ushered in the peak period of immigration.

In order to reclaim and develop the motherland's Treasure Island Taiwan, these Han immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong have crossed the stormy Taiwan Strait and overcome all difficulties and dangers and acclimatization. It can be said that they are "difficult to open up mountains and forests". Most of them live together in Taiwan with their surnames and clans, or with the same government, county and township, and establish "blood settlement" and "hometown settlement", so they retain the traditional culture and customs of their hometown to a great extent. At that time, most of the people in Taiwan were young and middle-aged people in the mainland. They were deeply influenced by the three marriages in Taoyuan. The custom of worship prevailed, and the upper and lower classes were equal and open.

The construction of water conservancy facilities is always an important project in the development of Taiwan by Han immigrants. During the reign of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong, Han immigrants built a large number of water conservancy facilities in southern, central and Northern Taiwan. These water conservancy facilities shoulder the heavy responsibility of filling rice and raising grain. They have greatly improved Taiwan's agricultural production conditions, transformed Taiwan from a land full of tropical and subtropical plants into mature fields, and developed into a rice production place that ripens more than a year. After the 19th century, the rice grain produced in Taiwan was supplied to Fujian and Guangdong provinces in the South and Tianjin and Beijing in the north. In the Qing Dynasty, Taiwan's famous water conservancy facilities included Babao Zhen in today's Changhua County, Pangong Zhen in today's Taipei City, and Cao Gong Zhen in today's Kaohsiung City.

With the construction of water conservancy facilities, Taiwan has more and more people to support and gather, and many settlements have gradually formed. Taiwan's commerce has also gradually developed, forming many markets with commercial functions.

Taiwan was an important strategic border area of the Qing Dynasty. In order to maintain the peace of the motherland's frontier and hope to absorb the excessive population of Fujian and Guangdong with the development of Taiwan, the Qing government invested a lot of cost and effort in the governance of Taiwan. In 1714 (the 53rd year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty), the Qing government sent personnel to map Taiwan and survey the miles of the whole territory. During the Kangxi period, the northeast, northwest and southwest borders of China were the places where Emperor Kangxi fought for many years, and the southeast coast centered on Taiwan was also the area where he worked hard. He often said to his subordinates, "today there is a long time of peace, and there are few war ministers. Those who know the law of naval warfare are rare, and Taiwan can be in danger in the future. Once Taiwan is lost, it is difficult to recover." "I think the land of Taiwan and Penghu has a great relationship." "that is, people in Taiwan and Nan'ao think it is irrelevant to hang overseas. If they are content with their own land, the thieves in Fujian and Guangdong have no place to live, and the bandits are light." It was in the process of operating Taiwan that Emperor Kangxi gradually germinated the concept of sea and frontier. In his Oracle, the word "important places in the sea and Xinjiang" can be seen. Obviously, in the eyes of Emperor Kangxi, Taiwan has become an important place in Southeast China. Yongzheng regarded Taiwan as an important place and "important place" in the sea and Xinjiang, and formulated and adopted a series of long-standing policies for effective governance.

Based on the political and economic factors such as strategic considerations, the balance of taxes and expenses, and after fierce discussion by the imperial court, the Qing government formed the governance guidelines and policies for Taiwan. In order to prevent Taiwan from becoming a hotbed of rebel forces, the Qing government sent Taiwan officials to take turns. In the early days of Taiwan's establishment, the governor of Fujian authorized the exchange of officials from the mainland of Fujian Province and Taiwan. There is a saying among the people in Taiwan that "there is no yamen without happiness". It is said that almost all kinds of Yamen in Taiwan in the Qing Dynasty had Fuzhou people as teaching staff or screen friends.

Militarily, the Taiwan town general is controlled and guarded by the general of Fuzhou, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang and the commander of Fujian Navy. In order to strengthen the war preparedness and defense in Taiwan and maintain long-term stability, the Qing government implemented a three-year shift system from the 25th year of Kangxi (1686), and transferred officers and men from all over Fujian to Taiwan in turn. Before the Guangxu period, the troops stationed in Taiwan were appointed by the Fujian and Guangdong armies. They did not directly recruit troops in Taiwan to prevent officers and soldiers from staying in Taiwan for a long time and forming a separatist regime. The Qing government also stipulated that officials and class soldiers were not allowed to bring their families to Taiwan as a check.

Under the command of the Min'an Association and Taiwan yamen, the Min'an Navy is mainly responsible for the defense of the Min River Basin, the Min Sea and Taiwan Penghu. Most of the troops guarding Taiwan are also transferred from the Min'an Navy. In the 27th year of Kangxi's reign (1688), the Fujian security association and the Taiwan yamen changed to a deputy general garrison. The officers and soldiers of the left and right battalions under its jurisdiction entered the regular system. They were green battalions and set up ten water and land battalions, which became the main force guarding Taiwan. During the more than 200 years since the implementation of the class army system, the Min'an navy has participated in the garrison of Taiwan with 130000 generals. These officers and men from the Min'an Navy, whose father died and their son inherited his father's career, guarded Taiwan from generation to generation. They are known as "world soldiers". They have made great contributions and made great sacrifices to defend Taiwan, resist foreign enemies and stabilize Taiwan society. At that time, the patrol route of Min'an naval division guarding Taiwan was: Kaohsiung Hualien Diaoyu Island Keelung Danshui Taichung Kaohsiung. This is very accurate proof that Taiwan and Diaoyu Islands have been China's inherent territory since ancient times. For three hundred years, in the era of peace, they guarded the motherland's treasure island with the heroic feeling of wrapping up the corpse, opened up territory and territory, and kept the people at ease. In the past turbulent situations in Taiwan, they used their lives to defend national security, resist aggression, expel pirates, consolidate thousands of miles of sea territory and protect the lives of Taiwan compatriots.

The establishment and appointment of officials belong to the central authority. All the provisions of the official system formulated by the Qing government were complied with one by one in Taiwan. In response to certain specific circumstances, the adjustment of Taiwan's official system was also made one by one by the decision of the Qing government. Both sides of the Strait have long belonged to the same administrative system, the same political system and the same ideology advocated by the government.

The Qing government set up many county mayors in Taiwan, with a higher proportion than the rest of the mainland, and set up many heavy troops in Taiwan. It also sent experienced officials to formulate policies and try to implement them, so as to maximize Taiwan's tax potential and reduce the cost of Governing Taiwan. From the early Qing Dynasty to 1895, due to the zoning adjustment and the establishment of Taiwan Province, many official positions and officials were added, but they also had different levels and performed their duties in an orderly manner. The official (Civil) system in the Qing Dynasty. The Qing government set up some special official positions according to the special conditions of the people in Taiwan, such as "Li Fan Tongzhi" who was responsible for handling Taiwan's Minority Affairs. During the Yongzheng and Qianlong periods, due to the continuous civil unrest in Taiwan, in order to monitor the administration of officials in Taiwan, the Qing government set up a "tour of Taiwan to monitor the censor". The censor visited Taiwan regularly to understand the situation of the people and supervise local administration.

Chen Yu was one of the most outstanding officials in Governing Taiwan in the early Qing Dynasty. He has been in charge of government affairs in Taiwan for three times. He has successively served as county magistrate of Taiwan, governor of Taiwan Xiamen Road and governor of Fujian. Most of his official career in recent 20 years has taken root in Taiwan. During his tenure, he worked diligently to promote advantages and eliminate disadvantages, clarify the administration of officials, pay attention to education, and was deeply loved by the people. As a result, Taiwan has made great progress in economy, coastal defense, administration of officials, culture and education. In particular, he is famous for his integrity and enjoys the reputation of "honesty and ability". "Rebuilding Taiwan's Chronicles" praised him for his "honesty and integrity, clean water and clean water", and recommended him as "the first in the governance of the sea and Xinjiang". Emperor Kangxi also spoke highly of him as "national auspiciousness", "outstanding in honesty and integrity" and "honest officials have never been like Iraq since ancient times".

The Han immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong have reclaimed wasteland in large numbers, bringing the intensive farming into Taiwan, improving the agricultural production mode of the minority nationalities, making Taiwan a new agricultural area, and exporting large quantities of rice and sucrose to the Chinese mainland Fujian coast and even North and South China, and the dye indigo, which is extracted from bluegrass, and imported textiles from the mainland. Medicinal materials and other daily necessities, handicrafts and building materials have enabled Taiwan's economy to develop to a considerable extent. The process of land development in Taiwan has accelerated, and the commercialization of agricultural products is very high. It is known as the land of fish and rice with "the benefits of sugar valley are the best in the world". It has become an important part of the country's internal economic cycle. As the saying goes, "Taiwan's money flooded its feet and eyes" to describe Taiwan's wealth at that time.

In the Qing Dynasty, Taiwan's economic and social development was very close to Fujian and Guangdong. Chinese culture was introduced into Taiwan more comprehensively with the reclamation of immigrants from the mainland. Under the governance of the Qing government, Taiwan's economy continued to develop and people's livelihood continued to improve. That is, as people in Qianlong and Jiaqing commented: "Taiwan is located in the East China Sea, spanning more than a thousand miles, with fertile fields and rich families." it can be seen that Taiwan was already a rich area in the Qing Dynasty at that time. Before the Japanese occupation of Taiwan in the Guangxu Dynasty, "there was no shortage of silver and rice in Taiwan, and there were many rich families and people".

With the vigorous development of Taiwan by a large number of Han immigrants since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Taiwan has developed into a treasure island of China with convenient transportation, developed commerce and prosperous economy. It is full of vitality and development opportunities. It undoubtedly has a considerable attraction to the people suffering from population pressure along the mainland coast. After 1760 (the 25th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty), the migration of mainlanders to Taiwan reached a climax. During the Jiaqing period, Taiwan's Han dominated immigrant society tended to be stereotyped and gradually completed the transformation from an immigrant society to a settled society. The largest number of immigrants are Zhangzhou people and Quanzhou people, and Hakka people are only about a quarter of Zhangquan people. Most people in Quanzhou live in the western coast of Taiwan and the Taipei basin. Zhangzhou people are mostly distributed in the inland plains of Western Taiwan. Hakka people are mostly distributed in Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Miaoli, Kaohsiung, Pingdong and other hilly platforms.

In 1796 (the first year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty), Wu Sha, who crossed Taiwan from Zhangpu County, Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, gathered and led immigrants from Zhangzhou, Quanzhou and Guangdong to reclaim the Yilan plain where Yilan is located. He also helped the local ethnic minorities cure the epidemic of smallpox and became the famous "ancestor of Kailan" in the history of Taiwan's development.

At the end of the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Fu Kangan, then a Bachelor of Shaanxi Gansu governor, personally came to Taiwan to understand the local situation and have an objective understanding of Taiwan in order to calm the "Lin shuangwen incident" of Taiwan's popular uprising. In order to solve the serious social problems caused by smuggling and the prohibition of carrying family members to Taiwan, Fu Kangan proposed to the Qing government to allow immigrants to carry family members to Taiwan, and his proposal was quickly accepted. In 1798 (the third year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty), the policy of bringing family members to Taiwan was finally implemented with the relaxation of the century long ban on crossing Taiwan, and the influx of immigrants into Taiwan increased significantly. In 1811 (the 16th year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty), excluding ethnic minorities in the mountains, Taiwan had more than 1.9 million residents, a sharp increase of nearly 40 times in less than 200 years compared with about 45000 to 57000 in the Dutch colonial era, while there were only about 150000 Gaoshan people in Taiwan in the same period.

With the rapid development of Taiwan's economy, Taiwan has formed a regional division of labor for agricultural output and handicrafts input to Chinese mainland. In the case of regional division of labor, shipping trade is very important to Taiwan, so port settlements rise in Taiwan. In Taiwan in the Qing Dynasty, this trade-oriented port city often gathered many traders. In order to facilitate business and avoid horizontal competition, these Taiwanese traders often form organizations similar to modern commercial trade associations, known as "suburbs", also known as "suburbs" and "suburban banks". This kind of commercial organization makes the commodities it manages go deeper into the rural society, and the increase of export promotes the increase of the output of agricultural products such as rice and sugar. From 1723 (the 13th year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty) to 1735 (the 13th year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty), Taiwan Fucheng (now central and Western Tainan and Anping) established a business association to organize the "three suburbs of Fucheng". Economically, the three suburban banks cooperate and compete. With Anping port as the main trading port and Taijiang River (now the coast of the South China Sea) as the main hinterland, they travel between the mainland and Taiwan, which not only drives the commercial development of Taiwan's Government City, but also allows Taiwan's Government City to maintain its long-term status as Taiwan's capital and an important cultural and commercial city, It was the largest city in Taiwan from the 17th century to the 19th century. During the years of Daoguang and Xianfeng, the development of suburban travel in Taiwan entered a heyday.

In the early Qing Dynasty, the Qing government allowed Xiamen to cross the Taiwan Strait with luermen in Tainan. Merchant ships from Taiwan sold Taiwan's rice and sugar to the mainland, and returned to carry mainland local products and other materials. With the development of cross-strait trade, single port ferry can not meet the needs gradually. In the 49th year of Qianlong reign (1784 AD), the Qing government instructed Quanzhou Hanjiang River to cross the trade with Taiwan Lugang (now Changhua County). Hanjiang River became the central port for trade and navigation between the mainland and Taiwan. The crossing of Hanjiang River and Lugang and the prosperity of maritime trade have also contributed to the prosperity of Lugang town in Taiwan. According to historical records, there were more than 300 merchant ships between the two places at that time, and there were more than 200 in Quanjiao at the peak of suburban commerce in Lugang. Lukang has rapidly risen to become a distribution center for trade in Central Taiwan, operating from Shanghai in the north to Nanyang in the south. After the port crossing between Lugang and Hanjiang River was officially established, a large number of residents in Quanzhou moved for reclamation, and the "Quanzhou culture" was completely moved to Taiwan, creating a "Lugang culture period" in the process of Taiwan's development. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Lugang had a 1km long "invisible Street", called Wufu Street, which was composed of Shunxing street, Fuxing street, Hexing street, Taixing street and Changxing street. The roof is built above the street to protect it from the sun and rain. This street imitates the street form of Xiamen and Quanzhou. Red floor tiles from the exterior wall to the house in Southern Fujian can also be seen in Lugang old street. After the Opium War in 1840, Lugang declined due to the siltation of the river, and the suburban lines withered one after another.

In the Qing Dynasty, Taiwan's trade flourished, and the "suburbs" made great contributions. "Suburb" was not only the center of Taiwan's foreign trade in the Qing Dynasty, but also played an important social role. "Jiao" was originally a commercial organization, focusing on managing trade, resolving commercial disputes and other economic affairs. However, in fact, it was difficult for the local government to directly control the grass-roots society in the Qing Dynasty. In addition, Taiwan was an immigrant society, and the gentry force was relatively weak. The "suburbs" had strong financial resources and strong organizational power, so they naturally came to the front stage and played an important role in social activities. In addition to trade activities, Taiwan's suburban associations were also enthusiastic about participating in the country's public affairs. When there were disasters and military risks in the mainland, Taiwan's suburban associations donated money and troops to the mainland at the "cooperative recruitment office" set up by the Qing government, which was commended, praised and thanked by the Qing government and mainland compatriots. After the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japan occupied Taiwan, and most suburban businessmen returned to the mainland. The "suburbs" declined rapidly and gradually withdrew from the historical stage.

In order to facilitate economic exchanges between exporting agricultural products and importing handicrafts needed, some commercial ports in Taiwan have developed. The first to develop was the deer gate in Tainan. It became the transportation center and commercial center of Taiwan as early as the Dutch occupation and the Ming and Zheng dynasties. After Kangxi unified Taiwan, cross-strait trade legalized and developed rapidly. Among them, the transportation of official grain and official salt greatly promoted the development of transportation industry and commercial center. With the development of Bengang (now Beigang, belonging to Yunlin), Qihou (belonging to Kaohsiung), baliben (belonging to Xinbei) and Pang (belonging to Taipei), it has become an important port in Western Taiwan. Balibendi is located at the mouth of the Danshui River and the east side of Pang. It has become an important port between the northern region and the mainland. At that time, in Lugang, "thousands of fireworks, sailboats and masts gathered together, and the toothkillers were strange, but they became Tongjin". "There are about four or five thousand resident shops, that is, balibenkou outside. Merchant ships gather, the market is the most prosperous, and the fresh water warehouse is in Yan. Tongzhi lives here in the middle of the year, making the people rich and complicated.".

From the years of Qianlong and Jiaqing to the end of the Qing Dynasty, with the rapid development of shipping trade, Taiwan's main trade ports were Taiwan Fucheng (now central and Western Tainan and Anping), Lukang (now Changhua Lukang) and Pang (now Wanhua, Taipei). They almost controlled the entry and exit of goods on the island, commonly known as "one government, two deer and three Pang", and Taiwan's economic center gradually moved northward.

While Taiwan's economy developed rapidly in the Qing Dynasty, it also retained many characteristics of traditional feudal society. The feudal forces such as big businessmen, landlords and rich families in Taiwan led the development of Taiwan and became an extremely important controlling force in Taiwan's local society. In the Qing Dynasty, there were frequent contradictions among various ethnic groups in Taiwan due to factors such as land and water distribution. Therefore, there were frequent classified conflicts within various ethnic groups, which affected the distribution of ethnic groups in Taiwan in the future. Due to the lax administration of officials and poor public security and other factors, there were frequent civil commotions in Taiwan in the Qing Dynasty. The three largest civil commotions were Zhu Yigui incident (1721-1722), Lin shuangwen incident (1786-1788) and Dai Chaochun incident (1862-1865).

The development of education and culture in Taiwan in the Qing Dynasty

After the reunification of Taiwan by the Qing Dynasty, the implementation of Confucianism education in the mainland became one of the important tasks of the government; While setting up government schools and county schools, it also advocates private schools, so that social schools, righteous schools, private schools and higher-level academies have sprung up; In the imperial examination, the quota is also given preferential treatment. All these have made Confucianism popular among the people. In the Qing Dynasty, although there were no famous Confucians in Taiwan, Confucianism was widely respected by the society and became the dominant thought regulating Taiwan society, which was no different from that in the mainland. The Qing government established more than 60 academies in Taiwan as places to educate the Taiwanese people's traditional Confucian culture and train Taiwanese students to take the imperial examination. Taiwan gentry, who gained fame through the imperial examination, enjoyed a special social status and became an important local leader. The imperial examination in Taiwan was carried out in full accordance with the regulations of Fujian Province. Fuzhou was the center of imperial examination education in Fujian and Taiwan in the Qing Dynasty. In 1687 (the 26th year of Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty), the Qing government began to implement the imperial examination in Taiwan. Taiwan scholars could go to Fuzhou, the capital of Fujian Province, to take the township examination. Before and after the examination, Taiwanese candidates generally stay in the mainland of Fujian Province for several months to visit schools and meet friends, forming regular cultural exchanges between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait. In order to encourage Taiwan scholars to take part in the imperial examination, the Qing government sent official ships to pick them up and build an examination hall. During the Guangxu period, about 1000 Taiwanese students took part in the provincial examination every time. After the founding of Taiwan in 1885 (the 11th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty), Taiwan scholars still had to go to Fuzhou to take part in the rural examination. The "imperial examination system" has been implemented in Taiwan for more than 200 years, and there are 33 scholars in Taiwan who can be tested. Their names are still engraved on the Jinshi inscription monument at the Confucius Temple in Beijing. The introduction of the imperial examination system in Taiwan has promoted the dissemination and popularization of Chinese culture in Taiwan, and has also brought forth a large number of talents and social progress in Taiwan. Tainan is a famous historical and cultural ancient city, and it is also the area with the most Jinshi in Taiwan.

The first Academy in Taiwan was the xidingfang academy founded by Hou Shi Lang of Jinghai in the Qing Dynasty in 1683 (the 22nd year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty). Later, because Emperor Kangxi encouraged the establishment of academies, academies such as dong'anfang and mitoshi were successively established, but these academies are considered to be the prototype of the transition from righteousness to formal calligraphy. It was not until 1704 (the 43rd year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty) that the Chongwen Academy was established by Wei Taikui, the governor of Taiwan (now Tainan), that there was a formal Academy in Taiwan, focusing on examination and imperial examination. Then, Pingshan academy, Haidong academy, Zhongshe academy and other official academies were established one after another. In 1728 (the sixth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty), the central government decided to correct the local accent of Fujian and Guangdong provinces, and set up four Zhengyin academies in Taiwan. From 1733 (the 11th year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty), through Qianlong and Jiaqing, to the outbreak of the first Opium War in 1839 (the 19th year of Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty), the Qing government successively built Confucius temples (i.e. Official Learning and Confucianism) in various governments and counties in Taiwan, which has formed a complete scientific research system. In order to balance the development of Confucianism and local academies, the Qing government began to advocate the establishment of folk academies, so academies mushroomed in Taiwan. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were 62 academies in Taiwan. Before Qianlong, Taiwan academies were set up in Taiwan government (now Tainan); After Qianlong, it was extended to all county departments.

Taiwan was originally a land reclamation society. The people put the economic needs of making a living first and were not keen on the imperial examination. With the emergence of the landlord and rich class in Taiwan, under the influence of traditional Confucianism, the people of Taiwan gradually began to send their children to study in academies in order to train them to become imperial examination scholars and seek fame. These educated scholars met with friends in local literature, advocated poetry and prose, and brought a cultural atmosphere to Taiwan society. Taiwan, as an agricultural reclamation society, began to fade, and a cultural society began to take shape, winning the reputation of "Zou Lu in Haidong". In Tongzhi and Guangxu years, the poetry level of Taiwan writers has been different from that of Chinese mainland.

The Qing government carried out cultural education for Taiwan's ethnic minorities, set up "sociology" and "teaching book fan" (Gaoshan teachers) in the fan society, taught Gaoshan children Confucian enlightenment books, and improved the cultural level of ethnic minorities. The Qing government set up schools in the border counties of Hubei, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou and other provinces, "Yanshi taught the system of Miao, man, Li and Li children, domesticated the pan society, set up a sociology, and selected those who were familiar with the show of the pan children to study". Fan Tong "should take the age division examination when reading poetry and books and learning art", "from the county, government and Taoist examination, he ordered to record two articles of the holy Edict and broad training, and select those who are proficient in instrument and regular script of calligraphy and painting to be full of music and dance students", "in the Taoist examination, he should take one, give a top belt (wear), and hang a hairpin with the new children of the five schools".

Before the mid-19th century, the literature and art of Taiwan Province was mainly popular among the officials and gentry at the top of society. After the middle of the 19th century, literature and art expanded to the general social class because of the increasingly developed commodity economy and the relatively affluent society.

After the establishment of Taiwan Province in 1885 (the 11th year of Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty), Taiwan's cultural and educational undertakings developed greatly. While "Fufan", Taiwan Governor Liu Mingchuan also set up fan schools in Taipei government (now Taipei, Xinbei, Keelung, Taoyuan, Yilan and Hsinchu), recruited 20 children of local ethnic minorities, and hired three teachers to teach Chinese, mathematics, Mandarin, Taiwanese and etiquette. Liu Mingchuan set up a telegraph school in Dadaocheng (now Datong District, Taipei) to train telegraph talents. He has also set up additional schools in newly established prefectures and counties, increasing 150 students, and plans to request that schools in Keelung Hall (now Keelung and xinbeixizhi), Taiwan (now Zhonghe Nantou) and Changhua be transformed into universities; Schools in Hsinchu, Ilan, Yunlin and other counties were changed to middle schools; The school in Miaoli County was changed into a primary school. Under the leadership of Liu Mingchuan, local officials in Taiwan can also pay more attention to cultural and educational construction.

After the opening of Hong Kong, Taiwan's economic and social development and the northward shift of the focus of development (1858-1895)

In the middle of the 19th century, the aggression of Western powers was directed at China, and China's frontier was in danger. Taiwan had a prominent strategic position, prosperous commerce and abundant products. It was the hub of North-South exchanges along the sea route in East Asia and became the focus of armed aggression by Britain, the United States, Japan, France and other powers, of which Japan was the most ambitious. Taiwan has become the forefront of the Chinese people's anti imperialist struggle and directly bears the hardships of the Chinese nation. During the Tongzhi period, the Qing government vigorously promoted Taiwan's modernization and became one of the key areas of China's Westernization Movement in the late Qing Dynasty.

In 1858 (the eighth year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty) and 1860 (the tenth year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty), Western powers successively forced China to sign the Treaty of Tianjin and the Treaty of Beijing, which lost power and humiliated the country, requiring China to open trade ports in Taiwan and other places. In 1862, Huwei port (now Danshui port) officially established customs trade, followed by Jilong port (now Keelung port, an affiliated port of Danshui) and Dagou port (now Kaohsiung port) One after another, Anping port (now Tainan) was opened at the end of December 1864. On January 1, 1865, it officially began operation at the Anping affiliated customs. It is a dog beating affiliated customs, collectively known as the "four ports of Taiwan". Nominally, it takes Huwei (now Danshui) customs as the general customs, and the premier is responsible for customs clearance throughout Taiwan.

In order to expand its economic interests in trade with Taiwan, Britain also set up a dog beating British Consulate in dog beating (now Kaohsiung), which is mainly used to protect overseas Chinese, commerce, exercise consular jurisdiction and local negotiations.

After the opening of Hong Kong, there were many foreign firms in Taiwan, selling tea, sugar and camphor to earn a large amount of foreign exchange, and importing opium, which stimulated the rapid changes of Taiwan's economy and society. The large amount of foreign exchange brought by foreign trade was the main source of funds for Taiwan's Westernization Movement in the late Qing Dynasty.

At the same time, the opening of Hong Kong in Taiwan also led to the rise of Hakka status in Taiwan, the decline of suburbs, the rise of tyrants and compradors, and the destruction of water and soil environment. With the opening of Taiwan, western culture was introduced into Taiwan again, and many missionaries came to Taiwan to preach. Among the Western sects, the Presbyterian Church of Protestantism has the greatest influence. After the opening of Hong Kong, Taiwan has closer ties with the world. The ports opened by Taiwan in those years still retain historical sites such as consulates and foreign firms.

In the early 19th century, camphor, as a precious Taiwan specialty, has become an important industry in Taiwan. After Taiwan officially opened Hong Kong, businessmen from Britain, the United States, Germany and other countries opened foreign firms in Taiwan. Among them, Jardine's and Deji's foreign firms run by British businessmen have abundant funds and new business practices. Taiwan's camphor output is gradually controlled by these two foreign firms. The monopolistic practices of British businessmen have aroused dissatisfaction among the people of Taiwan. In 1863 (the second year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty), in order to stop Britain's economic plunder against China, the Qing government implemented camphor monopoly for the first time. Its monopoly right was arranged by the people and paid a certain amount of silver to the government every year. In 1868 (the seventh year of the Tongzhi reign of the Qing Dynasty), the British army landed in Anping (now Tainan) because the smugglers of Yiji foreign firm smuggled camphor worth about 1000 silver dollars in Wucha port (now Wuqi port, belonging to Taichung) of Changhua County. Under the threat of British gunboats, the Qing government had to pay 6000 silver dollars for compensation and sign the camphor treaty, which completely agreed to the unreasonable demands made by the British side, abolished the official office of camphor, and allowed foreign businessmen to buy camphor in the mainland. The import and export of camphor in Taiwan completely fell into the hands of Britain, and the British colonists extended their claws to Taiwan's tea and sugar resources, Intensify efforts to strip the people of Taiwan.

The development of trade has made Taiwan's agricultural commodity production and even the commodity economy of the whole Taiwan society developed. It is estimated that in the 30 years from 1865 to 1895 at Maguan header, Taiwan's accumulated wealth due to net export has reached 14 million customs, and the total export value has increased seven times in the 30 years. Since the 1870s, Taiwan has had a large trade surplus in foreign trade every year, which was the only region with a trade surplus in China at that time. The average annual growth of Chinese mainland trade was only 3.4%, while Taiwan was way ahead of its average annual growth rate of 6.5%.

Camphor, a specialty of Taiwan, is the raw material of synthetic plastics. In the late 19th century, the international demand increased greatly, so that Taiwan's output once reached the first in the world. The history of roads and streets in Taipei describes the hot tea production in Daocheng, Taipei in the late Qing Dynasty: "the peak season for tea making in spring, summer and autumn is from early March to October every year. The streets are full of tea and flower fragrance, making Daocheng the most fragrant city, and tea picking women come and go.". After the opening of Hong Kong, Taiwan opened its market to the outside world, and the export of tea, sugar and camphor was extremely vigorous, prompting the further development of Taiwan's mountainous areas and the south. The production of tea, sugar and camphor, from planting, harvesting, processing to export, requires a large number of employees, thus providing many employment opportunities. And its related industries, such as tea, sugar and camphor, porters, boatmans or waggoners and ship makers who transport them from the origin to the port; In order to protect the safety of camphor industry and tea industry; Growers who plant flowers for tea making; In particular, the large number of employed people in import trade brought about by booming exports has not only supported Taiwan's naturally increasing population, but also supported the continuous influx of mainland immigrants, which has made a great contribution to the easing of Taiwan's population pressure and unemployment pressure.

As tea, camphor and other important export commodities are mostly produced in the north of Taiwan and exported from the ports in the north, the economic development of the north is much faster than that of the south. By 1881 (the seventh year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty), the trade volume of the North had surpassed that of the south. By the 1890s, the trade volume of the north had reached twice that of the south. With the shift of economic focus from the south to the north, the modernization construction of Taiwan in the late Qing Dynasty was mostly concentrated in the north. After Liu Mingchuan established the province, the governor's Yamen was also located in Taipei, and Taiwan's political center also moved north. Liu Mingchuan, who advocated that Taipei should be the capital of the province, had a conflict with Liu Ao, the former chief executive of Taiwan before the establishment of the province in Tainan, that is, the so-called "dispute between the two Liu". In fact, the dispute between the two Liu represented the conflict between the Hunan and Huai dynasties in the Qing Dynasty, and it was also a north-south dispute for Taiwan's development. Finally, Liu Ao left his post, and the northward movement of Taiwan's political center was more established. Nowadays, the capital of Taiwan Province is in Taipei and the focus of development is in the north, which is the result of gradual development since Taiwan opened Hong Kong in the late Qing Dynasty.

The opening of Taiwan's port has led to the rise of many new settlements, the most famous of which is da Daocheng (now Taipei). In 1853, Tongan people in Quanzhou (now Xiamen, Fujian), who originally lived in the area of Pang, collectively moved north to Dadaocheng to establish a new settlement. At that time, Dadaocheng was still a sparsely populated small village. In less than a decade, Taiwan opened its port, and most of the foreign firms along the Danshui River were located in the emerging Dadaocheng settlement. Due to the prosperity of the tea industry, Dadaocheng became an important town for tea processing, distribution and export. Due to its developed economy, Dadaocheng developed rapidly in just a few years. By the early years of the Republic of China, it had surpassed Shanshan (now Taipei) to become the largest city in Northern Taiwan. After World War II, Dadaocheng gradually lost its function as a river port due to the siltation of Danshui River. After that, the urban area of Taipei developed eastward and a large number of people moved out. Da Daocheng became an old urban area outside Taipei.Since the late Qing Dynasty, a large amount of river sand poured into the inland sea of the Taijiang river due to heavy rain on the sparkling coast of the Taijiang River in the past, and the thousands of miles of ocean became the new land of Haipu. Taiwan's topography changed, the sea sank and the land floated, and Tainan port disappeared. There is only one overseas trade port in Tainan (today's Kaohsiung port).

The invasion of Taiwan by the great powers after the Opium War (1840-1895)

In 1840 (the 20th year of Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty), British warships sailed to the waters of Southern Taiwan for the first time and participated in the first Opium War soon after. The people of Taiwan were once again threatened by foreign forces. Since September 1841, the British fleet has appeared outside Taiwan for several times, trying to occupy Keelung port in the north and Wuqi port in the middle of the West Coast (now Taichung). This is the first armed invasion of Taiwan by imperialist powers. The people of Taiwan mobilized and organized an anti British militia with twice the number of local garrison troops, and donated money and silver to go to the national disaster. Together with the officers and men, they repulsed the invading British army, smashed the enemy's plot to occupy Taiwan, and won the victory of the anti British struggle. A year later, the British troops invaded again. Although they still did not get any benefits, they brought great pressure to the local officials and people. Dahong a, the chief soldier of Taiwan Town, and other officials were also implicated and dismissed.

The aggressive ambition and activities of the United States against Taiwan have a long history. In 1847 (the 27th year of Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty), the US Navy explored and investigated Taiwan's resources, military and products in preparation for aggression against Taiwan. In 1853 (the third year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty), the U.S. Navy once again came to the waters of Taiwan. After many investigations, it proposed to the U.S. government to occupy Taiwan island as a relay station for trade in the Far East. In 1867 (the sixth year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty), the American ship "Luofa" (also translated as luofo and luomei) hit a reef and sank in the waters of Taiwan. The survivors who drifted to the coast were killed by the local Gaoshan people as aggressors because they could not speak. On this pretext, the United States successively sent two groups of troops to attack Taiwan, but they failed. After the failure, the United States changed its strategy and supported Japan's occupation of Taiwan in an attempt to profit from it.

From 1860 (the 10th year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty) to 1862 (the first year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty), Germany (then the kingdom of Prussia) sent an "East Asian expedition" to China, Japan, Southeast Asia and other places in Asia. The German government has repeatedly discussed the plan to colonize China's Taiwan island or establish a naval stronghold. However, after discussion, the German government had to give up after considering the domestic situation and the actual situation of Taiwan at that time, and its colonial ambition was abandoned.

Japan's ambition for Taiwan has a long history, and it has long seen the importance of Taiwan's geographical location. As early as the 16th and 17th centuries, Japan sent troops to spy on Taiwan several times. In the second half of the 19th century, Japan embarked on the road of capitalist development through the "Meiji Restoration". The success of Meiji Restoration made Japan get rid of the oppression of Western powers and become the only country in Asia that can be on an equal footing with Western powers. At the beginning of the Meiji Restoration, Japan established the general policy of aggression of "opening up territory" in its foreign policy and formulated the so-called "mainland policy" based on invading and annexing China, Korea and other neighboring countries by means of war. Ryukyu and China's Taiwan island became the first choice for its foreign expansion. The Japanese government believes that Taiwan is Japan's "lifeline" and deliberately takes "levying Taiwan" and "swallowing Taiwan" as an important strategic goal of Japan's foreign aggression and expansion.

In May 1874 (the 13th year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty), Japan invaded Taiwan on the pretext that the Ryukyu drifters were killed in Taiwan. It fought fiercely with the local military and people in Langqiao (now Pingdong Hengchun) and Guishan (now Kaohsiung Zuoying) in Taiwan, and the two sides lost each other. On October 31, China and Japan signed the Beijing treaty, and Japan earned a lot of benefits. Although the Qing government made a compromise with Japan, the Beijing treaty still showed that China exercised sovereignty over the whole of Taiwan. For Japan's first foreign aggression and expansion, the preferred target was Taiwan, which sounded an alarm to the Qing government and exposed Japan's ambition to occupy Taiwan.

From the wars of Britain, the United States and Japan invading Taiwan in turn, the Qing government gradually saw the aggressive ambition of the aggressors. Many officials saw the difficulties and gradually realized the importance of Taiwan.

The beginning of Taiwan Westernization Movement and Shen Baozhen's administrative reform (1874-1876)

On May 27, 1874, after the Japanese invasion of Taiwan, the Qing government quickly sent imperial envoy Shen Baozhen to Taiwan to deal with the aftermath of Taiwan and make careful planning for Taiwan's defense.

After holding Taiwan, Shen Baozhen immediately set about further development. Shen Baozhen adjusted the administrative division of Taiwan, greatly increased the proportion of the north in the administrative organization, coordinated with its rapid development after the opening of Hong Kong in Taiwan, established Taipei's political status, promoted the modernization of Northern Taiwan, and solved the problem of the disconnection between the central and southern organizations and the speed of resettlement and development. So far, the prefectures and counties set up in Taiwan have been able to govern the whole territory of Taiwan.

Shen Baozhen officially abolished various prohibitions imposed by the Qing government on Taiwan and encouraged mainland residents to develop Taiwan. In order to strengthen Taiwan's defense forces, he made sure to purchase armored ships, mines, foreign guns and arms machinery, and built forts in Anping (Yizai Jincheng, located in today's Tainan) and Qihou (Weizhen Tiannan, located in today's Kaohsiung Qijin), taking the step of Taiwan's military modernization. In order to strengthen ethnic integration and safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity, Shen Baozhen ordered the opening of eight customs clearance ancient roads across eastern and Western Taiwan to improve the cultural and production level of ethnic minorities. He also requested to follow the example of Jiangsu governor stationed in Suzhou and move Fujian governor to Taiwan to be specially responsible for Taiwan Affairs. Finally, he established the system of Fujian governor "stationed in Taiwan in winter and spring and in the province in summer and Autumn", which laid the foundation for the later establishment of Taiwan Province.

His successor, Ding Richang, governor of Fujian, continued to promote innovation in Taiwan since 1876. During his tenure, he set up recruitment and reclamation bureaus in Xiamen, Shantou, Hong Kong and other places to encourage Fujian and Guangdong residents to come to Taiwan to reclaim the mountains in the eastern part of Taiwan Island, set up mining, machine mining of Jilong (now Keelung) coal mine, and set up the first self built telegraph line in Chinese history in Taiwan.

Taipei Jiancheng (1884)

Taipei city was the last planned city in the Qing Dynasty. In the late Qing Dynasty, with the rise of tea production and trade in Northern Taiwan, Fujian ancestors settled in Dadaocheng and pengpeng, forming settlements and even commercial markets, and built the foundation of Taipei as a "city" on a wasteland. After the Sino French war, Taipei officially replaced Tainan's political status and became Taiwan's political center.

The Qing government built Taipei City between DA Daocheng and Kan. In 1879, Taipei officially opened its government. Chen Xingju, the first governor, and Cen Yuying, governor of Fujian, who took office in 1881, actively raised funds to build the Taipei city. In 1882, the construction of Taipei City Committee was officially started by Liu Ao, Taiwan's military reserve road. The north gate of Taipei Fucheng, also known as "Chengen gate", which was completed in the 10th year of Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (1884), is not only one of the few buildings in Taipei in the Qing Dynasty, but also the South Fujian style blockhouse gate is rare in the world. Local officials stationed in Taiwan in the Qing Dynasty entered Taipei City through this door. Historically, it is also the main traffic channel from the old city district to the "Da Daocheng" business center of the Taipei basin. General business travelers go ashore at Dadaocheng and enter the city through the north gate. After the stone road led into the city, it was called Fu Tai Street, Town God's Temple, the government of the cloth government department. A typical modern southern China came into view. Taipei has been the highest administrative capital of Taiwan Province since the late Qing Dynasty. Today, Taipei has vigorous business, prosperous literary style and convenient transportation. It is the political, economic and cultural center of Taiwan Province and the internationally famous "capital of the Asia Pacific".

In 1895, Japan forcibly occupied Taiwan. After entering Taipei, in order to eradicate the Chinese cultural consciousness rooted in the hearts of Taiwan people, Japan began to demolish all buildings associated with the "Chinese concept" in the city. In the planned demolition by the Japanese, Taipei city lost its original appearance.

Sino French war and the establishment of Taiwan Province (1883-1887)

In 1883 (the ninth year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty), France completed its preparations for expanding its aggression, launched a large-scale attack on the Chinese Army stationed in Vietnam, provoked the Sino French war, and the war spread to the southeast coast of China. The target of aggression was Taiwan, which enabled Liu Mingchuan, the former land governor of Zhili, to be reactivated by the Qing government. Liu Mingchuan was awarded the title of governor of Fujian, making him responsible for Taiwan's administration and military affairs. Liu Mingchuan led his troops to resist the French army, defeated the French army on stage many times in Taiwan, and finally made the French army abandon the stage and successfully defend Taiwan in the great victory in Huwei. In this context, Zuo Zongtang proposed the establishment of Taiwan Province.

After the Sino French war, in order to strengthen coastal defense, the Qing government upgraded Taiwan from Fujian Province to Taiwan Province in 1885 (the 11th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty), becoming China's 20th provincial government at that time. Fujian's government affairs were concurrently managed by the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, changed the governor of Fujian to the governor of Taiwan, and Liu Ming was the first governor of Taiwan. From the establishment of the province under the imperial edict to the separation of Fujian and Taiwan, the brewing and planning process of Taiwan's establishment of the province lasted nearly three years, which is not only related to many problems that need to be solved, but also related to Liu Mingchuan's proposition of postponing the establishment of the province. In 1887 (the 13th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty), the administrative work of Taiwan's provincial establishment was completed. There were three prefectures and eleven counties, and the three halls have been subordinate to the prefecture. The provincial capital was located in qiaozitu (now Taichung) of Changhua County. In 1894 (the 20th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty), the provincial capital was moved to Taipei prefecture (now Taipei, Xinbei, Keelung, Taoyuan, Yilan and Hsinchu). At the beginning of Taiwan's founding as a province, the Qing government had a purpose: "although Taiwan has a provincial government, it must unite with Fujian. For example, the system of" Gansu and Xinjiang "can maintain internal and external relations". The same as the "Gansu Xinjiang Province", which was established the previous year, and the "internal and external dimension" of Gansu Province, Taiwan Province, whose full name is "Fujian Taiwan Province", is also "united" with Fujian Province, maintaining a number of administrative and financial links. When Taiwan was founded as a province, its economic scale was relatively small, and its financial independence was not yet possible. Therefore, the payment agreement between Fujian and the central government played a great role in solving the financial difficulties in the early stage of Taiwan's founding as a province. The "internal and external dimension" between Taiwan and Fujian reflects the tradition of the central government to strengthen the control of local administrative power. Although it is conducive to strengthening the political ties between the frontier and the mainland, it also limits the development of Taiwan to a certain extent.

Liu Mingchuan created more than 30 organizations directly under Taiwan Province and reorganized the original organizations. Among them, the more important ones are the General Administration of Taxation and rent, the General Administration of brain affairs responsible for camphor monopoly, the General Administration of tea taxation, the General Administration of salt affairs responsible for salt production and taxation, the coal Affairs Bureau promoting coal mining, the Shipping Bureau promoting maritime transportation and management, the Reclamation Bureau promoting development and reclamation, and the official medical bureau responsible for public health and disease treatment. Almost all these institutions, although their names have changed, have been inherited by the colonial authorities during the Japanese occupation.

During Liu Mingchuan's tenure, Taiwan's fiscal revenue increased greatly, from 900000 taels a year to 3 million taels. In 1890 (the 16th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty), Fujian and the central government's rates for Taiwan were cancelled. Five years after the establishment of the province, Taiwan quickly changed from a province relying on financial subsidies from the central government and neighboring provinces to a basically self-sufficient province.

The move to establish Taiwan as a province strengthened the sovereignty of the Qing government over Taiwan, consolidated its governance over Taiwan, and laid a solid foundation for the effective management of Taiwan. Taiwan can become a province by itself, which is not only a major change in the Qing government's Taiwan policy, but also one of the important contents of strengthening Taiwan's defense construction. Since the Qing government established a province in Taiwan, Taiwan has always been a province in China's administrative system.

Liu Mingchuan's coastal defense and modernization in Taiwan Province (1885-1895)

Liu Mingchuan listed defense as one of Taiwan's three urgent preparations. He repeatedly stressed that "defense is the key to Governing Taiwan" and "only handling defense is the most important and urgent need of Taiwan". Liu Mingchuan actively promoted the Westernization Movement in Taiwan, cleaned up land taxes, increased fiscal revenue, purchased ships, erected telegraph lines, established the General Administration of Posts and telecommunications, and built railways; Purchase warships, add artillery bases, set up machinery bureaus, and make their own weapons; Establish a coal Affairs Bureau and install new coal mining machines; Set up Lixing city company to build streets and roads; Establish the west school and telegraph school, cultivate construction talents, strive to build an independent combat system in a relatively short time, and enhance Taiwan's border defense forces.

For a long time, although Taiwan is rich in products, the development of commodity trade has been seriously restricted due to inconvenient transportation and blocked information. At that time, great powers all over the world competed to lay railways. Liu Mingchuan believed that railways were the starting point of all new policies. In July 1887, the Taiwan Railway Administration was founded and began to build the first official passenger railway in Chinese history, from Keelung to Taipei to Hsinchu. Now shiqiuling tunnel on Chongde road in Keelung City is the first railway tunnel in Chinese history, also known as Liu Mingchuan tunnel.

In order to solve the communication problem between Taiwan's main island and outer islands and the mainland, Liu Mingchuan built two submarine cables and completed them in October 1887. One connects Taiwan's Huwei (now Xinbei Danshui) and Fuzhou CHUANSHI (now lianjiang, Fujian), and the other connects Tainan Anping and Penghu Magong. This is the first and second submarine cables in Chinese history.

In 1888, Taiwan's general post office was established in Taipei, and 43 branches were established throughout the province, all following the advanced western postal communication methods to transmit official documents and letters. Liu Mingchuan actively improved the living environment in Taipei, re planned the streets, introduced the first steam roller from abroad, flattened the dusty streets of Taipei and paved them with stones and slabs. With a smooth road, rickshaws and carriages were introduced from Shanghai. Taipei realized the earlier use of tap water and electric street lights in Chinese cities, had a "open shipping" wharf, and built a spectacular railway bridge. It became one of the most prosperous and modern cities in China at that time. The telegraph system in Taiwan Province is the first regional power communication network in China. Liu Mingchuan also started ship shipping between Taiwan and Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, Saigon, Vietnam (now Ho Chi Minh City) and the Philippines.

In military affairs, Liu Mingchuan reorganized the original officers and soldiers, retained the strong and eliminated the weak, and strengthened training; We will increase regiment training and develop civilian military forces. The implementation of these measures greatly enhanced Taiwan's border defense forces and played a positive role in resisting the Japanese invasion later.

At the same time, Liu Mingchuan's new deal also caused severe financial problems. After Liu Mingchuan returned to his hometown in 1891 (the 17th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty), although the succeeding Taiwan governors Shao Youlian and Tang Jingsong partially inherited Liu Mingchuan's policies and guidelines, Shao Youlian stopped most of the new deal construction during Liu Mingchuan's period for the reasons of saving money and resting with the people, abandoned the construction of coal Affairs Bureau, mineral oil bureau, western school and fan school, and explicitly set Taipei as the provincial capital, The pace of Taiwan's construction has slowed down and the process of building a province has been frustrated.

Taiwan has built a province with both political, economic, cultural and military development, but military construction is the most important. After the establishment of the province, Taiwan's socio-economic, cultural and military development has been greatly promoted. "Taking a corner of the facilities as the model of the whole country". Before Maguan's cutting of Taiwan, Taiwan was already the province with the highest degree of modernization in China.

In 1888, Charles Denby, acting US envoy to China, came to Taiwan to observe the Westernization Movement and believed that Taiwan was the most progressive Province in China. Although the Westernization Movement that promoted modernization in Taiwan was launched by Shen Baozhen after the peony incident in 1875, the Taiwan started more slowly than the westernization movement which started in the early 1860s of the Chinese mainland. But the first official passenger railway in the country and the first self built telegraph line appeared in Taiwan. The rapid development of Taiwan's modernization has benefited from the abundance of Taiwan's products, the prosperity of foreign trade in tea, sugar and camphor, the support of the central government for Taiwan's reform, the active promotion of Taiwan's construction by local officials, and the atmosphere of Taiwan's marine culture opening up, innovation and embracing all rivers. These are the behind the scenes help to promote Taiwan's modernization.

Unfortunately, the construction of coastal defense failed to stop Japan's aggression and preserve Taiwan. Although the new deal held by Liu Mingchuan in Taiwan has great historical significance, it can not be compared with Japan's expanded armaments in terms of scale and national attention. The limitations of the times at that time also led to China's lack of strategic thought of developing to the sea. Finally, the Qing government was forced to cede Taiwan to Japan, and the Chinese people hated it for half a century. It was not until Japan's defeat and surrender in 1945 that Taiwan returned to the motherland.

Japanese colonial rule

The Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the Treaty of Shimonoseki ceded Taiwan and Penghu (1894-1895)

In 1894 (the 20th year of Guangxu's reign in the Qing Dynasty), Japan took advantage of the East learning party uprising in Korea to create trouble. In late July, the Japanese army occupied the Korean palace, launched a coup and provoked a war against the Qing army stationed in Korea. On August 1, China and Japan officially declared war. Before the war, the Qing government hoped for the mediation of European and American countries, and after the war, it implemented the policy of avoiding war and keeping quiet, resulting in the passive attack of the Qing army. In mid September, the Japanese army occupied Pyongyang, and the Beiyang fleet and the Japanese army also lost the naval battle in the Yellow Sea. In October, the Japanese army invaded China by land. In January of the following year, the Japanese army landed on the Shandong Peninsula. In February, the Beiyang fleet was completely destroyed. In March, Liaodong Peninsula was completely lost, and the capital city was shocked.

The Qing government sent Li Hongzhang to Japan to negotiate peace and signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki with Japanese Prime Minister ITO Bowen on April 17, 1895 (the 21st year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty), ceding Taiwan and the Penghu Islands to Japan. Although Li Hongzhang stated and warned during negotiations with Japanese Prime Minister ITO Bowen that "Taiwan has established a province and cannot give it to other countries" and "if China is ordered to do so, the two countries' children and grandchildren will become enemies and spread to infinity", he still could not change the fate of the cession of Taiwan and Penghu. The enemy approached the walls of Chinese mainland and occupied Penghu in March, an established fact of the March, which cut off the ties between Taiwan and the mainland of China, and posed a military posture.

On May 3, 1895, Emperor Guangxu sealed the official text of the Treaty of Shimonoseki and officially ratified it. Emperor Guangxu sighed: "if Taiwan is cut off, the hearts of the world will go away. Why am I the Lord of the world!".

The Qing government ceded Taiwan and Penghu to Japan, which not only ruined the achievements of Taiwan's establishment of a province, but also lost its territory and maritime frontiers, opening the gateway of Southeast China's maritime frontiers and causing great harm to national defense construction. After the news came out, the whole country was in an uproar, and everyone was very sad and indignant. The whole country quickly set off a large-scale "anti header" patriotic national salvation movement. Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and other people from 18 provinces, including Taiwan Province, who took the examination in Beijing "wrote on the bus" to oppose secession for peace and advocate reform for strength. The Taiwan Provincial Jinshi and Ju Ren, who took part in the joint examination in Beijing, jointly wrote to the capital inspection court of the Qing government and lamented: "millions of living creatures are crying north. Women and children in Lvxiang don't want to eat the meat of the Japanese. They each have an unparalleled hatred. Who is willing to surrender to the enemy?" "they fell in the war with the envoys of all Taiwan, and the people of all Taiwan died in the war... Although they are gutless and have no regrets." Officials at all levels of the Qing government also wrote to state that Taiwan is the fence of seven provinces in Southeast China, "there is no Taiwan today, there will be no Nanyang tomorrow; although China is large, it can be cut and erected in one day".

In Kang Youwei's mind, "people in Taiwan cry and ask for orders" made passers-by "mourn it" and gave him a strong impulse to initiate "writing on the bus". However, all kinds of protests against the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" in Taiwan, the "letter on the bus" in 18 provinces, and even the "universal loyalty and anger" against the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" have all failed. Tan Sitong angrily wrote the book "benevolence" because of Taiwan's cession, calling it "the book written by Taiwanese people". He angrily denounced the Qing government for "saving himself" and giving it to others by giving territory. "He regarded the Chinese's wealth and was not as good as it was. Unfortunately, the reform movement of 1898 launched by the reformers represented by him ended in failure. Tan Sitong was arrested during the coup of 1898 and became the" Six Gentlemen of 1898 " One died bravely. For the Qing government, sometimes for the interests of the "court", it can completely ignore or even sacrifice the interests of the country and the nation. The Wen Wen Ting style of the time recorded in the anecdote of hearing the dust that when the Sino Japanese war was defeated, someone posted a couplet on the gate of the city: "eternal life, universal celebration; the defeat of the three armed forces, secession and peace." soon, another couplet: "Taiwan Province has been returned to Japan, and the summer palace has a canopy."

On the day after the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the people of Taiwan Province cried loudly. "When they were shocked by thunder, they ran around telling each other, gathered in the city day and night, and cried everywhere.". The grief and indignation of the people of Taipei went on strike. The people supported the encirclement and care department, opposed the header, and asked that the rates and silver should not be transported out, the ordnance manufacturing bureau should not stop work, and all taxes should be reserved for fighting the Japanese invaders. According to the draft of the history of the Qing Dynasty, "in the twenty-first year of Guangxu, Taiwan was abandoned and the governor of the province." "it was urgent for Japan to hand over to Taiwan. The DPRK ordered Taiwan Governor Tang Jingsong to hand over to Taiwan. The people of Taiwan wanted to change fiercely and led the public to fight for magic power."

In the 50 years since Taiwan became a Japanese colony, the loss of Taiwan is an irreconcilable pain in the hearts of the people of the whole country. After Japan occupied Taiwan, the Qing government still regarded Taiwan people as overseas Chinese with Chinese nationality. The reason why the Qing government adopted this attitude was because it was difficult to give up the psychological and national feelings of the Taiwan people who had to be cut off. In fact, in the view of the Chinese government, Taiwanese have always been Chinese and their own. During the period of Japanese occupation of Taiwan, the two sides of the Taiwan Strait not only had blood thicker than water, but also had personnel exchanges and exchanges at all levels. Since 1895, China has been divided into two sides of the Strait since the Treaty of Shimonoseki. However, the fact that both sides of the Strait belong to one China has not changed and will not change. At that time, the Japanese invaders used machetes, but the compatriots on both sides of the Strait were brothers with broken bones and tendons. They were a family with blood thicker than water. The Treaty of Shimonoseki has made China separate the two sides of the Strait, but it has also made the people on both sides of the Strait closely linked and become a community of common destiny on both sides of the Strait. "It's hard to see the mountains with spring sorrow. The past is shocking and tears. Four million people cried together and cut Taiwan today last year." after the defeat of the Sino Japanese War of 1896, Qiu Fengjia returned to Jiaoling, Guangdong to write this famous patriotic poem "spring sorrow". His boxing patriotism has also become a common memorial of compatriots on both sides of the Strait today. Lin Shu, an ancient writer and translator in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, Wu Lu, the number one scholar in Quanzhou, Fujian Province in the late Qing Dynasty, and his fourth son Wu Zhongshan all expressed the sadness of "losing Taiwan" from the perspective of cross-strait relations and regarded Taiwan as a "gate", "fence" and "foreign government" along China's southeast coast. After many years of Japanese occupation of Taiwan, the private and official documents of Fujian Province sometimes mention the sense of "SUKOU's court".

After Taiwan was ceded, Liang Qichao, who launched a "bus letter" against the header, always paid attention to the situation of the compatriots on the island. In 1911, at the invitation of his father and father in Taiwan, he finally landed on the island as he wished. "Originally he had the same root, but now he has become a foreign country". He felt the vicissitudes of life. Then he poured out his love for the people of Taiwan and revealed the darkness of colonial rule with his pen full of patriotic feelings. In 1925, the patriotic poet Wen Yiduo wrote a series of poems "songs of seven sons" in a personification way, comparing the seven "lost lands" in China, including Taiwan, which were looted by the great powers at that time, to the seven children far away from their mother, crying about their strong feelings of being bullied by foreigners and eager to return to their mother's arms.

On April 5, 1937, on the eve of the outbreak of the all-round war of resistance against Japan, Chairman Mao Zedong of the Chinese Soviet government and commander in chief Zhu De of the red army sent representatives Lin Boqu to sacrifice the mausoleum of Xuanyuan Yellow Emperor, the ancestor of the Chinese nation. In the memorial written by Mao Zedong, the Chinese Communists represented by Mao Zedong were extremely indignant at the situation of "failure to defend Ryukyu (ball) and Taiwan (Bay) since modern times, and the memorial was issued In May 1937, Mao Zedong clearly put forward in Anti Japanese democracy and Northern youth: "China's war of resistance against Japan demands the final victory. The scope of this victory is not limited to Shanhaiguan, not limited to the northeast, but also includes the liberation of Taiwan. This is our opinion on preparing for the war of resistance against Japan." The Anti Japanese national united front is not only a magic weapon to win the war of resistance against Japan, but also a powerful weapon to recover Taiwan. In the spring of 1938, Qiu niantai, the son of Taiwan's Anti Japanese pioneer Qiu Fengjia, introduced by Ye Jianying, a fellow of Meixian County, came to Yan'an as a professor of Sun Yat sen University and lived for three months to learn the experience of guerrilla warfare and organizing and training young people. Mao Zedong had a long talk with Qiu niantai and cared about the interests of Taiwan compatriots Fate, pointing out that the war of resistance against Japan is a protracted war. It will not win or lose quickly. The Chinese people will win the war of resistance in the end.

Taiwan people's anti header struggle (1895)

In January 1895, taking advantage of the victory of the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japan stole the Diaoyu Island and its affiliated islands. Before the completion of the delivery procedures between China and Japan, the Japanese aggressors could not wait to land in Aodi, Taiwan (near sandiao Jiao, Gongliao District, Xinbei city) on May 29, 1895.

The people of all ethnic groups in Taiwan did not want to become slaves to the subjugation of the country. They decided to fight with their own strength and resist to the end. They also urged Tang Jingsong, then governor of Taiwan, to continue to preside over Taiwan's politics, while the Qing government ordered civil and military officials in Taiwan to "cross in succession" However, Tang Jingsong was unable to leave because of the retention of Taiwan gentry and people, and other officials were naturally inconvenient to cross the border. People in the southeast provinces either donated wages and silver, or teamed up to Taiwan to support Taiwan's military and people.

On May 25, 1895, in order to avoid being ceded, Qiu Fengjia and other Taiwanese gentry established a Taiwan Democratic state in Taipei, and elected Tang Jingsong, the former governor of Taiwan, as the president, and Liu Yongfu, the general of the Qing army, as the general. The year "Yongqing" represents eternal loyalty to the motherland. In "may everyone die and lose Taiwan, never bow their hands and give up Taiwan" In the oath, the people of Taiwan took up arms one after another, organized the Anti Japanese people's army by themselves, and cooperated with Liu Yongfu, the leader of the black flag army who once refused to obey the imperial edict, and other Qing army officers and soldiers to fight the Japanese invaders in Hsinchu, dajiaxi, Changhua, Jiayi and Tainan. In total, there were more than 33000 regular troops and more than 100000 Anti Japanese people's troops, while the Japanese invaders invested in regular troops including the guard division More than 30000 troops of the team.

Armed with earth guns and spears, the people of Taiwan, with their flesh and blood, went one after another to pounce on the enemy. Among them, the most intense and tragic were the Changhua and Jiayi defense wars. The leaders of the Anti Japanese people's army, Xu Xiang and others, the generals of the black flag army and most of the Seven Star team of Liu Yongfu's new army were martyred. Wu tangxing and Jiang Shaozu, who died in the country, died in Taoyuan and Xincheng, where there are a large proportion of Hakka people Bamboo and Miaoli led Taiwan's army and people to fight bloody battles, and the Japanese army carried out an unparalleled "three light sweep" in this area The Japanese army and people in Taiwan persisted in the battle for five months and went through more than 100 battles, which made the Japanese aggressors pay a heavy price and showed their strong will and noble righteousness to defend their homeland. However, they failed because of backward weapons and lack of backup. Although the Japanese army finally occupied Taiwan with force, they paid a heavy price of more than 30000 people dead and injured - twice as much as they did in the Sino Japanese War of 1894 Casualties in the war.

On June 2, 1895, Japan announced the "merger" of Taiwan and the Penghu Islands. On June 7, Taipei fell. After the fall of Taipei, Tang Jingsong fled to the mainland without permission. Liu Yongfu was elected the second president and continued to lead the Anti Japanese war based on Tainan. On June 17, the first "Taiwan Governor General" Huashan Ziji held the "beginning of government" in Taipei The ceremony officially established Japan's colonial rule in Taiwan, known as the "Japanese occupation era" in history. June 17 is the "anniversary of humiliation" that the Taiwan people will never forget.

The final stage of Tainan's resistance to the enemy was extremely difficult. The Qing government strictly ordered the governors of southeast provinces to prohibit any assistance to the people of Taiwan. Liu Yongfu sighed angrily: "the mainland princes mistook me, I mistook the people of Taiwan!" Under such circumstances, Liu Yongfu was forced to return to the mainland by boat after five months of resisting Japan. On October 21, Tainan fell. On October 23, the whole island of Taiwan fell. By the time Taiwan fell, more than 32000 soldiers and people in Taiwan had died and injured the enemy, accounting for more than half of the initial troops occupied by the Japanese invaders, about 14000 A Taiwan Anti Japanese martyr died bravely in the battle.

Japanese enlightenment thinker Yuki Fukuzawa, who advocated freedom and equality in modern times, said in an editorial in Japan's current affairs news that the Japanese colonists should ruthlessly and bloody suppress the resistance of the Taiwan people, and even do not hesitate to turn Taiwan into a "unmanned island" , the purpose is to occupy the land rather than the people. The Japanese say so and do so. In the face of the Anti Japanese armed struggle of the people in Taiwan, the Japanese colonists once adopted the so-called "indiscriminate retaliation" policy, that is, "regardless of good bandits", wantonly kill, and even "Without checking the reality, they killed the father of a good people, robbed his mother, harmed his brother, killed his son, killed his wife and harmed his brother to relieve his hatred, and burned and looted his house and all his property so that he had no parasitic place."Armed Anti Japanese led by the "three fierce Anti Japanese forces" (1895-1902)

After the fall of Tainan, people in all parts of Taiwan continued to adhere to armed resistance against Japan. They successively established Anti Japanese strongholds in Shenkeng in Taipei (now Xinbei), Tieguo mountain in Yunlin, Fanzi mountain between Chiayi and Tainan, near Fengshan in Kaohsiung and Pingdong. Taiwan's Anti Japanese heroes Jane Dashi, Ke Tiehu and Lin shaomao organized the masses to resist Japan in Taipei (now Taipei and Xinbei), Yunlin and Pingtung respectively, which dealt a heavy blow to the Japanese invaders. They are known as the "three fierce Anti Japanese forces". During this period, anti Japanese guerrilla operations spread all over Taiwan, but there was no cross regional cooperation, and more than 10000 people were killed or killed. It was not until 1902 that the Japanese army attacked and killed the returning Lin shaomao in houbilin (now Kaohsiung Xiaogang). At this stage, the armed Anti Japanese action came to an end.

Colonial rule, cultural aggression and Enslaved Education in the middle period before and after the Japanese occupation (1895-1937)

Japan's colonial purpose was not only economic plunder, but to turn the whole of Taiwan into its eternal land. What it pursued was a set of comprehensive assimilation policies from military repression to political control, from economic plunder to cultural transformation. In the face of the surging Anti Japanese struggle of the Taiwan people, Japan set up the "Taiwan Governor's office" in Taipei as the highest ruling organ in Taiwan. The organizational feature of the governor's office is absolute centralization. As the chief officer of the "governor's office", the "Taiwan governor" takes charge of administrative, legislative, judicial, military and other powers, forming an autocratic and autocratic regime of military officials and governors. During the Japanese colonial rule of Taiwan, they implemented national differential treatment. After the Meiji Restoration, Japan implemented the Meiji constitutional government, but in Taiwan, it implemented the "June 3 law" of the governor's dictatorship. The Japanese have the right to vote and stand for election, and have certain freedom of speech, press and assembly, but none of these Taiwanese have.

Japan established a strict police system to control Taiwan's society, and implemented the Baojia system derived from the Qing Dynasty to assist the government in maintaining local public security to assist police politics. The people of Taiwan suffered discrimination, abuse and differential treatment during the Japanese occupation. The police network has penetrated into every corner of Taiwan's plains and mountains. Police officers, especially mountain police, have become the domineering "earth emperor" in Taiwan society, closely monitoring the production and life of residents. With the Japanese as the main body, the police are responsible for all kinds of government affairs. They have become a nightmare that extends into the daily life of the people of Taiwan and the executioner who directly slaughters the people of Taiwan. Taiwan was a real police society in the era of Japanese occupation. In 1902, for example, Taiwan had 10 halls, 97 branch halls and 992 police stations. In the future, there were more than 1500 kinds of police institutions and more than 18000 police. In Taiwan's economically developed areas, there is a police agency every two or three kilometers, with one police for every 300 people. Wherever the Japanese police went, they killed, set fire, raped and plundered.

In 1898, the Japanese colonial authorities implemented the "Baojia Ordinance", which set Baojia as an auxiliary organization of police military rule. It stipulated that 10 households were one a, 10 A were one guarantee, and all households were protected. As long as a "crime" occurred in a household within one a, the people in the same household would be punished. There were hundreds of such unreasonable cases every year during the Japanese occupation.

On August 20, 1896, the Japanese authorities issued the "order on the national status of Taiwan residents", reaffirming that "Taiwan residents who have not left the area under the jurisdiction of the Taiwan Governor's office before May 8, 1897 are subjects of the state of Japan in accordance with paragraph 5, paragraph 1, of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, except those denied by the Taiwan Governor's office". Accordingly, the people of Taiwan who remained in Taiwan on May 8, 1897 passively joined Japanese nationality and passively lost Chinese nationality.

Since the Japanese occupation of Taiwan, the Japanese authorities have adopted the Japanese year names Meiji, Taisho and Showa in Taiwan, banned the Chinese year names Guangxu, Xuantong and the Republic of China, and used the new calendar and the abolished lunar calendar at the same time. The adoption of Japanese year numbers, the prohibition of Chinese year numbers and the abolition of the lunar calendar all belong to cultural aggression, of which the abolition of the lunar calendar belongs to the customary "de Sinicization". The lunar calendar is combined with farming and is also closely related to the daily life of the Chinese people. The use of the lunar calendar has been a habit of the Chinese people for thousands of years. In response to the inconvenience caused to the people of Taiwan by the abolition of the lunar calendar by the Japanese authorities, jichengtang, Quanzhou, Fujian, compiles and prints a general book "for sale in Taiwan" every year, that is, a calendar comparing the new calendar with the lunar calendar.

In the first eight years of Japan's occupation of Taiwan, the Japanese colonists committed atrocities such as the Yunlin massacre, and more than 1% of the total population of Taiwan at that time were killed by the Japanese colonists. In order to suppress the Anti Japanese struggle of the people of Taiwan, from June 20 to 23, 1896, the second brigade of the Japanese army gathered heavy troops to attack Yunlin, burned down village communities and slaughtered the people. Women and children were also killed. 4925 houses were burned, and the number of people killed can not be counted accurately. Various records range from 6000 to 30000. For the Yunlin massacre, foreigners in Taiwan at that time wrote to newspapers. The Hong Kong Daily reported on July 14: "the Japanese are adopting the strategy of annihilating all Taiwanese... The harvest of Taiwanese is destroyed, their homes are burned, the graves of their ancestors are excavated, and women are humiliated. They are extremely angry...". On August 25, the times said, "the Japanese soldiers are extremely violent and insulting... They kill and set fire wantonly... Old and young women can't escape... A barbaric and cruel New Oriental power." on August 22, the Scotsman said: "Japan's policy seems to be to drive out the residents of the whole island."

Japan implements the Opium monopoly system in Taiwan. The Japanese authorities monopolize Taiwan's opium market, extract smokers and dealers from sales and taxes, issue smokers' licenses, support smoking and drugs, and ban the non-governmental "pen lowering" smoking cessation campaign. Since then, opium has become one of the main policy tools of Japan's invasion of China. Taiwanese boys are called "slaves of the Qing Dynasty" by the Japanese, and the terms for girls are also very ugly. In 1910, Taiwan's Gaoshan Paiwan People were brought to the London Expo by the Japanese and exhibited as a "living zoo". In addition to cruel repression, under the fascist rule of the Japanese aggressors, the Taiwanese had no political status. They could only hold low-level positions and employ personnel for the drive of the Japanese, and became the tool of the Japanese colonial authorities to "control and govern Taiwan with Taiwan". It was not until April 1945 that the imperial assembly of Japan decided to give the Korean and Taiwanese members of Parliament and the right to vote after the war. However, in August of that year, the emperor of Japan announced his surrender. In fact, the Japanese haven't been in Taiwan all day.

Soon after the Japanese occupied Taiwan, they used it as a base to invade Fujian. As the vanguard of Japan's implementation of the so-called "Southward strategy", the Japanese colonial authorities in Taiwan formulated an aggressive policy specifically against Fujian. The Japanese aggressors initially planned to carry out military aggression against Fujian. On August 25, 1900, the Japanese colonial authorities in Taiwan sent troops across the sea to prepare to occupy Xiamen. The great powers reacted strongly. Britain, Germany, the United States and Russia all drove warships into Xiamen port. The British marines landed in the British concession, and the Japanese army was forced to withdraw. It is known as the "Xiamen incident" in history. Influenced by the "Xiamen incident", Japan has since focused on cultural infiltration into Fujian in various ways.

After the first World War, the global trend of "national self-determination" was rising, and Japan's domestic social atmosphere also changed. Therefore, the Japanese colonial authorities adjusted their ruling policy, implemented "mainland extension doctrine", and sent civilian "governor" since 1919 in an attempt to educate the people of Taiwan into Japanese nationals.

Japan carried out colonial education in Taiwan, promoted Japanese and instilled slavery. The Japanese authorities regarded Taiwan as a "new territory" and Japanese as a "national language", forced the people of Taiwan to learn Japanese, and gradually restricted and banned Chinese teaching. Hong Qi, a famous poet and scholar in Taiwan, used to open a library, teach apprentices and learn Chinese as a profession during the Japanese occupation, and was unable to survive under Japanese restrictions and prohibitions. Under extreme discrimination, the people of Taiwan are basically unable to enter higher-level schools, or learn social sciences subjects such as politics and law. They can only receive skill training education to meet the needs of Japanese colonial rule. At that time, the salary of Taiwanese at the same rank in Taiwan was only two-thirds of that of Japanese. The scale of schools attended by Taiwanese was several times larger than that attended by Japanese, but they received far less teachers and financial support than the latter. The contents of public school courses attended by Taiwanese emphasize language and self-cultivation, and educate them to be Japan's shunmin; Japanese schools value literature, knowledge and science. In schools where Taiwanese and Japanese are co educated, Taiwanese cannot be the first. If the Japanese do not have the first place, Taiwanese can only be the "second place" without the first place.

In terms of customs, the Japanese authorities built Japanese shrines in all parts of Taiwan and launched "temple gods ascending to heaven" and "temple sorting" in an attempt to ban the destruction of Chinese temples and prohibit the people of Taiwan from worshiping Chinese gods.

According to statistics, during the first 20 years of Japanese colonial rule, 400000 people in Taiwan were killed by Japanese colonists. The colonial authorities also organized a large number of Japanese immigrants to Taiwan. In 1938, about 309000 Japanese settled in Taiwan. Most of them were repatriated to Japan after the restoration of Taiwan.

At the beginning of the Japanese occupation era, Taiwan's administrative division was relatively chaotic. The Japanese colonial authorities inherited the division of the Qing Dynasty and set it as 20 halls in 1901, merged into 12 halls in 1909, and finally stabilized into five prefectures and three halls (Japanese puppet "Taipei state", Japanese puppet "Hsinchu state", Japanese puppet "Taichung state", Japanese puppet "Tainan state", Japanese puppet "Kaohsiung state", Japanese puppet "Hualien port hall" and Japanese puppet in 1926 "Taitung hall", Japanese puppet "Penghu hall"), and to a considerable extent affected the administrative division of Taiwan in the future.

"Democratization movement", Japan's forced recruitment of comfort women, "Taiwan Japanese soldiers" (1937-1945)

In 1937, the Japanese militarists brazenly provoked the "Lugouqiao Incident" and launched the long planned all-round war of aggression against China. In order to fully mobilize support for the war, the Japanese aggressors sent military attach é "governor" to the town of Taiwan. In September 1936, the Japanese government appointed Navy General Kobayashi as the "governor of Taiwan" , Taiwan was regarded as a springboard for Japan to enter Southeast Asia and a human resource reserve for the war of aggression. Kobayashi began to carry out the "imperial movement" in Taiwan , we will vigorously strengthen the ideological education of the emperor and the people, force the popularization of Japanese, encourage the cultivation of Japanese life, change Japanese surnames, worship Japanese Shinto gods, etc., force the people of Taiwan to abandon Chinese traditional beliefs and burn ancestral tablets, in an attempt to eliminate the national consciousness of the people of Taiwan from the spiritual level and assimilate the people of Taiwan into Japan's "loyal ministers and good people".

In 1939, Japan frankly admitted in the preface to the police history of Taiwan's governor's office, Part II: "the fundamental origin of the national consciousness of the Taiwanese people is that they originally belong to the Han nation." therefore, they paid special attention to the fundamental extinction of the cultural tradition of the Han nation, the elimination of the national consciousness of the Taiwan people, and replaced it with the cultural tradition of Japan and the obedience to the "emperor" At that time, the colonial rulers recorded a large number of cases of Taiwan people's Anti Japanese activities, which were marked as confidential documents and kept secret. They continued to publicize the so-called "democratization" to the outside world But the people of Taiwan did not give in. They insisted on their national tradition, spontaneously resisted the change of Japanese names, insisted on the secret use of Chinese and carried out the Chinese preservation movement. The Japanese aggressors finally had to admit: (Taiwan) "It has been more than 40 years since the reform of Li, but the customs, habits and beliefs of the past are still preserved. This Han national consciousness is not easy to get rid of. Covering its hometown of Fujian and Guangdong, it is only separated by a river. In the concept of the Taiwanese, these South China places are always regarded as the tombs of their fathers and ancestors and are full of admiration." The people of Taiwan have always continued the excellent tradition of Chinese culture. Even during the 50 years of Japanese occupation, this basic situation has not changed. Taiwan compatriots have always been Chinese and have never been the so-called "new territory" of the Japanese aggressors In the 50 years since Taiwan was occupied, Taiwan compatriots have maintained a strong sense of the Chinese nation and a strong sense of Chinese culture, and have sincerely recognized that they belong to the Chinese nation.

At the end of the Pacific War, in 1942, the Japanese colonial authorities began to recruit troops from Taiwan. They recruited a large number of Taiwanese Japanese soldiers as "cannon fodder" and even joined the "sacred wind special attack team" of suicide attacks, resulting in a large number of casualties among young people of all ethnic groups in Taiwan. In 1941, the "Taiwanese Japanese soldiers" were housed in the "Peace Village" in Zhenyuan, Guizhou Province (the second prisoner shelter of the military and Political Department of the national government) After awakening, Lin Wanzhong wrote to the Taiwan volunteer team, saying that the "Japanese warlords" deceived them, sent them to the battlefield and let them "kill their compatriots in the motherland unconsciously" From 1943 to 1944, there were more than ten Japanese uprising Taiwan uprising in Hainan Island. More than 7000 people were killed after the uprising failed. However, only 4000 troops from Hainan Island were successfully joined in the Anti Japanese army. During the war of resistance against Japan, Japanese forces often used extreme violence to rob China, North Korea, South Korea, including China's Taiwan province women. Among women in Southeast Asia and other places, at least 1200 women in Taiwan Province have become victims of the Japanese "comfort women" system The system has seriously violated and trampled on international law, including the prohibition of slavery, war crimes and crimes against humanity, and has caused far more impact and harm to the victims than the action itself. These victims not only have to endure inhuman slavery, aggression and abuse, but also the survivors have to endure emotional torture, psychological damage, physical injury, disease, social exclusion and consent Many other consequences that could have a devastating impact on their lives.

Taiwan air war, Taipei air raid (1944-1945)

At the end of World War II, following the harvest of the Allied counterattack against Europe, the U.S. military formulated "King II operation" on the battlefield in Asia and the Western Pacific to recover the Philippines. From October 12 to October 16, 1944, Japanese land base fighters and the 38th task force of the United States conducted a fierce air battle in the waters of Taiwan.

From 1944 to 1945, Taiwan, as the base of the Japanese invaders' southward movement, became the target of bombing by the Allied forces dominated by the U.S. military. All major cities in Taiwan were shrouded in the fire of the war and suffered 25 major air strikes. The affected agricultural and industrial production value of Taiwan fell to the lowest in 1945 before the end of the war of resistance against Japan. Among them, the major air raid in Taipei on May 31, 1945 killed more than 3000 people Tens of thousands of people were injured and a large number of Taipei residents were homeless. During World War II, Japan used Taiwan as a base for invading Asia and the South Pacific. Take the kamikaze special attack team, which gives the United States a headache, for example. The suicide plane took off from Taiwan. The aggressor was Japan, but Taiwan was the battlefield and was regarded as the target of bombing. Moreover, in this bombing, the casualties in Taiwan were hundreds of times larger than those of the Japanese army, because the Japanese army had already hid in good air raid shelters or trenches.

Economic plunder during the Japanese occupation

After Japan occupied Taiwan, it ruthlessly exploited and squeezed the people of Taiwan economically, so as to enhance Japan's economic strength and serve its further aggression and expansion. The Japanese colonial authorities wantonly plundered the land of the Taiwan people, occupied Taiwan's forestry resources, imposed all kinds of exorbitant taxes on the Taiwan people, implemented the monopoly system, squeezed huge wealth from the Taiwan people, and used modern monopoly enterprises to plunder Taiwan economically.

In July 1898, the colonial authorities promulgated the "Taiwan cadastral order" and the "Taiwan Land Survey order". In September of the same year, the "Taiwan provisional Land Survey Bureau" was established to re survey and record the land in Taiwan as the basis for levying land tax. From 1898 to 1904, the colonial authorities conducted many land surveys throughout Taiwan. Previously, there were about 367000 hectares of land in Taiwan (one is about 16 mu), and the land tax was more than 860000 yuan per year; After investigation, it is determined that 777000 a of taxable land will be taxed, with a tax of more than 2.98 million yuan a year, a sharp increase of 3.5 times.

By 1942, 300000 Japanese, who accounted for 5% of Taiwan's population, owned 72% of Taiwan's arable land; And 6 million Taiwanese can only keep 28% of Taiwan's land. From 1910 to 1944, the colonial authorities conducted a "forest and field survey". Of the 783200 forests and fields investigated, 97% were listed as "official land", and brazenly seized the original public land.

The colonial authorities skillfully set up more than 50 kinds of taxes and imposed exorbitant taxes on the Taiwanese. In 1896, Taiwan's central rent tax in addition to local tax was more than 2 million yuan, which soared 54 times to 108 million yuan in 1943.

The colonial authorities monopolized Taiwan's monopoly industry and foreign trade. Since 1896, the salt necessary for the people has been listed as a government monopoly, and Japanese businessmen have been allowed to dominate Taiwan's salt industry by using administrative power. In 1914, Taiwan's salt industry was concentrated in the hands of 10 Japanese businessmen, who seized huge profits of more than 10 times the operating cost by buying and selling patents.

During the Japanese occupation period, camphor monopoly was implemented from 1899, including raw material supply and demand, production cost, naoding control, production regulation, and even the reproduction, refined camphor, and celluloid production and sales, which were all monopolized by the colonial authorities. In order to ensure the origin and raw materials of camphor, they did not hesitate to launch a "Li Fan" war to force the ethnic minorities to give in. It is reported that the monopoly revenue of camphor in Taiwan during the Japanese colonial rule was a very important source of financial revenue for the colonial authorities. The revenue of camphor accounted for about 10% to 20% of the annual revenue from 1897 to 1907.

Tobacco monopoly also allowed Japan to scrape away a lot of huge profits, from more than 1.49 million yuan in 1905 to 15.7 million yuan in 1930 and 41 million yuan in 1941. Liquor monopoly has been implemented since 1921. Before that, the annual liquor tax was more than 1 million yuan, which suddenly increased to 24 million yuan in 1936. In addition, the colonial authorities also handed over to Japanese businessmen one by one rice, tea, bananas, sugar and other Taiwan specialties through monopoly.

In the early colonial period, Japan implemented the economic policy of "agricultural Taiwan, industrial Japan", squeezed cheap grain and raw materials from Taiwan, and promoted Japanese industrial products. Commercial agriculture centered on sugarcane and rice developed rapidly, but most of its interests were monopolized by Japanese chaebols. According to statistics, by 1934, Taiwan had imported 515000 tons of rice into Japan, accounting for about half of Taiwan's total rice production that year. Food was plundered to Japan, resulting in a serious shortage of food on the rich and fertile Taiwan Island. Historically, this cruel and "strange" phenomenon was called "hunger export".

The economic plunder of Japanese colonists in Taiwan is particularly typical of the sugar industry. A historian once said: "a history of Taiwan's sugar industry is a history of Japanese colonization." the Japanese colonial authorities unreasonably stipulated that the sugar cane produced by Taiwan sugarcane farmers can only be sold to the local sugar society controlled by Japan. Through compulsory monopoly, more than 90% of Taiwan's sugar is imported into Japan every year, and Taiwan's sugar prices fall again and again. Taiwan sugarcane farmers have become slaves to Japanese sugar capitalists.

In order to increase the plundering of Taiwan and strengthen Japan's economic domination over Taiwan, the colonial authorities invested the tax revenue into the social and economic construction required for economic development. The whole island of Taiwan began to be electrified. Japan also built a railway across the island in Taiwan and opened up Kaohsiung and Keelung ports. All these are to promote the commercialization of agriculture, And further link Taiwan and Japan.

During the Japanese occupation, Japanese civil engineers batian and Yi built Taiwan's Wushantou reservoir and Jianan Shenzhen. Japan built water conservancy projects in Taiwan in order to buy sugar cane and rice produced in Taiwan at a very low price. The net profit of the Japanese's top five sugar mills in Taiwan in one year exceeded the investment in the construction of Jianan Shenzhen in ten years. In the 1930s, rice production on the island increased rapidly, but Taiwan's per capita rice consumption decreased year by year. Most people could only feed their hunger and struggle with inferior rice and sweet potatoes. According to Japanese statistics, the average rice consumption of Taiwanese has decreased by more than 30% in the past 50 years. This is entirely because the Japanese colonial rulers continuously transported the rice produced in Taiwan back to Japan or sent it to the army as military food. After the completion of the Jianan Shenzhen project, the power of use is completely controlled by the Japanese. The Japanese government even forced Taiwan farmers to grow sugar cane, otherwise they would not be allowed to use the water from Jianan Shenzhen, and shipped more than 90% of Taiwan's sugar to Japan to earn huge profits. Alishan Forest Railway was built in order to plunder Alishan Forest Resources and transport timber. After the Japanese occupied Taiwan, they found cypress trees that had not been seen in Japan, so they began to cut down indiscriminately and illegally. For decades, the cypress trees in Ali Mountain were almost cut down.

The Japanese government pays nothing for the construction of these railways, highways and airports and relies entirely on the issuance of government bonds in Taiwan. From 1899 to 1904, Taiwan's governor's office issued 31.45 million yuan in the first issue of government bonds, with an average burden of more than 10 yuan per Taiwanese. In 1908, the second issue of government bonds was 38.99 million yuan, increasing the burden of 913 yuan per Taiwanese on average. Moreover, the colonial authorities squeezed the Taiwan people by issuing government bonds and indiscriminately issuing money. On the surface, these infrastructure facilities have provided a lot of convenience to the people, but the colonial authorities and Japanese businessmen have benefited the most. Japanese businessmen are the most people who use these means of transportation to consign goods, and most of them are Japanese; In the post office, the Japanese have 29 times more letters, 69 times more parcels, 82 times more telegrams and 40 times more telephones than the Taiwanese. The fiscal revenue and construction costs of Taiwan's governor's office are all derived from the people of Taiwan. Since 1909, the revenue of Taiwan's governor's office began to have a surplus, increasing 20 times in 40 years. Therefore, a large number of them were handed over to the Japanese Treasury, while the education funds left to Taiwan accounted for only 3.8%, and the social welfare funds accounted for only 1%.

With the help of financial reform, the Japanese colonists transferred Taiwan's foreign trade to Japan for Japanese colonial plunder. The governor's office imposed economic controls and squeezed Taiwan's local capital enterprises, making it difficult for them to compete with Japanese capital. Taiwan's banks "absorbed Taiwan compatriots' deposits and lent to Japanese people at low interest. Taiwan compatriots borrowed from other places, and the interest paid was two to five times higher than that of Japanese people". As a result, Taiwan's local capital enterprises faced financial difficulties and eventually went bankrupt, Taiwan can only become Japan's cheap labor force to make a living. In 1911, the Taiwan implementation currency law was promulgated, which stipulated to unify the Japan Taiwan dollar system, "avoid affecting the smooth conduct of Japan Taiwan Trade and hindering the investment of Japanese businessmen and industrialists in Taiwan", fully integrate Taiwan into Japan's economic circle, form "dependence on Japan" in foreign relations, and Taiwan officially became a vassal of Japan's colonial economy. Monetary and financial reform officially turned Taiwan into a vassal of Japan's colonial economy.

In the 1930s, Japan invaded South China and Southeast Asia, and Taiwan became a springboard for Japan's "Southward Policy". Therefore, the Japanese colonists promoted industrialization focusing on military supplies industry, regarded Taiwan as a supply place for the Japanese army, and Taiwan entered a semi industrial and semi agricultural society. The Japanese colonial authorities exploited Taiwan through material control and financial control, and implemented differential treatment in the distribution system of necessities for people's livelihood, which oppressed the people of Taiwan. In 1939, Taiwan's industrial output exceeded agricultural output for the first time, but this was based on Japan's colonial exploitation of Taiwan for the sake of war. The colonial authorities included Taiwan in the material mobilization plan, implemented a strict economic control policy, and provided material services for Japan's war of aggression. First, material control. The colonial authorities compressed the demand of the people in Taiwan and used Taiwan's cheap electricity and plundered steel materials to carry out military industrialization; The people of Taiwan were oppressed by the forced expropriation of rice Valley for the needs of war and the strict control of the circulation right of rice valley; Later, he asked the people of Taiwan to hand over all the rice except for their own use. "The governor's office compulsorily purchased Taiwanese rice Valley at a price 23% to 25% lower than the market price" and transported it to Japan to meet the needs of Japanese people and further squeeze the people of Taiwan. In addition, during the Japanese occupation, Taiwan's tax reached about 20% of its income, and Taiwan people's life was on the verge of economic collapse. Second, financial control. In the form of levying war taxes and issuing wartime treasury bonds, the governor's office wantonly searched Taiwan people's funds. "From 1939 to 1944, the governor's office searched 340 million yuan from Taiwan farmers". Cruel oppression and exploitation have brought heavy disasters to the people of Taiwan. In the later period of the war, the military industry was seriously damaged. Japan built and destroyed the military industry accumulated by searching for funds and materials in the war. Most factories were seriously damaged and difficult to repair. The industrialization policy under the wartime system has brought far more disaster to Taiwan society than construction.

The essence of Taiwan's modernization infrastructure during the Japanese occupation was to serve the Japanese plundering Taiwan's economy, which was a typical colonial economic policy.Armed resistance against Japan (1907-1915)

During the 50 years of Japanese occupation of Taiwan, the people of Taiwan never succumbed to Japanese colonial rule. Under the cruel suppression of the Japanese invaders, the armed Anti Japanese struggle of the Taiwan people experienced a short low tide in the early days of the Japanese occupation. After the 1906 bourgeois revolution movement, which was arisen in the Chinese mainland, the people of Taiwan continued to hold patriotic armed uprising against Japan's colonial rule. Famous are: the Beipu incident in Hsinchu in 1907; Lin Qipu incident in Nantou in 1912; Miaoli incident in 1913; The incident of Xilai nunnery in Tainan in 1915. In these struggles, they have won the support of the people of the mainland of the motherland, especially the people of Fujian. In each uprising, a large number of volunteers from the mainland (Fujian) joined the rebel army. For example, in the uprising of Taibei University, there were living forces from Xiamen. At the same time, Fujian has also become one of the main sources of weapons and ammunition for Taiwan's Anti Japanese armed groups. In addition, the leaders of the Anti Japanese armed groups in exile in Fujian maintained close contact with the rebel forces on the island, and waited for the opportunity to sneak back to Taiwan to continue to direct the Anti Japanese struggle. Their representatives included Jane Dashi, Lin shaomao and so on. With the goal of Taiwan's return to the motherland, the people of Fujian and Taiwan jointly participated in the Anti Japanese struggle, showing a fearless and heroic spirit of resistance.

Miaoli incident was a great patriotic Anti Japanese struggle under the direct influence of the revolution of 1911. Leader Luo Fuxing is one of the personnel sent to Taiwan by Dr. Sun Yat Sen's alliance. Luo Fuxing took his hometown Miaoli as a stronghold, established the Taiwan Branch of the China League, developed organizations in Taipei, Xinbei, Keelung, Taoyuan, Tainan and other places, publicized the revolution and planned an uprising. After the defeat, nearly 1000 people were arrested and 20 people led by Luo Fuxing were killed; The xilai'an incident was the largest and the largest number of martyrs among many uprisings during the Japanese occupation period. It was organized by patriots Yu Qingfang, Jiang Ding, Luo Jun and others. Taking the Xilai nunnery in Tainan (now the Northern District of Tainan City) and other places as strongholds, they trained the backbone, planned the uprising, and called on the compatriots of the whole province to "bravely compete for the first, be loyal to the country and restore Taiwan". Participants covered Taipei, Xinbei, Taichung, Nantou, Chiayi, Pingtung and other places. Because the incident was learned by the Japanese police, Yu, Jiang and others led more than 1000 people to raise an incident temporarily and fought bloody battles for seven days and nights. After the failure of the uprising, nearly 900 people including Yu Qingfang were sentenced to death, and tens of thousands of people were indiscriminately killed by the Japanese aggressors, which shocked the world. After that, under the pressure of public opinion, three-quarters of the executed prisoners were pardoned for life imprisonment.

Cultural struggle

Language is the embodiment of national culture and national emotion, and it is the existing characteristic of a nation. Recognizing and protecting the national language is another focus of Taiwan people's resistance to the "democratization movement". In the face of the vicious political operation of the Japanese colonial authorities to abolish the assimilation of Chinese and compulsory learning of Japanese language, the people of Taiwan tried every means to speak Chinese, read Chinese books, write Chinese and play national dramas. "They hope to extend Sinology on the front line" and "maintain elegance".

From the beginning of the header, Taiwan's intellectuals set off a Sinology movement centered on "reading Chinese books, writing Chinese characters and writing Chinese poetry". It was initiated by Tainan, which is known as an advanced culture, and gradually expanded to Taichung, Chiayi, Kaohsiung, Taipei, Xinbei and Hsinchu in the north, and even remote Penghu, Taidong and Hualien. Poetry and literary societies are competing everywhere. For a time, those who can write poetry in Taiwan may rank among the best in China according to the proportion of population.

Under the strict control of the colonial authorities, Taiwan's study (private school) and private school fought hard in a folk way and were preserved for a long time. The duration of study in the study and private school ranges from three or four years to seven or eight years, mainly reading Chinese books, understanding Chinese characters and spreading Chinese culture. "Although it is an old-fashioned education, many parents and children prefer to choose the study rather than enter the" Mandarin "(Japanese) classroom or public school established by the Japanese." even though the Japanese colonial authorities promulgated the rules for study schools, which strictly stipulated that study schools must be supervised by local officials and the teaching content should be subject to the public school, People's favor of private schools has not been affected. After the Japanese colonial authorities ordered the closure of all study private schools, the teaching of underground private schools has never stopped, "some people still change their ways and continue to teach as tutors". Under the extremely brutal colonial rule, private schools and study became important positions for Taiwan compatriots to spread Sinology, and played an important role in preserving and continuing the Han culture after Taiwan became an alien colony.

Cultural resistance against Japan after the May 4th Movement in 1919

After the suppression of the xilai'an incident, the people of Taiwan realized the great disparity in military strength, so they began to strive for democracy and autonomy in a peaceful way. From then on, they transformed from an armed uprising to a social and political protest movement.

China's Chinese mainland's revolutionary movement in October and the Chinese mainland's National Democratic Revolution were influenced by the great trend of World War I, and the people of Taiwan further raised the climax of organized national liberation movement, which was closely related to the revolutionary struggle in the Chinese mainland and became an important part of the Chinese people's liberation movement. At the same time, after the first World War, the ruling authority of the Western powers over the colonies was shaken, the ideas of democracy and freedom were all the rage, and national self-determination spread all over the world; The political ecology in Japan has also changed. Japan is in the so-called "Taisho Democracy" period of transformation from vassal politics and bureaucratic politics to party politics and parliamentary politics. The colonial rule over Taiwan also takes the assimilation policy as the basic policy.

In January 1920, under the direct influence of the May 4th movement, young Taiwanese students studying in Japan founded the "new people's Association" in Tokyo and published the magazine "Taiwan Youth" in imitation of Beijing's "New Youth" to enlighten and publicize nationalist ideas. Subsequently, Taiwan students studying in Japan and living in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Fujian, Hubei, Jiangsu and other places successively established organizations such as "Taiwan Youth Association" and "Taiwan Student Federation". In the 1920s, a group of Taiwan patriots led by Lin Xiantang and Jiang Weishui established and developed the Taiwan Cultural Association and the Taiwan people's party, and stepped on the political stage as the political representatives of Taiwan's emerging national bourgeoisie; There were large-scale peasant movements all over Taiwan, which were connected in series as a provincial organization "Taiwan peasant group", which was the largest peasant movement group in Taiwan during the Japanese occupation. Under the leadership of the agricultural cooperation organization, the struggle against Japanese colonial plunder and local exploitation was carried out in full swing. 420 protests were launched from 1927 to 1928 alone.

On April 15, 1928, under the guidance and influence of the Communist Party of China, Lin Shun, Xie Xuehong, Weng Zesheng and others officially held the founding meeting of the Communist Party of Taiwan in Shanghai. The Communist Party of Taiwan was announced to be established. Peng Rong, representative of the CPC Central Committee, and LV Yunheng, representative of the Communist Party of Korea, also attended the meeting.

With the rapid combination of political forces of various factions, various labor tides emerge one after another, and the working class consciousness improves rapidly. In the 1920s, Taiwan witnessed the vigorous development of the peasant movement and the workers' movement for the first time in history. The Taiwan Cultural Association, the Taiwan people's party, the Taiwan Communist Party, the Taiwan farmers' Association and other organizations combined their own economic interests with the national class interests, led the national resistance movement together, and fought for the rights and interests of the Taiwan people through non violent political and social movements.

In the face of the vigorous development of social movements and political struggles initiated by the Taiwan people with high density and intensity, the Japanese colonial authorities began to carry out an all-round suppression. Taiwan youth, the banner publication of Taiwan's cultural resistance movement, was banned from publication on the island, but had to go to Tokyo to start publication in 1920. When the magazine was sold to Taiwan, its articles were repeatedly banned by the governor's office. The political organization that petitioned to abolish the "June 3 act" initiated by Lin Xiantang, a patriotic gentry in Taiwan, can only be headquartered in Tokyo. On February 12, 1929, thousands of members of the Taiwan peasant association and the Taiwan Communist Party were arrested, historically known as the "February 12 incident". In 1931, the Taiwan people's party was banned, and the groups attached to the Taiwan people's party tended to decline. After Japan launched the war of aggression against China in 1937, the colonial authorities banned all social movements.

During the period of China's democratic revolution, Dr. Sun Yat Sen forged an indissoluble bond with Taiwan, the motherland's Treasure Island. He has visited or transited the Taiwan Island occupied by Japan four times, which has left a deep impression on the Taiwan compatriots. The victory of the revolution of 1911 led by him inspired a series of armed uprisings of the Taiwan people against Japanese colonial rule. During his illness, Dr. Sun Yat Sen still remembered Taiwan compatriots and cared about their revolutionary cause. His dedication to China's democratic revolution and his attention to Taiwan compatriots as a whole left an indelible impression in the minds of patriotic Taiwan compatriots. At the time of Dr. Sun Yat Sen's death, the Taiwan compatriots who looked forward to the success of the Chinese revolution to get rid of colonial rule expressed deep condolences to a generation of great men whom they highly respected.

"Wushe incident" (1930) and "Taroko war" (1914) of ethnic minorities against Japan

In the heroic and unyielding anti colonial and anti Japanese struggle of Taiwan's ethnic minorities, the largest scale was the Wushe incident led by Mona Rudao, a sedek of Gaoshan Nationality, in 1930. The Gaoshan people living in the mountain fog society in the upper reaches of the chuoshui River in Taichung held an armed riot on October 27, 1930 because they could not bear the slavery and oppression of the Japanese invaders. This was the fog society event that shocked China and the world. They retreated into the mountains after attacking 13 Japanese police stations. After the incident, the Japanese colonial authorities immediately mobilized more than 1400 military and police to suppress it with aircraft, mountain artillery, poison gas and other weapons. The sedk people who revolted tenaciously resisted for 36 days through the mountains and forests, and finally lost to the powerful force of the Japanese aggressors. Mona Rudo, as the leader of the uprising, shot himself, and the tribes involved in the uprising were killed several times, Hundreds of saidek people of Gaoshan Nationality collectively killed themselves to die rather than surrender. Among the 1236 Wushe tribes participating in the Anti Japanese War, 343 died and 296 hanged themselves.

From 1896 to 1914, haruk Nawei, the leader of the Taroko people of the Gaoshan Nationality, also led the people to deal with the Japanese colonists for 18 years. In May 1914, Zuo Matthew, the fifth governor of Japan during the period of colonization of Taiwan, led 20000 regular troops to attack by two routes, and haruke Nawei led 3000 people to fight. This was a battle that took place on a 3000 meter high mountain. It was also the historical evidence of the strong aggression of the Japanese aggressors against the primitive tribes with machine guns and cannons. It was called the "Taroko war" in history. After more than two months of stalemate, the Taroko people were brutally suppressed by the Japanese army, and 364 people were killed and injured by the Japanese army.

Chinese people on both sides of the Taiwan Strait went to the Chinese people's war of resistance against Japan (1937-1945)

During the period of Japanese occupation of Taiwan, the Anti Japanese struggle of Taiwan compatriots was an important part of the Anti Japanese War of the whole nation. In 1937, Japan created the "July 7th incident", the Chinese people's war of resistance against Japan broke out in an all-round way, and many young people in Taiwan joined the ranks of the motherland's war of resistance against Japan, shared life and death and hardships with the people of the whole country, and made great contributions to the victory of the war of resistance against Japan and the recovery of Taiwan. They either went to Chongqing or Yan'an to actively participate in the Anti Japanese work. Qiu niantai, the son of Taiwan's Anti Japanese hero Qiu Fengjia, established an Eastern service team to carry out Anti Japanese activities in Huizhou, Chaozhou and Meixian (now Meizhou) in Guangdong. In 1938, two anti war riots took place in Kaohsiung and other places. More than 400 people were arrested and more than 200 people died. In 1939, more than 600 Taiwan compatriots were killed for resisting the Japanese colonist "lajunfu". In 1939, adhering to the concept of "if you want to save Taiwan, you must first save the motherland", the Taiwan people living in the mainland established the Taiwan volunteer team of the Anti Japanese armed forces with the support of the provincial governments of Zhejiang and Fujian and the Communist Party of China. The main leader was Li Youbang. It was the only regular Anti Japanese team of Taiwan compatriots in the mainland during the Anti Japanese war. In April 1940, Dong Biwu, the representative of the Communist Party of China, proposed to the national government on behalf of the Communist Party of China: "as a belligerent country, we should immediately declare the Treaty of Shimonoseki null and void, and believe that Taiwan is also within the scope of land lost that should be recovered". After that, Dong Biwu, Zhang Lan and others jointly put forward a proposal to recover Taiwan at the national Senate. The Taiwan Revolutionary League, established in September 1941, pointed out in its declaration that "the destiny of the motherland is the destiny of Taiwan. If the motherland survives, then Taiwan also survives; if the motherland defeats, then Taiwan will recover, otherwise it will sink." after the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941, the national government issued the "Declaration of war on Japan" on December 9, clearly announcing to China and foreign countries: "All treaties, agreements and contracts involving Sino Japanese relations shall be annulled." the Treaty of Shimonoseki is automatically annulled.

postwar period

The Cairo Declaration and Potsdam Proclamation laid the legal foundation of the post-war international order (1943-1945)

International treaties and agreements during the Second World War reaffirmed that Taiwan is an inalienable part of Chinese territory.

In the Second World War, in order to oppose the fascist Axis powers of Germany, Japan and Italy, China formed an alliance with the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain and other countries. From November 22 to 26, 1943, the heads of government of China, the United States and the United Kingdom held a meeting in Cairo, the capital of Egypt (historically known as the "Cairo Conference"), signed the Cairo Declaration and announced it on December 1. The Cairo Declaration stipulates that "the territory stolen by Japan from China, such as the four northeastern provinces, Taiwan and Penghu Islands, shall be returned to China". The Cairo Declaration condemned Japan's aggression against China since the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the September 18th Incident, confirmed that the northeast, Taiwan and Penghu Islands are China's inherent territories, and affirmed China's sacred right to recover these territories. The publication of the declaration played an important role in accelerating Japan's surrender and became an important basis for dealing with the Japanese problem after the war. This is not only the result of the heroic struggle of the Chinese people over the past half century, but also the result of the joint efforts of the world's anti fascist forces. On July 26, 1945, the Potsdam Proclamation signed by China, the United States, Britain and later the Soviet Union reaffirmed that "the conditions of the Cairo Declaration will be implemented, and Japan's sovereignty will be limited to Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and other small islands determined by us". Countries around the world, including major western countries, have confirmed the legal effect of the Cairo Declaration and other documents and Taiwan's return to China in various ways. The procedures and contents of international law for China's sovereignty over Taiwan are complete and have become an important part of the post-war international order and pattern.

Welcome recovery

At the same time, the Chinese Communists who worked hard in the dark never forget the Taiwan issue. In June 1943, Xinhua Daily, the organ newspaper of the Communist Party of China, published an editorial "Taiwan returns to the motherland", which clearly put forward that "Taiwan is a part of China and calls on Taiwan, which has been separated from the motherland for nearly 50 years, to return through the blood of hard struggle." in order to adhere to the war of resistance against Japan and recover Taiwan, the Communist Party of China also put forward corresponding countermeasures according to the reality of different regions. In Taiwan, strengthen the leadership of the Anti Japanese forces and secretly develop the party's underground organizations and Party members; On the mainland, support the movement of Taiwan compatriots to restore their homeland and province; Support the international activities carried out by the national government to recover Taiwan in the late period of the war of resistance against Japan.

In order to welcome the recovery, in April 1944, the national government established the "Taiwan investigation committee" and appointed Chen Yi as its chairman. It conducted a quite detailed investigation on the politics, military, economy and people's livelihood of Taiwan under the Japanese occupation at that time, and made an overall consideration on the talents needed by Taiwan in the future. Taiwan police cadre training class was born.

The victory of the war of resistance against Japan and the restoration of Taiwan (1945)

On August 15, 1945, Japan announced that it accepted the terms of the Potsdam Proclamation and surrendered unconditionally. This means that Japan must accept the provisions on Taiwan's return to China. So far, the Chinese people's war of resistance against Japan and the world anti fascist war have won the final victory. After 14 years of arduous war of resistance and great sacrifice, the Chinese people finally defeated the Japanese aggressors together with the people of the world, returned Taiwan to the embrace of the motherland, and ended the humiliating history of the people of Taiwan being enslaved by Japan. The recovery of Taiwan is the result of the victory of the United war of resistance against Japan of all the Chinese people, and the fruit of victory in exchange for the lives and blood of more than 35 million Chinese military and civilian casualties.

The Chinese government has designated Taiwan Island and Penghu Islands as the 15th surrender area of China's war zone. Ren Chen Yi is the chief officer of the surrender, and the place of surrender is Taipei. After 50 years of colonial oppression by Japan, the people of Taiwan rushed to tell each other, hugged each other and wept. After nightfall, many families burn incense to worship their ancestors and face the mainland to comfort the spirits of their ancestors in heaven. In the next few days, the streets of Taiwan were filled with gongs and drums and firecrackers. The people of Taiwan expressed their joy at returning to the motherland in all conceivable ways of celebration. At that time, the Taiwan Daily News and other Taiwan media published a large number of advertisements celebrating the recovery of Taiwan. In the days waiting for the motherland to take over, the people of Taiwan have shown a high degree of patriotism and autonomy. Gongs and drums are noisy in the streets of the province, firecrackers are constantly heard, and every household is decorated with lanterns. The people of Taiwan have set off an upsurge in learning modern standard Chinese. Local youth in major cities and towns across the province have spontaneously organized local groups to replace Japanese colonial officials to maintain local order, Manage administrative affairs, repair bridges and roads, clean streets, and protect the enemy property left by Japan, so that the national government can smoothly accept it, and the overall situation in Taiwan is calm and stable. On October 15, the Chinese army landed in Keelung port, Taiwan Province. The wharf of Keelung port was packed with people. Everyone was happy to see the arrival of the motherland's army. After the army landed, hundreds of thousands of people cheered. The people of Taiwan recited the verses of Lu You, a patriotic poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, "show your son", "Master Wang set the Central Plains day in the north, and the family sacrifice did not forget to tell naiweng", and sang "welcome song" and other celebration songs to express the jubilation and warm welcome of the people of Taiwan.

At 10 a.m. on October 25, 1945, the surrender ceremony of Taiwan Province in the Allied China theater was held in Taipei Gonghui Hall (today's Zhongshan Hall). At the surrender ceremony of Taiwan Province in the Chinese theater, the last Japanese governor of Taiwan and commander of the tenth front army of the Japanese army, ritsuji Ando, signed the letter of surrender. Chen Yi, the demoted Chinese official, solemnly declared on behalf of the Chinese government: "from now on, Taiwan and the Penghu Islands have officially re entered China's territory, and all land, people and political affairs have been placed under the sovereignty of the Chinese government. I hereby report this historic fact to all Chinese compatriots and the world. Now Taiwan has been restored." In order to permanently commemorate Taiwan's return to the embrace of the motherland under the rule of the Japanese aggressors, October 25 is designated as "Taiwan recovery day". The victory of the war of resistance against Japan and the restoration of Taiwan are the common victories of compatriots on both sides of the Strait. The Taiwan compatriots are elated and inspired by their return to the motherland and the big family of the Chinese nation. The people of Taiwan are jubilant. Every family is decorated with lanterns. Men, women, old and young in cities, towns and villages across the province are as happy as the new year. They worship their ancestors and drink all night to celebrate their return to the embrace of the motherland. Even if you go to the depths of Taiwan's mountains, this is the scene. On October 18, 1945, the Taiwan News reported that the ethnic minorities living in the "mountain boundary of xiazhudong, Dazhou and Lanyang in Hsinchu Prefecture" were "as happy as our brothers when they heard the good news of Japan's surrender. They loved it very much and wanted to become the Chinese nation".

On the day of Taiwan's restoration and in the days after, the people of the whole province organized and spontaneously held various forms of restoration celebrations. At that time, the loudest slogan was "celebrate Taiwan's return to the motherland". 300000 people in Taipei, men, women, old and young, dressed up, cheered, sang and danced, and held a torch parade for three days and three nights. The newspaper published at that time truthfully wrote: "the victory of the war of resistance against Japan and the surrender of Japan make the Chinese in Taiwan worthy of universal celebration. The word 'motherland' has the most mysterious charm in Taiwan. When it comes to her, the old people with white hair and beard will cry and the young people will be excited." according to the records at that time, "More than 400000 people in Taipei, the capital, are easily dressed, and their families hang colorful lights. When they meet, they celebrate the new year, the sound of firecrackers, gongs and drums resounds through the sky, and lions and Dragons dance all over the city." The excitement and enthusiasm of celebrating the return of the motherland can not be described in words. Other counties and cities in Taiwan Province have also held large-scale celebrations. This enthusiasm is also reflected in the gentry and intellectuals in Taiwan society. These social elites in Taiwan Province are full of aspirations and expectations for the new era after the return of the motherland. They begin to have interest in local politics and rise an upsurge of political participation.

Taiwan and "February 28 Incident" (1945-1949) in the early stage of the restoration of China

After the restoration of Taiwan, the national government set Taiwan as a province of China. Taiwan Province governs 8 counties (restructured from the five "prefectures" and three "departments" of the Japanese puppets during the Japanese occupation) and 9 provincial cities (restructured from the "prefectural cities" of the Japanese puppets during the Japanese occupation) The provincial capital is Taipei. Nine cities: Taipei, Kaohsiung, Pingtung, Chiayi, Keelung, Taichung, Tainan, Changhua and Hsinchu. Eight counties: Taipei, Kaohsiung, Penghu, Taichung, Tainan, Hsinchu, Taitung and Hualien.The national government established the Taiwan provincial chief executive's office, which is different from the provincial administrative system of the Chinese mainland, as the highest administrative organ of Taiwan province. It has the power of administration, legislation, justice and military affairs, and appointed Chen Yi as the chief executive of the Taiwan provincial chief executive. However, the administration of the office of the chief executive of Taiwan Province, which took over Taiwan, was improper, officials were corrupt, the military and police were rampant, and the society was short of food, materials, soaring prices and serious unemployment, causing strong dissatisfaction among the people of Taiwan. On February 28, 1947, the people of Taipei, Taiwan Province held a large-scale demonstration to resist the tyranny of the national government and protest against the injury of citizens by military and police. At the end of February and the beginning of March, people all over Taiwan responded, seized weapons, staged riots, and occupied Taichung, Chiayi and other cities. At the same time, foreign forces such as Japan and the United States intervened. The national government transferred a large number of military police and special agents from the mainland to brutally suppress the incident. The February 28 Incident was a just action of the Taiwan people to oppose autocratic rule and strive for basic rights. It was part of the Chinese people's liberation struggle. After the February 28 Incident, the national government reorganized the office of the chief executive of Taiwan Province into the Taiwan provincial government.

After 1949

On October 1, 1949, the people's Republic of China was founded. The government of the people's Republic of China replaced the government of the Republic of China and became the only legal representative of China. This is that the new regime replaced the old regime without changes in the same subject of international law. China's sovereignty and inherent territorial boundaries have not changed, and China's territorial and sovereign integrity, identity Continuity was not affected. At the same time, in 1949, the Kuomintang lost in the civil war. Jiang Zhongzheng (Chiang Kai Shek) led some Kuomintang military and political personnel to retreat to Taiwan and brought many cultural relics of the Forbidden City, Treasury assets and relevant archives from the mainland to Taiwan. From 1945 to 1950, nearly 2 million Chinese mainland soldiers and civilians moved to Taiwan. On May 19, 1949, the Kuomintang authorities promulgated the Notice No. 1 of the Taiwan Provincial Police General Command (hereinafter referred to as the Taiwan Provincial martial law order), announcing that Taiwan was in a wartime mobilization situation, closing the whole province, restricting entry and exit, implementing military control, blocking mainland news, and banning all prohibited speech, publishing, strikes, parades and other activities. On December 7, the Kuomintang government moved to Taipei. On December 11, the KMT Central Party headquarters moved to Taipei. At this point, Taiwan once again fell into a state of separation from the Chinese mainland. Although Taiwan and the mainland have not yet been reunified, China's sovereignty and territory have never been separated, and the fact that both sides of the Strait belong to one China has never changed.

On June 25, 1950, the Korean War broke out while the Chinese people's Liberation Army was preparing to liberate Taiwan. The United States took the opportunity to send troops into the Taiwan Strait, obstructed the people's Liberation Army from Liberating Taiwan and supported the ruling group of the Kuomintang, resulting in the Taiwan issue. On December 2, 1954, the US government signed the so-called "common defense treaty" with Taiwan's Chiang Kai Shek clique despite the previous objections and warnings of the Chinese government.

Around 1949, the Chinese people's Liberation Army secretly dispatched more than 1500 cadres to Taiwan in accordance with the decision and deployment of the Party Central Committee on the liberation of Taiwan. Due to the betrayal of traitors, the underground Party organizations on the island were seriously damaged, and a large number of underground party members were arrested, of which more than 1100 were publicly tried and executed by the Kuomintang authorities. The unsung heroes Memorial square in Beijing Xishan National Forest Park is built to commemorate these unsung heroes who died in Taiwan.

In 1950, the administrative division of Taiwan was greatly adjusted, from "eight counties and nine cities under the jurisdiction of provinces" which inherited the "five Prefecture and three department system" during the Japanese occupation period to "Sixteen counties and five cities under the jurisdiction of provinces", and the district office was abolished. Taichung County is divided into Changhua County and Nantou County; Analysis: Tainan County has Jiayi county and Yunlin County; Analysis on the establishment of Pingdong County in Kaohsiung County; Analyze Hsinchu County to establish Miaoli County, Hsinchu County to establish Taoyuan County, and Taipei County to establish Yilan County; Cut Hsinchu City into Hsinchu County; Cut Jiayi city into Jiayi County; Cut Pingdong city into Pingdong County; Changhua city was cut into Changhua County.

In 1955, the Chinese people's Liberation Army liberated Dachen island and Nanji mountain islands in Zhejiang Province. After the withdrawal of Kuomintang troops from Dachen Island, the actual control scope of the Taiwan authorities is the whole territory of Taiwan Province, Jinmen Mazu area of Fujian Province, Guangdong Province and some South China Sea Islands and reefs of Hainan Province. This pattern continues to this day.

After the Kuomintang moved to Taiwan, it carried out a large-scale party affairs transformation movement, established the absolute control of Chiang Kai Shek and his son over the Kuomintang, carried out financial consolidation, reformed the monetary system, stabilized prices, implemented land system reform, restored and developed agricultural production, and began to build many large-scale water, transportation and other infrastructure (such as Shimen Reservoir, cross highway, etc.). In 1953, Taiwan's economy gradually recovered to its pre war level. In 1958, Taiwan's population reached 10 million.

The Kuomintang consolidated and strengthened its autocratic rule under the martial law system. In 1960, Jiang Zhongzheng was re elected as the lifelong leader of the Taiwan authorities by revising the "Interim Provisions for the period of mobilization for counter insurgency". At the same time, the supreme power of the Kuomintang ruling group began to transition to Chiang Ching Kuo. Under the rule of "white terror", Chiang's father and son strictly controlled the party, government and army and adopted a high-pressure policy of severely cracking down on the opposition forces. The Kuomintang ruling group launched a systematic campaign to eliminate Communists, socialists, left-wing literati and other progressive forces in Taiwan. Everyone in Taiwan is in danger and there is a strong atmosphere of elimination.

With the support of foreign capital such as the United States and Japan, the United States implemented policies conducive to economic development and undertook industrial transfer from the United States, Japan and other developed countries. On the basis of the Japanese occupation period, the United States provided billions of dollars of economic and military assistance and used foreign exchange such as gold and US dollars transported from the mainland and talents from the mainland to Taiwan, Taiwan's economy has entered a period of rapid development since the 1960s.

In the 1960s, Taiwan formed an export-oriented economic development model, and the proportion of industry in the economy gradually exceeded that of agriculture. Until the first oil crisis in 1973, Taiwan maintained an average annual double-digit economic growth rate for a long time. In 1966, the Taiwan authorities established the Kaohsiung Park of the processing and export zone, which is the first processing and export zone in the world. In 1966, the Taiwan authorities began to carry out the Chinese culture revival movement, which promoted the improvement of education level and the spread of Chinese culture. In 1968, compulsory education in Taiwan was extended from six years to nine years.

In 1967 and 1979, the Taiwan authorities successively promoted Taipei and Kaohsiung as "municipalities directly under the central government" of the Taiwan authorities. In 1982, Hsinchu and Chiayi counties were analyzed and two provincial cities of Hsinchu and Chiayi were established.

On October 25, 1971, the 26th United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 2758 of the United Nations General Assembly, which decided to restore the legitimate rights of the people's Republic of China in the United Nations and immediately expel Chiang Kai Shek's representatives from the seats illegally occupied by the United Nations Organization and all its affiliated institutions.

In the 1970s, Taiwan entered the era of economic take-off. Due to the global economic depression caused by the first oil crisis, in November 1973, Jiang Jingguo, head of the administrative department of the Taiwan authorities, promoted the "ten construction" to stabilize Taiwan's economic development. After Jiang Zhongzheng (Chiang Kai Shek) died on April 5, 1975, Yan Jiagan succeeded the leader of Taiwan until the expiration of 1978. In 1978, Jiang Jingguo was elected leader of the Taiwan region. Since then, he served as the sixth and seventh leaders of the Taiwan region and died in 1988. In the 1970s, Taiwan's industrial form changed from agriculture and fishery to industrial manufacturing and commercial service, and Taiwan's economy developed rapidly. In 1978, the 374.3 km long Zhongshan expressway was completed and opened to traffic. It connects the metropolises and towns in Western Taiwan and the two major ports of Kaohsiung port and Keelung port. It is the first expressway in China.

In 1979, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC) of the people's Republic of China issued a letter to Taiwan compatriots. Deng Xiaoping put forward the general policy, basic position and attitude of reunifying Taiwan. The Chinese people's Liberation Army stopped shelling Kinmen and other islands to realize a real ceasefire between the two sides of the Strait; In the same year, when China and the United States established diplomatic relations, the official relations between the United States and the Taiwan authorities were interrupted. The United States announced the termination of the US Taiwan "common defense treaty", but the US Congress passed the so-called "Taiwan Relations Act", which was signed and entered into force by the US president.

In the 1980s, with the development of industry from agriculture to light and light industry and the popularization of mass education, Taiwan's per capita GDP exceeded 6000 US dollars. Together with Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore, it was listed as a newly industrialized society by the OECD, known as the "four little dragons of Asia" and "Taiwan's economic miracle", and the stock market index was as high as 10000 points. The Taiwan authorities set up Hsinchu Science Park to strongly encourage Chinese and foreign manufacturers to invest in high-tech industries such as integrated circuits and computers. Taiwan's small and medium-sized enterprises are also affected by the vigorous development of the electronic industry. At this time, Taiwan's PC motherboard output ranks first in the world. At the end of 1989, Taiwan's population exceeded the 20 million mark. In 1992, Taiwan's per capita GDP exceeded US $10000 and became a developed economy.

From the 1970s to the 1980s, the "non Party movement" began to be active and developed, requiring the Kuomintang ruling group to "lift the martial law" and "open the party ban and newspaper ban". In the "non Party movement", many "Taiwan independence" elements carried out activities to split the motherland and developed into the Democratic Progressive Party. On July 15, 1987, Chiang Ching Kuo issued an order announcing the lifting of the 38 year old "martial law" system, and then further opened up the "party ban" and newspaper ban, the "universal suffrage" of the people of Taiwan at all levels of power, the people's visits to the mainland and their economic and cultural exchanges with the mainland. Taiwan began to develop towards the so-called "democratic politics", and the long-term isolation between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait was broken. The temporary provisions for the period of mobilization for counter insurgency was abolished in 1991.

In 1990, Taiwan established the Straits Exchange Foundation, a non-governmental organization dealing with various affairs derived from cross-strait exchanges. In 1991, the mainland established the Association for cross-strait relations. In 1992, the ARATS and the SEF reached an important consensus that both sides of the Strait adhere to the one China principle, namely the "1992 consensus". From April 27 to April 29, 1993, Koo Chen Fu, chairman of the Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF), and Wang Daohan, chairman of the Association for relations across the Taiwan Strait, held talks in Singapore. This was the first formal contact between non-governmental representatives on both sides of the strait with the authorization of the central government and the Taiwan authorities since 1949. In 1996, Taiwan held its first direct leadership election, and Lee Teng Hui, candidate of the Chinese Kuomintang, was elected.

In 2000, in the leadership election in Taiwan, the Chinese Kuomintang, which had been in power for more than 50 years, was defeated, the Democratic Progressive Party was in power, and Chen Shui Bian was elected. In 2001, the coastal areas of Fujian realized direct exchanges with Jinmen and Mazu. In 2002, Taiwan joined the World Trade Organization in the name of "individual tariff areas of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu". In 2004, Chen Shui Bian was re elected. In 2008, Ma Ying Jeou was elected leader of Taiwan, and the Chinese Kuomintang came to power again; In the same year, the two sides of the Taiwan Strait realized direct postal, shipping and trade links.

In 2010, the Taiwan authorities implemented the "county and city restructuring", which is the first large-scale administrative division adjustment in Taiwan since the establishment of five cities and 16 counties in 1950. In addition to the original Taipei City, the original Taipei County was restructured separately, Kaohsiung County, Taichung County and Tainan County were restructured together, and Taoyuan County was restructured in 2014, forming six "municipalities directly under the central government" of the Taiwan authorities Administrative divisions of 16 counties and cities. In 2012, Ma Ying Jeou was re elected leader of Taiwan. In 2014, compulsory education in Taiwan was extended from 9 years to 12 years. In 2015, leaders of the two sides of the Straits met Xi Jinping in Singapore, the first meeting between the leaders of the two sides since 1949. In 2016, Tsai ing Wen of the Democratic Progressive Party was elected leader of the Taiwan region.

In 2020, Tsai ing Wen will be re elected leader of the Taiwan region.

Administrative division of Taiwan Province

According to the code of administrative divisions above county level of the people's Republic of China, the administrative division code of Taiwan Province is 710000, and the administrative division code of cities, districts and counties under the jurisdiction of Taiwan Province is temporarily unavailable; According to the 2020 version of the national geographic information public service platform (sky map) in charge of the Ministry of natural resources of the people's Republic of China, six "municipalities directly under the central government" of the Taiwan authorities are regarded as prefecture level cities of Taiwan Province, three cities are regarded as county-level cities of Taiwan Province, and 14 county-level cities are regarded as streets under the county-level jurisdiction of Taiwan Province. Taipei is the capital of Taiwan Province.

According to the law of the people's Republic of China on territorial sea and contiguous zone: The Dongsha Islands in People's Republic of China include the mainland of People's Republic of China and its coastal islands, Taiwan and its affiliated islands including Diaoyu Islands, Penghu islands, Dongsha Islands, Paracel Islands, the Zhongsha Islands, Spratly Islands and all other islands belonging to People's Republic of China. The area under the actual control of China's Taiwan authorities is called Taiwan area. The territory is covered by the whole province of Taiwan (including Taiwan's own island and Orchid Island, green island, Diaoyu Island and other islands and Penghu Islands). There are Jinmen, Mazu, Wuqiu and other islands in Fujian Province, the Dongsha Islands in Guangdong Province, and Taiping island and central Zhou reef in Hainan province. According to the relevant regulations of Taiwan authorities, the administrative divisions of Taiwan include Taipei, Xinbei, Taoyuan, Taichung, Tainan and Kaohsiung 6 Taiwan municipalities, and in Taiwan are also called "six cities". Keelung City, Hsinchu City and Chiayi City; 13 counties in Hsinchu, Miaoli, Changhua, Nantou, Yunlin, Chiayi, Pingtung, Taitung, Hualien, Ilan, Penghu, Jinmen and "lianjiang" (Mazu).

Administrative division of Taiwan Province

Administrative divisions of Taiwan Province of the people's Republic of China

provincial capital

Taipei City

Prefecture level

6 prefecture level cities

County Administrative Region

14 county-level administrative regions (3 county-level cities and 11 counties)

Prefecture level city

Taipei, Xinbei, Taoyuan, Taichung, Tainan, Kaohsiung

County under provincial jurisdiction

county-level city

Keelung, Hsinchu, Chiayi

county

Hsinchu County, Ilan County, Miaoli County, Changhua County, Yunlin County, Nantou County, Chiayi County, Pingtung County, Taitung County, Hualien County, Penghu County

Note: excluding Jinmen, Mazu and other areas of Fujian Province actually controlled by the Taiwan authorities.

Prefecture level

The Taiwan authorities have six "municipalities directly under the central government" (the mainland regards Taiwan as a provincial and prefecture level city and Taipei as the provincial capital)

Chinese name

English name

abbreviation

Jurisdiction division

Seat of government

Land area (km2)

Sea area (square area)

Permanent resident population (10000)

Taipei City

Taipei City

north

Zone 12

Xinyi District

two hundred and seventy-one point seven nine nine seven

0

two hundred and sixty point two four one eight

Xinbei City

New Taipei City

New North

Zone 29

itabashi

two thousand and fifty-two point five six six seven

one thousand one hundred and thirty point two three eight three

four hundred and three point zero nine five four

Taoyuan City

Taoyuan City

peach

Zone 13

Taoyuan District

one thousand two hundred and twenty point nine five four zero

one thousand one hundred and thirty point two three eight three

two hundred and twenty-six point eight eight zero seven

Taichung City

Taichung City

in

Zone 29

Xitun District

two thousand two hundred and fourteen point eight nine six eight

one thousand six hundred and sixty-three point seven three nine four

two hundred and eighty-two point zero seven eight seven

Tainan City

Tainan City

south

Zone 37

Anping District

New camp

two thousand one hundred and ninety-one point six five three one

two thousand five hundred and ninety-two point seven three one zero

one hundred and eighty-seven point four nine one seven

Kaohsiung City note

Kaohsiung City

high

Zone 38

Lingya District

Fengshan District

two thousand nine hundred and forty-six point two six seven one

two thousand seven hundred and twenty-six point eight three five four

two hundred and seventy-six point five nine three two

Administrative regions under the jurisdiction of "municipalities directly under the central government" (prefecture level cities in Taiwan Province) of the Taiwan authorities

name

Zoning

Jurisdiction

Taipei City

Zone 12

Zhongzheng District, Datong District, Zhongshan District, Songshan District, Da'an District, Wanhua District, Xinyi District, Shilin District, Beitou District, Neihu district, Nangang District and Wenshan District

Xinbei City

Zone 29

Banqiao District, Xinzhuang District, Zhonghe District, Yonghe District, Tucheng District, Shulin District, Three Gorges District, Yingge District, triple District, Luzhou District, Wugu District, Taishan District, Linkou District, Bali District, Danshui District, Sanzhi District, Shimen District, Jinshan District, Wanli District, Xizhi District, Ruifang District, Gongliao District, Pingxi District, Shuangxi District, Xindian District, Shenkeng District, shiding District, Pinglin district and Wulai District

Taoyuan City

Zone 13

Taoyuan District, Zhongli District, Pingzhen District, bade District, Yangmei District, Luzhu District, Daxi District, Longtan District, Guishan District, Grand Park, Guanyin District, Xinwu district and Fuxing District

Taichung City

Zone 29

Central District, East District, South District, West District, North District, Beitun District, Xitun District, Nantun District, Taiping District, Dali District, Wufeng District, Wuri District, Fengyuan District, Houli District, Shigang District, Dongshi District, new community, Tanzi District, Daya District, Shengang District, Dadu District, Shalu District, Longjing District, Wuqi District, Qingshui District, Dajia District, Waipu District, Da'an District, Heping District

Tainan City

Zone 37

Zhongxi District, East District, South District, North District, Anping District, Annan District, Yongkang District, Guiren District, Xinhua District, Zuozhen District, Yujing District, Nanxi District, Nanhua District, Rende District, Guanmiao District, Longqi District, guantian District, Matou District, Jiali District, Xigang District, Qigu District, Jiangjun District, Xuejia District, Beimen District, Xinying District, houbi District, Baihe District, Dongshan District, Liujia District, Xiaying District Liuying District, Yanshui District, Shanhua District, Dani District, shanshang District, Xinshi District, Anding District

Kaohsiung City

Zone 38

Nanzi District, Zuoying District, Gushan District, Sanmin District, Yancheng District, Qianjin District, Xinxing District, Lingya District, qianzhen District, Qijin District, Xiaogang District, Fengshan District, Daliao District, niaosang District, Linyuan District, Renwu District, Dashu District, Daqu community, Gangshan District, Luzhu District, Qiaotou District, Ziguan District, Mituo District, Yong'an District, Yanchao District, Tianliao District, alian District, Gezhong District, Hunei District Qishan District, Meinong District, Neimen District, Shanlin District, Jiaxian District, Liugui District, Maolin District, Taoyuan District and namxia District

County Administrative Region

county-level city

Three cities of Taiwan authorities (regarded by the mainland as county-level cities under the jurisdiction of Taiwan Province)

Chinese name

English name

abbreviation

Jurisdiction division

Seat of government

Land area (km2)

Sea area (km2)

Permanent resident population (10000)

Keelung City

Keelung City

base

Zone 7

Zhongzheng District

one hundred and thirty-two point seven five eight nine

three thousand five hundred and eighty-five point four one seven seven

thirty-six point seven five seven seven

Hsinchu City

Hsinchu City

Bamboo city

Zone 3

North Area

one hundred and four point one five two six

three hundred and eighty-seven point five six two three

forty-five point one four one two

Jiayi City

Chiayi City

Jiashi

Zone 2

East Area

sixty point zero two five six

0

twenty-six point six zero zero five

Administrative regions under the jurisdiction of three cities (county-level cities under the jurisdiction of Taiwan Province) of the Taiwan authorities

name

Zoning

Jurisdiction

Keelung City

Zone 7

Benevolence District, Zhongzheng District, Xinyi District, Zhongshan District, Anle District, warm district and Qidu District

Hsinchu City

Zone 3

East District, North District, Xiangshan District

Jiayi City

Zone 2

East and West

county

13 counties of Taiwan authorities (the mainland regards 11 counties of Taiwan Province and Jinmen Mazu of Fujian Province)

Chinese name

English name

abbreviation

Jurisdiction division

Seat of government

Land area (km2)

Sea area (km2)

Permanent resident population (10000)

Hsinchu County

Hsinchu County

Bamboo county

1 city, 3 towns and 9 townships

Zhubei City

one thousand four hundred and twenty-seven point five three six nine

three hundred and thirty-three point nine nine seven one

fifty-seven point zero seven seven five

Miaoli County

Miaoli County

seedling

1 city, 6 towns and 11 townships

Miaoli City

one thousand eight hundred and twenty point three one four nine

one thousand seven hundred and forty-one point four seven six two

fifty-four point two five nine zero

Changhua County

Changhua County

Prominently

1 city, 7 towns and 18 townships

Changhua City

one thousand and seventy-four point three nine six zero

three thousand three hundred and thirteen point six four eight one

one hundred and twenty-six point six six seven zero

Nantou County

Nantou County

throw

1 city, 4 towns and 8 townships

Nantou City

four thousand one hundred and six point four three six zero

0

forty-nine point zero eight three two

Yunlin County

Yunlin County

cloud

1 city, 5 towns and 14 townships

Douliu City

one thousand two hundred and ninety point eight three two six

one thousand two hundred and twenty point four two seven four

sixty-seven point six eight seven three

Jiayi County

Chiayi County

Jia County

2 cities, 2 towns and 14 townships

Taibao City

one thousand eight hundred and twenty point three one four nine

three hundred and thirty-six point one seven zero one

forty-nine point nine four eight one

Pingdong County

Pingtung County

screen

1 city, 3 towns and 29 townships

Ping-dung-shr

two thousand seven hundred and seventy-five point six zero zero three

five thousand seven hundred and seventy-one point four two nine two

eighty-one point two six five eight

Yilan County note

Yilan County

should

1 city, 3 towns and 8 townships

Yilan City

two thousand one hundred and forty-three point six two five one

two thousand one hundred and forty-five point three zero seven eight

forty-five point three zero eight seven

Hualien County

Hualien County

flower

1 city 2 town 10 Township

Hualien City

four thousand six hundred and twenty-eight point five seven one four

two thousand seven hundred and ninety point nine one three one

thirty-two point four three seven two

Taitung

Taitung County

east

1 city 2 Town 13 Township

Taitung City

three thousand five hundred and fifteen point two five two six

eleven thousand two hundred and seventy-four point six eight nine four

twenty-one point five two six one

Penghu County

Penghu County

Peng

1 city and 5 townships

Magong City

one hundred and twenty-six point eight six four one

seven thousand nine hundred and thirty-six point zero zero one five

ten point five nine five two

Jinmen County note

Kinmen County

gold

3 towns and 3 townships

Jincheng town

one hundred and fifty-one point six five six zero

—

fourteen point zero five nine seven

"Lianjiang county" note

Lienchiang County

horse

4 Township

Nan-gan-shiang

twenty-eight point eight zero zero zero

—

one point three two seven nine

Administrative regions under the jurisdiction of 13 counties of the Taiwan authorities (counties under the jurisdiction of Taiwan Province and Jinmen Mazu of Fujian Province)

name

Zoning

Jurisdiction

Hsinchu County

1 city, 3 towns and 9 townships

Zhubei City, Zhudong Town, Xinpu Town, Guanxi Town, Hukou Township, Xinfeng Township, Emei Township, Baoshan Township, Beipu Township, xionglin Township, Hengshan Township, Jianshi Township and Wufeng Township

Miaoli County

2 cities, 5 towns and 11 townships

Miaoli City, Toufen City, Zhunan Town, Houlong Town, Tongxiao Town, Yuanli Town, zhuolan Town, zaoqiao Township, Xihu Township, Touwu Township, Gongguan Township, Tongluo Township, Sanyi Township, Dahu Township, Shitan Township, Sanwan Township, Nanzhuang Township and Tai'an township

Changhua County

2 cities, 6 towns and 18 townships

Changhua City, Yuanlin City, Hemei Town, Lugang Town, Xihu Town, Erlin Town, Tianzhong Town, Beidou Town, Huatan Township, Fenyuan Township, Dacun Township, Yongjing Township, Shengang Township, Xianxi Township, Fuxing Township, Xiushui Township, Puxin Township, Puyan Township, Dacheng Township, Fangyuan Township, Zhutang Township, Shetou Township, ershui Township, Tianwei Township, Butou Township and Xizhou Township

Nantou County

1 city, 4 towns and 8 townships

Nantou City, Puli Town, Caotun Town, Zhushan Town, Jiji Town, Mingjian Township, Lugu Township, Zhongliao Township, Yuchi Township, Guoxing Township, Shuili Township, Xinyi Township and Ren'ai Township

Yunlin County

1 city, 5 towns and 14 townships

Douliu City, Dounan Town, Huwei Town, Xiluo Town, Tuku Town, Beigang Town, Linnei Township, Gukeng Township, Dadu Township, tuotong Township, Baozhong Township, Erlun Township, Lunbei Township, Mailiao Township, Taixi Township, Dongshi Township, Yuanchang Township, Sihu Township, Kouhu Township and Shuilin township

Jiayi County

2 cities, 2 towns and 14 townships

Taibao City, Puzi City, bubao Town, Dalin Town, Minxiong Township, Xikou Township, Xingang Township, liujiao Township, Dongshi Township, Yizhu Township, Lucao Township, Shuishang Township, Zhongpu Township, Zhuqi Township, Meishan Township, Fanlu Township, Dapu Township and Alishan Township

Pingdong County

1 city, 3 towns and 29 townships

Pingtung City, Chaozhou Town, Donggang Town, Hengchun Town, Wandan Township, Changzhi Township, Linluo Township, Jiuru Township, Ligang Township, Yanpu Township, gaoshu Township, Wanluan Township, Neipu Township, Zhutian Township, Xinyu Township, Fangliao Township, Xinyuan Township, Guding Township, linbian Township, Nanzhou Township, Jiadong Township, Ryukyu Township, Checheng rural, Manzhou Township, Fangshan Township, Wutai Township, Ma hometown, Taiwu Township, Laiyi Township Chunri Township, Shizi Township, Mudan Township and sandimen Township

Yilan County

1 city, 3 towns and 8 townships

Yilan City, Toucheng Town, Luodong Town, su'ao Town, Jiaoxi Township, Zhuangwei Township, Yuanshan Township, Dongshan Township, WuJie Township, Sanxing Township, Datong Township and Nan'ao Township

Hualien County

1 city 2 town 10 Township

Hualien City, Fenglin Town, Yuli Town, Xincheng Town, Ji'an Township, Shoufeng Township, Guangfu Township, Fengbin Township, Ruisui Township, Fuli Township, Xiulin Township, Wanrong Township, zhuoxi Township

Taitung

1 city 2 Town 13 Township

Taitung City, Chenggong Town, Guanshan Town, Changbin Township, chishang Township, Donghe Township, Luye Township, Peinan Township, Dawu Township, Lvdao Township, Taimali Township, haiduan Township, Yanping Township, Jinfeng Township, Daren Township and Lanyu township

Penghu County

1 city and 5 townships

Magong City, Huxi Township, Baisha Township, Xiyu Township, Wang'an Township and Qimei Township

Jinmen County

3 towns and 3 townships

Jincheng Town, Jinhu Town, Jinsha Town, Jinning Township, Lieyu Township and Wuqiu Township

"Lianjiang county"

4 Township

Nangan Township, Beigan Township, Juguang Township and Dongyin Township

notes:

Map of Diaoyu Island, an affiliated island of Taiwan

Map of Diaoyu Island, an affiliated island of Taiwan

According to the administrative divisions of the Taiwan authorities, the islands of the Dongsha Islands in Guangdong Province, the Taiping islands and Zhongzhou reefs of Spratly Islands in Hainan province are actually divided by the Taiwan authorities into the zoning district of Taiwan, the Kaohsiung area.

(2) Diaoyu Island and its affiliated islands are the inherent territory of China and the affiliated islands of Taiwan Island. They are subordinate to daxili, Toucheng Town, Yilan County. On September 18, 2014, the people's Court of Xiapu County, Fujian Province exercised civil jurisdiction over the Diaoyu Island exclusive economic zone for the first time.

(3) Kinmen County and Lianjiang county, which are actually controlled by the Taiwan authorities, are the islands of Fujian Province.

(4) demographic data as of December 2020.

Geographical division

According to the historical, cultural and natural environment, Taiwan Province can be divided into four geographical regions and five metropolitan areas, namely North Taiwan, Central Taiwan, South Taiwan and East Taiwan, or called North, central, South and East. The five metropolitan areas are the development areas of six "municipalities directly under the central government" of the Taiwan authorities, namely Taipei metropolitan area, Taoyuan Chungli metropolitan area, Taichung Changhua metropolitan area, Tainan metropolitan area and Kaohsiung metropolitan area. Among them, Taipei metropolitan area composed of Taipei City, Xinbei city and Keelung City is the largest, and this area also generally refers to the greater Taipei area. At present, the "Taiwan regional comprehensive development plan" of the competent administrative department of the Taiwan authorities and the weather forecast of the meteorological department of the Taiwan authorities will use the division method of four geographical regions. However, the meteorological department of the Taiwan authorities classified Ilan County as the eastern region of Taiwan, Miaoli County as the northern region of Taiwan, and Chiayi County and city as the central region of Taiwan, which is different from the division method of the administrative department of the Taiwan authorities.

Geographical division of Taiwan Province

North Taiwan

Central Taiwan

South Taiwan

East Taiwan

administrative division

Taipei City, Xinbei City, Keelung City, Taoyuan City, Hsinchu City, Hsinchu County, Yilan County

Miaoli County, Taichung City, Changhua County, Nantou County, Yunlin County

Chiayi City, Chiayi County, Tainan City, Kaohsiung City, Pingdong County, Penghu County

Hualien County, Taitung County

Area (km2)

seven thousand three hundred and fifty-three point four

ten thousand five hundred and six point nine

ten thousand and five point four

eight thousand one hundred and forty-three point three

Population (February 2021)

10 million 661 thousand and 150

5 million 813 thousand and 205

6 million 382 thousand and 86

549 thousand and 819

The geographical division is based on the comprehensive development plan for the Taiwan region issued by the competent administrative department of the Taiwan authorities.

Location context

Taiwan Province is one of the 34 provincial administrative regions of the people's Republic of China and one of the two island provinces of the people's Republic of China. The jurisdiction of Taiwan Province includes Taiwan Island and its affiliated islands and Penghu Islands. At present, the whole territory of Taiwan Province is controlled by the Taiwan authorities. In addition to the whole province of Taiwan, the People's Republic of China islands under the control of the Taiwan authorities are also the islands of the Fujian, People's Republic of China, Mazu islands and Wuqiu islands. The Dongsha Islands in Guangdong Province, the Taiping island and the central Zhou reef and the surrounding islands in Hainan Province, are under the jurisdiction of People's Republic of China, which are classified as Fujian and Guangdong provinces. Hainan province does not belong to the jurisdiction of Taiwan Province, but because it is actually controlled by the Taiwan authorities, it is collectively referred to as the Taiwan region together with Taiwan Province. The area actually controlled by the Taiwan authorities totals 36192.8155 square kilometers.

Taiwan island covers an area of 35886.8623 square kilometers (including affiliated Islands). It is the largest island in China and the 38th largest island in the world. It is about 395 kilometers long from north to South and 145 kilometers wide from east to west. The coastline of Taiwan Island and its affiliated islands is 1251.2806 kilometers long (1150.9533 kilometers long in Taiwan), including the Penghu Islands, with a total length of 1578.0441 kilometers. It not only guards the important north-south sea route of China, China's Chinese mainland be closely related and mutually dependent, and are an important transportation hub for China's maritime ties with the Asia Pacific region. The strategic value of Taiwan island is extremely important. It is a maritime barrier on the side of China's southeast coastal and offshore traffic lines and a strategic place to safeguard China's maritime rights and interests in the East China Sea, the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean.

Statistical time: the end of December 2017; Statistical unit: competent department of internal affairs of the Taiwan authorities

The Taiwan Strait runs from northeast to southwest, connecting the East China Sea and the South China Sea. The narrowest part is about 130 kilometers. It is China's main maritime traffic route, and about 3 / 4 of China's maritime routes pass through it; The Taiwan Strait is also an important international maritime traffic route and one of the busiest "maritime lifelines" in the world.

Taiwan adopts UTC + 8 time zone of 120 degrees east longitude, which is consistent with Beijing time, Hong Kong time and Macao standard time used by other provinces and regions in China.

Geological structure

Taiwan Island and its adjacent island arcs in the north and South belong to the new fold belt around the Pacific Ocean. The Taiwan geosyncline, which began to be formed in the late Paleozoic, has evolved several times and entered the stage of island arc formation through Miocene sea water rise and fall and Pliocene orogeny. The geosyncline era has basically ended. However, after the violent upward movement in the Pleistocene, intermittent uplift continued to occur, and the North-South mountains on the island were more towering due to the East-West lateral pressure. Taiwan's mountains with the central mountains as the main axis show the characteristics of island arcs. Taiwan island is an island extruded and uplifted by the Eurasian plate, Okinawa plate and Philippine Plate. The developed crustal movement and orogeny make Taiwan's terrain complex and diverse. Most of the geological structures are composed of the Eurasian plate, and the Philippine Plate becomes a subduction zone downward. The eastern and southern regions are affected by Luzon volcanic island arc and other plates to form complex geology, such as coastal mountains different from Huadong longitudinal valley but parallel to each other.

Taiwan island is located on the circum Pacific volcanic earthquake belt. There are many terrane faults that are easy to cause earthquakes. It is one of the most frequent earthquake areas in China. 35.9% of the 3888 earthquakes with magnitude 5 and above occurred in China in the 100 years from 1914 to 2014 occurred in Taiwan. The areas with frequent earthquakes are mainly concentrated in the west, East and northeast of Taiwan. Although the number of earthquakes in the west is small, the focal point is shallow and the population is dense, which often causes great disasters. There are frequent earthquakes in the East and northeast, but the focal point is deep and mostly occurs in the sea, so the disaster is relatively light. The 9.21 Nantou earthquake with a magnitude of 7.3 on the Richter scale in 1999 was the worst natural disaster in Taiwan after World War II. The great earthquake set off an upsurge of earthquake prevention and earthquake resistance in Taiwan. In 2000, the Taiwan legislature passed the "disaster prevention and rescue law", which was revised and improved many times in the following ten years.

Because it is located in the Pacific Rim volcanic belt, Taiwan has several dead volcanoes, dormant volcanoes and corresponding volcanic terrain. Keelung, Datun and Penghu are the three main volcanic groups in Taiwan Province. Among them, the largest Datun Volcanic Group is composed of more than 10 conical volcanic bodies. It is the only Volcanic Group located in the circum Pacific volcanic belt among the six major volcanic groups in China. It is also another area with complete volcanic characteristics and prominent geological and geomorphic features in addition to Changbai Mountain in Jilin and Wudalianchi in Heilongjiang in Northeast China. However, apart from the Tatun Volcano Group and Guishan Island, there is no obvious volcanic activity in Taiwan.

Taiwan also has many hot spring scenic spots because it is located in the fault zone. Among them, Beitou hot spring, Yangmingshan hot spring, guanziling hot spring and sichongxi hot spring are the four hot springs in Taiwan, attracting many Chinese and foreign tourists.

According to the research of Geology and Geophysics, Taiwan and the mainland were originally connected. The east coast of Taiwan Province is the edge of the mainland. The Taiwan mountains are originally the "boundary mountains" on the east side of the mainland. As can be seen from the topographic profile, the east coast of Taiwan Island drops sharply below sea level, and the seabed depth soon drops below 2000 meters, while the average depth of the Taiwan Strait in the west of Taiwan island is only 50 to 60 meters. This eastern mountain and deep sea trench, the western plain and shallow strait connected with the topography of the general trend, indicating that Taiwan island is located on the Chinese mainland shelf southeast edge of a continental island. Taiwan therefore has the nickname "floating Fujian", which means that Taiwan is the floating part of Fujian Province. The fossils contained in the marble of the central mountain range of Taiwan, such as spindle worm, hirschia and wa coral, are the same as those in the Permian strata of central and South China. The acid igneous rocks in Taiwan are the same as those in Fujian and Zhejiang. The limestone strata in the Da Nan'ao schist in Taitung are the same as those in the late Paleozoic marine strata in central and South China.

Topography and hydrology

Surrounded by the sea, Taiwan Island breeds a variety of coastal landforms. It is the most abundant, complete and unique place of coastal landforms in China. It can be divided into the northern Rocky Shore alternating between headlands and bays, the Western sandy shore with flat and monotonous coastline, the southern coral reef coast dominated by coral reef terrain, and the eastern fault coast adjacent to mountains and oceans.

Taiwan island is a long and narrow island shaped like banana leaves. It is roughly divided into five landforms: mountains, hills, basins, plains and platforms. More than half of the area is mountainous terrain in the East, with 24% of arable land. Mountains and hills account for more than 2 / 3 of the total area. It is the fourth highest island in the world. The mountain system is parallel to the Northeast southwest trend of Taiwan Island and lies vertically in the east of the central part of Taiwan Island. The north half is mainly northeast to southwest, and the South half is NNW to Southeast. The central mountain range stretches from north to south, dividing the whole island into asymmetric East-West parts. It is characterized by many mountains in the East, hills in the middle and plains in the West. Taiwan island has five mountains, four plains and three basins: the central mountains, snow mountains, Yushan mountains, Ali mountains and Taidong mountains; Yilan plain, Chianan Plain, Pingtung plain and Taitung longitudinal valley plain (also known as Huadong longitudinal valley plain); Taipei basin, Taichung basin and Puli Basin.

The eastern mountainous area is a folded fault block mountain system composed of parallel mountains such as nne-ssw coastal mountains, snow mountains, Yushan mountains and Ali mountains. The central mountain range in Central Taiwan starts near Suao in Ilan in the north and ends at Eluanbi in the south. It has continuous peaks, most of which are 3000 ~ 3500 meters above sea level, forming the "roof" of Taiwan Island. There are 7 peaks with an altitude of more than 3800 meters and 268 peaks with an altitude of more than 3000 meters. Yushan, the highest peak in Taiwan Province, is 3952 meters above sea level. It is also the highest peak in the coastal areas of eastern China. In winter, the top of Yushan Mountain is covered with ice and snow, which is as crystal as jade, so it is named. The waves at the foot of the mountain are rolling, and the water and sky are connected in the distance. The situation is very spectacular. There are Puli Basin, Riyuetan basin, Yilan plain (Lanyang Plain), the lower reaches of peinanxi and delta plain among the mountains.

The west is a plain formed by the impact of rivers, narrow in the north and wide in the south. Chianan Plain (between Changhua and Kaohsiung) is the largest plain in Taiwan, with an area of 4550 square kilometers. It is composed of river deltas such as Dawei River, chuoshui River, Beigang River and Zengwen river. Pingtung plain is a gaopingxi alluvial plain with an area of 1200 square kilometers. It is the second largest plain in Taiwan. Between the mountains in the East and the plains in the west, there are rolling hills and platforms, which are wide in the north and narrow in the south, with an altitude of 100 ~ 600 meters. There are 245 square kilometers of Taipei Basin and 400 square kilometers of Taichung basin. Most of the hills are lateritic tablelands cut by river erosion, mainly including Zhudong hills, Zhunan Miaoli hills, etc. Most of the platforms are formed by the accumulation of tougushan gravel layer and late Pleistocene laterite. The main platforms include Linkou platform, Taoyuan platform, Dadu platform, etc.

Taiwan is densely covered with large and small rivers, most of which originate in the central mountains and flow into the sea in all directions. It has the characteristics of large steepness, large flow, short process, large sediment concentration, many dangerous beaches and waterfalls. Most rivers are affected by the trend of mountains and mainly flow into the sea to the West or east of the island. There are 608 large and small rivers flowing into the sea alone, of which the rivers with a length of more than 100 kilometers include chuoshui River (186.6 kilometers), Gaoping River (171 kilometers), Danshui River (158.7 kilometers), Zeng Wenxi River (138.5 kilometers), Dajia River (124.2 kilometers), Wuxi River (119.13 kilometers), etc. Because the central mountain range of the largest watershed is located to the East, most of the main rivers are distributed in the western half. The rivers flowing into the sea in the West and south of the great watershed account for 4 / 5, including the Choushui River with the longest length and in the middle, the Gaoping River with the widest drainage basin in the South and the Danshui River with the third length and drainage area in the north, while the rivers flowing into the sea in the East account for 1 / 5. Most of the lakes are located in the west, and only a few are natural lakes. Among them, the largest natural lake is Riyue lake with an area of 7.93 square kilometers, and most of the others are artificial reservoirs and ponds, including Zengwen reservoir, the largest reservoir and lake in Taiwan Province with an area of 17.14 square kilometers, as well as Shimen Reservoir, Hutou reservoir, etc. Jiaolong waterfall in Chiayi County is divided into four floors with a total drop of 1000 meters. It is the largest waterfall in Taiwan. Because the mountains on Taiwan island are continuous and the mountains run north-south, most rivers run east-west, and the rainfall season is unevenly distributed. Therefore, the river flow in Taiwan changes greatly. In case of Rainstorm in summer, the river rolls and soon flows into the sea; In the dry season in winter, the river is only trickling and becomes a dry stream. Therefore, although Taiwan's rivers are dense and numerous, most of them are less than 100 kilometers long, and most of the drainage area is less than 2000 square kilometers, so they do not have the function of shipping. Tamsui River is the only river in Taiwan that once had the advantage of shipping. Later, due to the siltation of the riverbed, water transportation has been replaced by land transportation.

There are also volcanic islands around Taiwan Island, such as Penghu Archipelago, Lanyu Island, green island, Guishan Island, Keelung Island, Mianhua Island, Pengjia island and vase Island, coral reef islands such as Ryukyu Island and Qixingyan, and mainland islands such as Diaoyu Island, which are all under the jurisdiction of Taiwan Province. Penghu Archipelago was formed by the cooling of lava gushed out of the surface by submarine volcanic activities from 17 million to 8 million years ago. The magnificent columnar basalt is naturally formed, with strange landscapes such as vertical, inclined, radial and inverted. Penghu Archipelago is one of the three major volcanic groups in Taiwan, with strong wind, rugged surface, less surface runoff and insufficient fresh water resources. Cotton Island, vase island and Pengjia island have many mountains. The vegetation is mainly grassland, there are no large trees, and there are no permanent residents due to the strong wind all year round. The total land area of Diaoyu Island and its affiliated islands is about 5.69 square kilometers, of which Diaoyu Island is the largest, about 3.9 square kilometers; The landscape of each island varies greatly. Only Diaoyu Island and Huangwei island are covered with forests, while other islands are only covered with a small amount of shrubs and herbaceous vegetation. There are many natural plants such as camellia, palm, cactus and hibiscus, as well as other medicinal plants; There are no settled households on the island, but fishermen from Fujian, Taiwan, Zhejiang and other provinces often come here to fish or make short-term berthing.

The Taiwan authorities actually control Kinmen, Mazu, Wuqiu and other islands in Fujian Province. Among the Jinmen Islands in Fujian Province, there are several fresh water streams on Dadan Island (dajinmen Island), but the fresh water resources are still insufficient. The terrain is mainly hilly and there are few plains. Lieyu (xiaojinmen) has no perennial surface runoff, the supply of fresh water is difficult, and there are few flat lands on the island. Among the Wuqiu islands in Fujian Province, the terrain of DaQiu Island (Wuqiu Island) is relatively flat, while Xiaoqiu island has more hills. All of the Mazu islands in Fujian Province are granite rock islands, with less soil, difficult farming and rich coastal cross-country resources.

Climate Ecology

Taiwan straddles the Tropic of cancer and is affected by Taiwan's warm current all year round. The Tropic of cancer passes through Chiayi, Hualien and other places in the south central part of Taiwan Island, dividing the north and south of Taiwan Island into two climate zones. The central and north belong to subtropical monsoon climate, and the South belongs to tropical monsoon climate. Taiwan Province can be said to have a long summer. The overall climate is long and humid in summer and short and warm in winter. The annual average temperature is 20 ~ 25 ℃ (except for high mountains), the average temperature in January is 13 ~ 20 ℃, and the average temperature in July is 24 ~ 29 ℃. It is higher in the South and lower in the north. In addition, due to the high terrain, the vertical temperature changes greatly. For example, the average temperature in January in Tainan is about 17 ℃, Yushan (3850m above sea level) is less than 1 ℃, and the extreme lowest air temperature is − 12 ℃. Affected by the northeast monsoon in the north, there is a rainy season from January to March. In winter, the central and southern regions are not significantly affected. Taiwan enters the plum rain season in May. June to September is the summer in Taiwan. The weather is hot. The Taipei metropolitan area is a basin terrain, and the heat energy cannot dissipate quickly. Coupled with the urban heat island effect, the maximum temperature in summer can often reach 35 ℃ or above, and the average temperature in July can be close to 30 ℃. Taiwan island is surrounded by the sea. When the Siberian cold high goes south from September to May every year, the cold air is reconciled by the ocean, and the temperature in winter is slightly warmer than that in South China. In winter, the temperature of flat land north of Tainan occasionally appears 4 ℃. The average temperature in January in the middle and north is about 12 ~ 15 ℃, and the average temperature in January in the South can be as high as about 18 ℃. Hehuan mountain, Yushan Mountain, snow mountain and other high mountains with an altitude of more than 1500 meters often have snow from November to April due to their high terrain.

Taiwan has abundant rainfall and humid climate. The average annual rainfall is more than 2500 mm, about three times the world average rainfall. The rainy centers at the north and south ends can reach 5000 mm. Due to different seasons, locations and elevations, the rainfall in various places will change accordingly. The eastern and northern parts of China have heavy rainfall and rain throughout the year. Huoshaoliao in Northeast Taiwan, located in Pingxi District, Xinbei City, has the largest annual rainfall. It is 380 meters above sea level, with an average annual rainfall of 6572 mm and a maximum of 8408 mm (1912). It is known as the "rain pole" in China; Keelung port is called "rain port" because of its abundant rainfall and an average of 214 rainy days a year. The rainy season in central and southern China is mainly concentrated in summer. The northeast monsoon brought by the Mongolian high pressure prevails in winter and the southwest monsoon prevails in summer. The high mountains block the monsoon and form the rain shadow effect.

Taiwan is one of the areas most affected by typhoons in China. The typhoon season is from June to September and the most in August. There are an average of three to four typhoons in summer and autumn every year. Typhoon provides abundant water, but the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall is uneven, which is easy to cause disasters such as flood and debris flow. If there is no trump rain caused by summer typhoon, it will be prone to drought in winter. Therefore, dams are generally built in all rivers and rivers, and water is stored in the rainy season and electricity is generated.

Taiwan Province has a wide variety of plants, including more than 10000 kinds of plants, including more than 3000 flowering plants and more than 640 kinds of true ferns. It is a famous natural botanical garden in Asia. The forest coverage rate reaches 58.5%, and the forest area is about 1.865 million hectares, of which about 87% are subtropical and tropical forests, 11% are temperate forests, and the rest are subtropical and cold forests. It is one of the important timber producing areas in China. The natural vegetation in the North belongs to subtropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest. There are mainly Castanopsis carlesii, Castanopsis fargesii, Cinnamomum cassia, banyan, camphor, Taiwan Yellow wolfberry, etc. Large herbaceous plants, woody vines, epiphytic ferns, orchids and bryophytes are mainly distributed in hills and low mountains above 500 meters above sea level, with certain characteristics of rainforest. Tropical rain forests are only distributed in Kaohsiung, Pingtung Hengchun and Taitung at the southern tip of the island, mainly including Taiwan nutmeg, white winged tree, long leaf cinnamon, etc. The vertical differentiation of mountain vegetation and soil in the territory is significant. It is evergreen broad-leaved forest and subtropical coniferous forest at an altitude of about 500 ~ 2000 meters; From 2000 to 3000 meters, it is a mixed forest of deciduous broad-leaved trees, evergreen broad-leaved trees and conifers; 3000 ~ 3600m is subalpine coniferous forest; 3600 ~ 3950m are subalpine shrubs and subalpine meadows containing evergreen shrubs. There are 67 genera, 81 species and 1 variety of tree species in Taiwan, which are the same as those in the southeast coast of the mainland. The soil is mainly lateritic red soil, which is mostly distributed in Hilly and low mountain areas. The mountain soil from hilly and low mountain areas is successively replaced by yellow soil, yellow brown soil, gray brown soil, meadow soil, etc. More than 3000 meters are mostly rocky soil. Due to heavy precipitation, the soil is strongly leached, the soil is sticky, the base has been basically leached, and the fertility is not high.

Taiwan island has rich and diverse ecological types. The good natural environment makes it a kingdom of animals and plants, of which 11% of animals and 27% of plants are endemic species, such as cherry blossom Oncorhynchus salmon inhabiting in mountain waters, Taiwan black bear, Taiwan macaque, Taiwan black bear and blue bellied pheasant haunting in Taiwan's central mountains, as well as more than 3000 kinds of fish and more than 500 kinds of birds, Taiwan has become one of the most important places for ecological protection in the world. Taiwan is rich in marine products, rich in snapper, tuna, bonito, shark, eel and other fish, as well as cauliflower, asparagus, staghorn, partridge, hawksbill shell, coral, pearl and so on. Taiwan and the mainland were originally conjoined. Between Fujian and Taiwan, animals can migrate freely and plants can spread each other. At least 64 kinds of animals on Taiwan Island originated from the mainland and migrated from the mainland to Taiwan during the Pleistocene. Taiwan province once had the reputation of "butterfly kingdom". The small Taiwan island once bred nearly 400 kinds of butterflies. The number of butterfly species in China is second only to Sichuan Province. However, due to economic development and the development of suburbs and mountains, the habitat environment of butterflies has been destroyed, the natural ecological environment of Taiwan has suffered unprecedented havoc, and many butterflies are facing extinction or endangered, Today, there are only about 380 butterfly species in Taiwan Province. The mountainous area in Central Taiwan has the largest number and species of butterflies in the province.

Due to the growth of muddy beaches and mangroves along the coast of Taiwan Island, it has attracted migratory birds from all over the world and become a shelter for migratory birds to transit and inhabit. There are summer migratory birds from tropical areas to Taiwan for summer vacation during spring and summer, such as colorful and beautiful eight color birds; There are also winter migratory birds that go south from the cold temperate zone to Taiwan to avoid the cold in autumn, such as the few black faced spoonbills left in the world, who come to the Zeng wenxikou swamp in Taiwan every year to spend winter, and the gray faced vultures who come to Taiwan on time in October every year; There are also more migratory birds that take Taiwan as a relay station or migration destination, adding exuberant vitality to Taiwan's ecology. Taiwan Province is rich in marine ecology. On the east coast of the Pacific Ocean to the East, you can see groups of bottlenose dolphins, bottlenose dolphins, grey dolphins, Sarawak dolphins and tropical spotted dolphins jumping on the sea. There are also beautiful coral colonies in Kenting, Pingtung County in the south, green island and Penghu on the outer islands.

The Penghu Islands in Taiwan Province are separated from the main island of Taiwan by a strip of water, but the climate is very different. The northeast monsoon brings strong winds and bad sea conditions to the Penghu Islands from October to March every year. Only dwarf grass and shrubs can grow on the island. Affected by the flat terrain, the Penghu Islands have little precipitation and uneven distribution. The annual precipitation is only 1000mm, which is the area with the least annual precipitation in Taiwan Province.

Diaoyu Island and its affiliated islands are the affiliated islands of Taiwan Island, belonging to subtropical monsoon climate, which is basically the same as that in the northeast of Taiwan Island. In summer, it is the sea area that Taiwan warm current (Kuroshio) must pass through. Affected by the typhoon moving from the Pacific Ocean, it is a typhoon channel, and Taiwan winds pass through many times every year. The Diaoyu Islands are also affected by the monsoon that regularly changes direction with different seasons every year. Because the Taiwan warm current (Kuroshio) has the characteristics of high water temperature and high salinity, the waters of the Diaoyu Islands have become a good place for fish habitat, activity, growth and reproduction. It is a famous fishing ground in the East China Sea. In terms of fishing ground division, it belongs to the East Fujian fishing ground and Taipei fishing ground that Chinese fishermen have always called.

The Taiwan authorities actually control Jinmen, Mazu and Wuqiu in Fujian Province and Taiping island in Hainan Province. Mazu islands in Fujian Province have important marine and climatic ecological research value. It belongs to subtropical monsoon climate. It is mild and humid in winter and sometimes cold, while it is light and dry in spring and autumn and rainy in summer; There are many birds on the island, including silver gull, albatross, brown Headed Gull and other seabirds; The island is mainly granite, so the vegetation is not rich, mainly grassland. Wuqiu islands are small in size, but rich in fish and aquatic organisms, occasionally haunted by Chinese white dolphins. Jinmen Islands is located in the south of Xiamen Island near the Tropic of cancer, with a typical tropical monsoon climate. Taiping island in Hainan Province is the largest island in the South China Sea and the only island with fresh water. The island is rich in vegetation.

Taiwan related laws and regulations

The preamble to the constitution of the people's Republic of China clearly states that "Taiwan is part of the sacred territory of the people's Republic of China. It is the sacred duty of the whole Chinese people, including the Taiwan compatriots, to complete the great cause of reunifying the motherland". As the fundamental law of the country, the constitution is the highest guiding document for the government of the people's Republic of China to deal with Taiwan related issues.

Article 8 of the anti secession law stipulates that if the "Taiwan independence" secessionist forces cause the fact of Taiwan's separation from China in any name or by any means, or major events that will lead to Taiwan's separation from China occur, or the possibility of peaceful reunification is completely lost, the state may take non peaceful means and other necessary measures to safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity.

Article 11 of the national security law of the people's Republic of China stipulates that China's sovereignty and territorial integrity are inviolable and indivisible. Safeguarding China's sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity is the common obligation of all Chinese people, including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan compatriots.

According to the principle of territorial jurisdiction stipulated in Article 6 of the criminal law of the people's Republic of China, mainland judicial organs have jurisdiction over crimes committed within the territory of the people's Republic of China. Taiwan is part of China's territory, so mainland judicial organs have jurisdiction over criminal acts in Taiwan that violate the criminal law of the people's Republic of China. Secondly, according to the principle of personal jurisdiction stipulated in Article 7 of the law, the mainland judicial organs have jurisdiction over all crimes committed by citizens of the people's Republic of China, even if they occur in foreign countries. According to the Constitution and relevant laws and regulations, residents of Taiwan are citizens of the people's Republic of China.

The government of the people's Republic of China shall, in accordance with the anti secession law, the law of the people's Republic of China on the protection of Taiwan compatriots' investment, the measures for the administration of mainland enterprises' investment in Taiwan, the measures for the administration of Chinese citizens' visits to Taiwan, the measures for the administration of Taiwan journalists' interviews in the mainland of the motherland, the measures for the administration of mainland residents' tourism to Taiwan and the measures for the administration of trade with Taiwan The Interim Measures for the supervision and administration of direct shipping across the Taiwan Strait and other laws and regulations regulate Taiwan related affairs.

The government of the people's Republic of China shall make civil judgments made by the relevant courts in Taiwan in accordance with the provisions of the Supreme People's Court on the recognition and enforcement of civil judgments of courts in Taiwan adopted by the judicial committee of the Supreme People's court , in addition to the non recognition of judgments that should be under the exclusive jurisdiction of the mainland, do not comply with the one China principle or violate the laws and regulations of the people's Republic of China, they must also be approved by the ruling of the intermediate people's Court of the people's Republic of China.

On April 26, 2009, the SEF and ARATS, authorized by the central government and the Taiwan authorities, jointly signed the agreement on Cross Strait joint fight against crime and mutual legal assistance. According to this agreement, the two sides agreed to provide judicial assistance in civil, criminal and other fields.

Taiwan delegation to the National People's Congress

The National People's Congress is the highest organ of state power. According to the current law, Taiwan Province should elect 13 deputies to the National People's Congress from among Taiwan compatriots in all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, the people's Liberation Army and Central Party and government organs.

In 1975, the Fourth National People's Congress established a delegation of Taiwan Province for the first time. The Fifth National People's Congress decided that before the complete reunification of the motherland, Taiwan Province would temporarily elect 13 deputies to the National People's Congress, and the remaining number of deputies to be elected according to the proportion of the population would be retained. Since then, deputies to the National People's Congress of Taiwan Province have been democratically elected by holding a Consultative Election Meeting in accordance with the election plan formulated by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

CPPCC

Among all sectors of the National Committee and local committees of the Chinese people's Political Consultative Conference, there are two sectors: the Taiwan League for democratic autonomy and the all China Association of Taiwan compatriots.

The Taiwan Democratic self government League (hereinafter referred to as the Taiwan League) was established in Hong Kong on November 12, 1947 by some people from Taiwan province engaged in patriotic democratic movements after the February 28 uprising of the people of Taiwan Province. After its establishment, the Taiwan League accepted the leadership of the Communist Party of China, actively responded to the "May Day Slogan" put forward by the Communist Party of China for convening a New Political Consultative Conference and establishing a democratic coalition government, participated in the first plenary session of the Chinese people's Political Consultative Conference and the establishment of the people's Republic of China. Since the founding of the people's Republic of China, the Taiwan League has participated in the work of the people's political power and the CPPCC, promoted its allies and associated Taiwan compatriots, and made contributions to the socialist revolution and construction, reform and opening up, building socialism with Chinese characteristics and promoting the great cause of national reunification.

The all China Taiwan compatriots Association (hereinafter referred to as the all China Taiwan compatriots Association) was established in Beijing on December 22, 1981. It is a patriotic mass organization of compatriots of all ethnic groups in Taiwan and a bridge and link between the party and the government and Taiwan compatriots. Since its establishment, the all China Federation of Taiwan compatriots has inherited and carried forward the glorious tradition of patriotism and hometown love of Taiwan compatriots, held high the banner of socialism and patriotism, adhered to the one China principle, closely contacted Taiwan compatriots residing in the mainland of the motherland, extensively united and contacted Taiwan compatriots permanently residing in the mainland, Taiwan Island, Hong Kong, Macao and overseas, and promoted cross-strait economic and cultural exchanges and cooperation "Taiwan independence", promote the peaceful development of cross-strait relations, promote the process of peaceful reunification of the motherland and realize the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

Department in charge of cross strait affairs

The Taiwan Affairs Office of the CPC Central Committee and the Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council, hereinafter referred to as the Taiwan Affairs Office, have two brands. They are the offices of the central leading group for Taiwan Work and the institutions for implementing the principles and policies for Taiwan work determined by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council of the people's Republic of China.

The Mainland Affairs Council of Taiwan is an official counterpart for handling cross-strait affairs under the jurisdiction of Taiwan's administrative body.

Taiwan issue

The Taiwan issue is not only a legacy of China's civil war, but also an important political issue across the Taiwan Strait. In 1949, the Kuomintang government retreated to Taiwan because of the defeat of the civil war. In 1950, when the Korean War broke out, the United States dispatched seventh fleet to invade Taiwan and Taiwan Straits. In 1954, it signed the joint defense treaty with Taiwan authorities, placing Taiwan under the protection of the United States, resulting in the separation of Taiwan from Chinese mainland.

In February 1972, when US President Nixon visited China, China and the United States issued the Shanghai Communique. On January 1, 1979, China and the United States officially established diplomatic relations. The United States recognized the government of the people's Republic of China as the only legitimate government of China and Taiwan as a part of China. It also declared that it would "sever diplomatic relations" with the Taiwan authorities, abrogate the "common Defense Treaty" and withdraw its troops from Taiwan. However, three months after the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States, the US Senate and house of Representatives passed the Taiwan Relations Act, which entered into force after being signed by the US president, and continued to support Taiwan in political, economic, military and other aspects.

Since 1949, the Communist Party of China, the Chinese government and the Chinese people have always regarded solving the Taiwan issue and realizing the complete reunification of the motherland as their unswerving historical task. The Chinese government's basic policy for resolving the Taiwan issue is "peaceful reunification, one country, two systems", but it does not promise to renounce the use of force. In the anti secession law enacted in 2005, it further defines the one China principle in the form of law. On January 1, 1979, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress issued a "letter to Taiwan compatriots", announcing the policy of reunifying the motherland by peaceful means. In the early 1980s, in order to solve the Taiwan issue, Deng Xiaoping put forward the concept of "one country, two systems", which was first used to solve the problems of Hong Kong and Macao. On January 2, 2019, general secretary Xi Jinping delivered an important speech entitled "struggle for the great rejuvenation of the nation and promoting peaceful reunification of the motherland" at the 40th anniversary commemorative meeting of the "Taiwan compatriots". It expounded comprehensively the important policy proposition of promoting the unification of the motherland in the great journey of national rejuvenation, and it is a fundamental guideline and guide for the work of Taiwan in the new era.

1992 consensus

"1992 consensus" refers to the oral consensus that "both sides of the Strait adhere to the one China principle" reached in November 1992 between the mainland's Association for cross strait relations and Taiwan's Strait Exchange Foundation on how to show their attitude of adhering to the one China principle in the business talks between the two associations. [384]

The report of the 19th CPC National Congress pointed out that the "1992 consensus" embodying the one China principle clearly defines the fundamental nature of cross-strait relations and is the key to ensuring the peaceful development of cross-strait relations. Recognizing the historical fact of the "1992 consensus" and recognizing that both sides of the Strait belong to one China, both sides of the Strait can carry out dialogue and negotiate to solve issues of concern to compatriots on both sides of the Strait, and there will be no obstacles to exchanges between any political party or organization in Taiwan and the mainland. If we deny the "1992 consensus" and undermine this common political foundation, cross-strait relations are bound to stagnate or even regress, the gains will be lost, and the interests of compatriots on both sides of the Strait, especially Taiwan compatriots, will be directly damaged. [383]

Peaceful reunification, one country, two systems

Taiwan is a sacred and inalienable part of Chinese territory. After 1949, due to well-known reasons, Taiwan and the mainland were temporarily separated. Therefore, the complete reunification of the motherland is the common aspiration of all Chinese at home and abroad. The Communist Party of China and the Chinese government regard the accomplishment of the great cause of the peaceful reunification of the motherland as their important historical task and have made unremitting efforts for a long time.

As early as the 1950s, the Chinese government put forward the idea of peaceful reunification. In May 1955, Premier Zhou proposed that "the Chinese people are willing to strive for the peaceful liberation of Taiwan under possible conditions." in May 1960, Chairman Mao proposed that as long as Taiwan returns to the motherland, except that diplomacy must be unified with the central government, all military and political power and personnel arrangement power should be controlled by the Taiwan authorities. This can be said to be the embryonic form of "peaceful reunification and one country, two systems". In January 1979, Comrade Deng Xiaoping put forward the concept of "one country, two systems", pointing out that "as long as Taiwan returns to the motherland, we respect the reality and the current system there." on September 30, 1981, chairman Ye Jianying officially issued a nine point policy on the peaceful reunification of the mainland and Taiwan "After the reunification of the country, Taiwan can be a special administrative region, enjoy a high degree of autonomy, and retain the army. The central government does not interfere in Taiwan's local affairs. - Taiwan's current social and economic system, lifestyle and economic and cultural relations with foreign countries remain unchanged." adopted at the fifth session of the National People's Congress in 1982 The constitution of the people's Republic of China has added provisions on the establishment of special administrative regions, which provides a legal basis for the implementation of "one country, two systems". On January 30, 1995, President Jiang Zemin's important speech "continue to strive for the completion of the great cause of national reunification" further expounded "peaceful reunification and one country, two systems" It puts forward eight proposals for developing cross-strait relations and promoting the process of peaceful reunification of the motherland at the present stage.

Comrade Deng Xiaoping's scientific concept of "one country, two systems" was put forward according to China's actual situation. It not only safeguarded national sovereignty, but also fully took into account the specific situation of the Taiwan issue. "One country, two systems" It is to implement two systems within the scope of the people's Republic of China, a sovereign country. On the premise of one China, the main body of the country adheres to the socialist system, while maintaining the original capitalist system and way of life in Taiwan for a long time, which not only reflects the principle of realizing the reunification of the motherland and safeguarding national sovereignty, but also fully takes into account the history and reality of Taiwan The implementation of "peaceful reunification and one country, two systems" is conducive to the reunification of the motherland, national rejuvenation and world peace and development. Therefore, it has been widely understood, supported and praised by the majority of Chinese at home and abroad, overseas Chinese and world public opinion Driven by the basic principles and various policies, cross-strait relations have developed greatly. People to people exchanges and exchanges in science, technology, culture, sports and other fields across the Strait have flourished, and a situation of mutual economic promotion, complementarity and mutual benefit between the two sides has taken shape. This fully shows "peaceful reunification and one country, two systems" The great power of the concept. The smooth return of Hong Kong and Macao and the maintenance of prosperity and stability have created favorable conditions for the settlement of the Taiwan issue. Taiwan's future depends on the reunification of the motherland, and there is absolutely no way out for separatism. A few people such as Lee Teng Hui have betrayed the one China principle and created "two Chinas" and "one China, one Taiwan" The attempt to split the motherland will not succeed and will inevitably be opposed by all the Chinese people, including the Taiwan compatriots. Realizing the reunification of the motherland is a historical trend and the aspiration of all the Chinese people on both sides of the Taiwan Strait. With the joint efforts of all the Chinese people, including the Taiwan compatriots, the day of realizing the complete reunification of the motherland will surely come.

The political system of the Taiwan authorities

Taiwan is a sacred and inalienable part of Chinese territory. After 1949, due to well-known reasons, Taiwan and the mainland were temporarily separated. Therefore, the complete reunification of the motherland is the common aspiration of all Chinese at home and abroad. The Communist Party of China and the Chinese government regard the accomplishment of the great cause of the peaceful reunification of the motherland as their important historical task and have made unremitting efforts for a long time.

As early as the 1950s, the Chinese government put forward the idea of peaceful reunification. In May 1955, Premier Zhou proposed that "the Chinese people are willing to strive for the peaceful liberation of Taiwan under possible conditions." in May 1960, Chairman Mao proposed that as long as Taiwan returns to the motherland, except that diplomacy must be unified with the central government, all military and political power and personnel arrangement power should be controlled by the Taiwan authorities. This can be said to be the embryonic form of "peaceful reunification and one country, two systems". In January 1979, Comrade Deng Xiaoping put forward the concept of "one country, two systems", pointing out that "as long as Taiwan returns to the motherland, we respect the reality and the current system there." on September 30, 1981, chairman Ye Jianying officially issued a nine point policy on the peaceful reunification of the mainland and Taiwan "After the reunification of the country, Taiwan can be a special administrative region, enjoy a high degree of autonomy, and retain the army. The central government does not interfere in Taiwan's local affairs. - Taiwan's current social and economic system, lifestyle and economic and cultural relations with foreign countries remain unchanged." adopted at the fifth session of the National People's Congress in 1982 The constitution of the people's Republic of China has added provisions on the establishment of special administrative regions, which provides a legal basis for the implementation of "one country, two systems". On January 30, 1995, President Jiang Zemin's important speech "continue to strive for the completion of the great cause of national reunification" further expounded "peaceful reunification and one country, two systems" It puts forward eight proposals for developing cross-strait relations and promoting the process of peaceful reunification of the motherland at the present stage.

Comrade Deng Xiaoping's scientific concept of "one country, two systems" was put forward according to China's actual situation. It not only safeguarded national sovereignty, but also fully took into account the specific situation of the Taiwan issue. "One country, two systems" It is to implement two systems within the scope of the people's Republic of China, a sovereign country. On the premise of one China, the main body of the country adheres to the socialist system, while maintaining the original capitalist system and way of life in Taiwan for a long time, which not only reflects the principle of realizing the reunification of the motherland and safeguarding national sovereignty, but also fully takes into account the history and reality of Taiwan The implementation of "peaceful reunification and one country, two systems" is conducive to the reunification of the motherland, national rejuvenation and world peace and development. Therefore, it has been widely understood, supported and praised by the majority of Chinese at home and abroad, overseas Chinese and world public opinion Driven by the basic principles and various policies, cross-strait relations have developed greatly. People to people exchanges and exchanges in science, technology, culture, sports and other fields across the Strait have flourished, and a situation of mutual economic promotion, complementarity and mutual benefit between the two sides has taken shape. This fully shows "peaceful reunification and one country, two systems" The great power of the concept. The smooth return of Hong Kong and Macao and the maintenance of prosperity and stability have created favorable conditions for the settlement of the Taiwan issue. Taiwan's future depends on the reunification of the motherland, and there is absolutely no way out for separatism. A few people such as Lee Teng Hui have betrayed the one China principle and created "two Chinas" and "one China, one Taiwan" The attempt to split the motherland will not succeed and will inevitably be opposed by all the Chinese people, including the Taiwan compatriots. Realizing the reunification of the motherland is a historical trend and the aspiration of all the Chinese people on both sides of the Taiwan Strait. With the joint efforts of all the Chinese people, including the Taiwan compatriots, the day of realizing the complete reunification of the motherland will surely come.

"Legal" system

The "law" system in Taiwan is deeply influenced by the Chinese legal system, as well as the legal systems of Japan, Germany and other countries. The "law" in Taiwan adopts the written law system of the continental legal system, which is mainly divided into three levels: constitutional provisions, "law" and orders in Taiwan. The "law" of a lower level cannot violate the "law" of a higher level The formulation and amendment of the law need to be reviewed and approved by the legislative body of Taiwan, and then promulgated and implemented by the leaders of Taiwan. The administrative body of Taiwan, the examination management body of Taiwan or other "organs" can issue orders. In addition to the explicit "law", the "court of final appeal" will continue to unify the "law" in the past Opinions, and select some controversial issues from the judgment and compile them into precedents. Precedents do not force the judges of the lower "court" to adopt them, but in fact they have a considerable degree of influence. In addition to compiling precedents, even the general decisions made by the "court of final appeal" are often cited in the trial of the lower "court".

party

By the end of 2019, there were 291 political parties of all kinds and 45 political groups in Taiwan. The main political parties include the Democratic Progressive Party, the Kuomintang, the Taiwan people's party, the people first party, the new party, the non Party solidarity alliance, "the power of the times", etc. among them, the Democratic Progressive Party and the Kuomintang have the greatest influence. Political parties in Taiwan have fierce competition around various public office elections.

local self-government

The Taiwan authorities implement a system of local autonomy. The levels of local autonomy include cities (including "municipalities directly under the central government" of the Taiwan authorities) and counties and townships. Cities (including "municipalities directly under the central government" of the Taiwan authorities) and counties and townships are local autonomous organizations with the status of public legal persons. The administrative heads of cities, counties and townships are elected by the people, and the municipal and county assemblies and township citizen representatives supervise the administration of local administrative institutions.

Chronological calendar

According to the relevant regulations of the Taiwan authorities, the "Republic of China calendar" is used in all organs and official documents in Taiwan. The founding year of the Republic of China in 1912 is the first year, which is 1911 years different from the year of the ad. the general calendar is mainly the Gregorian calendar commonly used internationally, the lunar calendar is also popular among the people, and the "people's Republic of China calendar" is used in parallel with the year of the ad. according to the Taiwan Affairs Office of the CPC Central Committee The "opinions on the correct use of Taiwan related propaganda terms" do not use the "Republic of China" calendar for the political power in Taiwan after October 1, 1949.

The current military system in Taiwan basically follows the military system in the mainland before the Kuomintang ruling group withdrew from Taiwan. The Taiwan army is composed of the army, navy and air force. In wartime, it can be supplemented by law enforcement agencies such as sea patrol and police. In addition, the Taiwan army also has a "zitongdian army headquarters", which takes network attack and defense as the core, information security as the basis, and electromagnetic development as the future. At present, there are about 215000 standing troops and about 2.38 million reserve soldiers. From January 1, 2018, the Taiwan authorities began to implement the recruitment system.

The anti secession law is a basic law formulated by the National People's Congress. In order to better organize and implement the legal measures against secession, especially when it is necessary to adopt non peaceful means and other necessary measures in accordance with the provisions of the law, the law stipulates that the State Council and the Central Military Commission shall decide and organize the implementation, and report to the Standing Committee of the national people's Congress in a timely manner. The anti secession law provides sufficient organizational guarantee for effectively taking various means to combat and contain the "Taiwan independence" separatist forces. Based on the authorization of the law, the State Council and the Central Military Commission will be able to take effective legal measures and realize the great cause of national reunification by non peaceful means. The Chinese people's Liberation Army has always been able to defend national sovereignty and territorial integrity and defeat any form of "Taiwan independence" separatist forces, and its will is unswerving.

Since 2017, the people's Liberation Army Air Force has normalized its cruise around Taiwan, reflecting the air force's ability to systematically perform combat tasks under the information background. Today, the air force has many models that can perform the mission of "cruising around the island", and this team will continue to grow in the future. The PLA Navy has also routinely dispatched warships such as the Liaoning warship to sail around Taiwan.

Since 2008, the navy of the Chinese people's Liberation Army and the Chinese maritime police have cruised the waters near the Diaoyu Islands for many times.

Basic information

Taiwan is recognized as a developed economy by the International Monetary Fund, the world profile of the CIA and other institutions, as a high-income economy by the world bank and one of the four little dragons in Asia. In 2020, Taiwan's nominal GDP will be about NT $19.76 trillion, with a real growth of 2.98% after excluding price changes. According to the annual average exchange rate of new Taiwan dollar, US dollar and RMB, it is converted to US $664.8 billion, about 4585.524 billion yuan, ranking seventh in China's provinces, cities and autonomous regions; In 2020, Taiwan's per capita GDP will be about US $26910, ranking 28th in the world; Foreign exchange reserves rank sixth in the world. In 2018, Taiwan's human development index was 0.911, ranking 21st in the world.

Taiwan is an export-oriented Island capitalist economy, and foreign trade plays an important role in Taiwan's economic development. The Taiwan authorities' participation in investment and foreign trade is gradually decreasing. As of 2020, Chinese mainland was Taiwan's largest trading partner and trade surplus source. Unlike neighboring South Korea and Japan, Taiwan's economy is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises rather than large enterprise groups. However, the focus of Taiwan's economic development has long been concentrated on a small number of international top high-tech enterprises such as TSMC, liandian, MediaTek, Heshuo, ASUS, Acer, rimoonlight and global wafer. The mode of economic development has also long relied on high-tech industries, Other industries are relatively weak. Taiwan's electronic information industry plays an important role in the global industrial chain. Most of the world's computer and electronic components are produced in Taiwan, but Taiwan's high-tech industry fails to master the core technology independently and highly depends on the supply chain of science and technology or equipment in developed countries such as the United States. Taiwan's high-tech enterprises obtain low added value and gross profit margin in the industrial chain. Taiwan's industrial structure is dominated by service industry, and manufacturing industry plays an important role. The proportion of agriculture, industry and service industry in Taiwan's GDP in 2016 was 1.82%, 30.16% and 63.15% respectively.

In 2018, the products with the highest export volume in Taiwan were integrated circuits (30.7%), office machine parts (2.93%), refined oil (2.73%), liquid crystal display (2.14%) and blank audio media (1.89%). The products with the highest import volume in Taiwan are integrated circuits (accounting for 15.5%), crude oil (7.81%), refined oil (4.72%), petroleum gas (3%) and coal briquettes (2.64%).

In order to reduce production costs, Taiwan has transferred many traditional manufacturing and labor-intensive industries to Chinese mainland and Southeast Asia, while Taiwan has focused on developing capital and technology intensive industries, but this has also led to the problem of Industrial Hollowing. Taiwan has invested more than 150 billion US dollars in the mainland. There are more than 80000 Taiwan funded enterprises in the mainland, and more than 1 million Taiwan businessmen and their family members have permanently lived in the mainland. As of March 2020, Taiwan accounted for 3.2% of the total amount of overseas investment actually absorbed by the Chinese mainland.

Although Taiwan's economy has a high per capita GDP, it has a narrow domestic demand market, less natural resources, a weak scientific and technological foundation, and a high degree of dependence on overseas markets and technology. At the same time, Taiwan's economic development is also affected by the fierce internal disputes on the island. Although Taiwan's economy has developed rapidly, due to the influence of economic structure and fiscal and tax system, the financial situation is poor, the tax base shrinks, and the growth of tax revenue slows down. At the same time, all kinds of expenditures grow rapidly, especially non productive expenditures such as military, administrative and social security account for a large proportion. The imbalance of fiscal revenue and expenditure has led to the continuous expansion of fiscal deficit and the lag of infrastructure construction and renewal.

currency

The new Taiwan dollar is the current currency in Taiwan (including the whole territory of Taiwan Province and Jinmen Mazu region of Fujian Province). It was issued and circulated since June 15, 1949. The original issuing institution was the Bank of Taiwan, which was recovered by the so-called "central bank" of the Taiwan authorities since 2000. The basic unit is circle (often the simplified unit of homonym). The currency code is coded as TWD according to ISO 4217 standard, with the symbol NT $or NTD, and expressed by methods such as NT $100 and NTD100 (no space in the middle).

The current issue value of new Taiwan dollar has been used since 1981. Coin units include 0.5 yuan (fifty cents), 1 yuan, 5 yuan, 10 yuan, 20 yuan and 50 yuan, and banknote units include 100 yuan, 200 yuan, 500 yuan, 1000 yuan and 2000 yuan. Conversion basis: 1 yuan = 10 Jiao = 100 points.

development history

Before World War II, Taiwan's economy was basically a self-sufficient agricultural economy. In the early stage of the "relocation of the government to Taiwan", the planned economic system of moderate intervention, coupled with the economic assistance of the United States, was able to rebuild the Taiwan economy facing difficulties after World War II. In agriculture, the Taiwan authorities support the dual track juxtaposition of small-scale agricultural production and capital agriculture, and implement the land reform policy to increase agricultural production. In terms of industry, the Taiwan authorities began to develop labor-intensive light industry in the mid-1950s and support private enterprises dominated by the textile industry. In the 1950s, developed countries moved labor-intensive industries abroad. In order to attract foreign investment, the Taiwan authorities adopted the policy of encouraging exports, which led to production. As a result, Taiwan became a processing base of the United States and Japan, transformed from an agricultural society to an industrial society, and created a remarkable Taiwan economic miracle. Since the 1960s, Taiwan has implemented the export-oriented industrialization strategy, with rapid economic and social development, and has become one of the four little dragons in Asia. In the 1970s, the "ten construction" promoted by Jiang Jingguo laid a good foundation for Taiwan's petrochemical industry and heavy industry. At the same time, Taiwan has determined the policy of taking the technology industry as the core and supported many technology companies. Weisheng electronics, liandian and Foxconn were established during this period. After the 1980s, the Taiwan authorities gradually relaxed import, export and investment restrictions. In the late 1990s, with the further deepening of Global trade, with the advantage of relatively cheap labor force, Taiwan's customer-oriented wafer foundry model rose rapidly, and TSMC, liandian and other wafer foundry enterprises in Taiwan rose. Since then, Taiwan's semiconductor industry has developed rapidly and the division of labor has become more and more clear, such as MediaTek and Morningstar making chips TSMC and liandian focus on wafer foundry, sun and moon, fine material packaging, etc., gradually expanding their influence in the global chip manufacturing market. At present, the Taiwan authorities focus on the development of information and communication, information security, precision medicine, green power, renewable energy and other industries. It became a developed economy in the 1990s. The high-tech industry and service industry led by the electronic industry are the pillar industries.

Service industry

Taiwan's service industry is developed, accounting for about 60% to 70% of GDP. It is dominated by traditional service industries such as wholesale, retail and catering, while the proportion of modern service industries such as communication, finance and commercial services is lower than that of the other three "four little dragons of Asia". Since the 1990s, with the rapid development of Taiwan's economy, the service industry has also developed rapidly. Its proportion in the island's GDP has gradually exceeded that of industry and become the most important industry in economic development. The structure of service industry has gradually changed from traditional commercial and government services to modern professional service industries (including insurance, finance, transportation, storage and communication). Real estate and industrial and commercial services have increased rapidly.

As an important representative of Taiwan's service industry, convenience stores (also known as convenience stores) are scattered in Taiwan, ranking the second in the world. Most convenience stores in Taiwan do not close for 24 hours. Taiwan's convenience stores are famous for their service attitude and quality at home and abroad, and provide considerate services to the people in all aspects of clothing, food, housing and transportation. In addition to providing ordinary services, convenience stores in Taiwan also cooperate with financial institutions and relevant departments of the Taiwan authorities to enable the collection of parking fees, water and electricity charges, traffic fines, credit card payment and mailing parcels.

Before 1980, Taiwan strictly restricted the entry of foreign capital. In the mid-1980s, Taiwan gradually relaxed its control over the capital market. After 2000, Taiwan began to deregulate international capital. Taiwan has established a multi-level and multi variety capital market to meet the different types of financial needs of enterprises at different levels. Taiwan stock exchange is one of the four major stock exchanges in China, which has attracted many high-tech enterprises to list, especially the electronics industry, thus promoting the combination of industry and finance of Taiwan's electronics industry and realizing leapfrog development.

Taiwan's cultural and creative industries integrate Chinese traditional culture, Taiwan's local characteristic culture, culture and art and modern science and technology. Taiwan's representative cultural and creative industrial parks include Huashan 1914 cultural and creative industrial park and Songshan cultural and Creative Industrial Park in Taipei, Bo'er art special zone in Kaohsiung, cultural assets Park in Taichung, Tainan cultural and creative park in Tainan, Chiayi cultural and Creative Industrial Park in Chiayi, and Hualien cultural and Creative Industrial Park in Hualien County.

High tech industry

Taiwan is an important city for the R & D, manufacturing and operation of high-tech products such as electronics, information and communication, and occupies an extremely important position in the global semiconductor industry chain. Taiwan leads the world in electronic information, precision machinery and biomedicine, forming a high-tech industrial cluster of integrated circuits in North Taiwan, nanotechnology in Central Taiwan and photoelectric technology in South Taiwan. Taiwan's electronic industry involves mobile phones, computers, LEDs, electronic assembly, etc. the whole industrial chain is very perfect and there are many related companies, which provides a good soil for the development and rise of the semiconductor industry (especially the chip manufacturing industry). The semiconductor industry covering integrated circuit manufacturing, design and packaging is an important part of Taiwan's high-tech industry. Taiwan has semiconductor industry giants such as TSMC, MediaTek, rimoonlight and liandian. Among them, TSMC is the largest semiconductor wafer foundry in the world and the core enterprise of Taiwan's semiconductor industry. In 2020, the total output value of Taiwan's integrated circuit industry will be about 107.3 billion US dollars.

There are many science parks in Taiwan, among which Hsinchu Science Park is the most mature and largest. It is the main scientific and technological town of Taiwan's high-tech OEM industry, known as "Taiwan Silicon Valley". Hsinchu Science Park is adjacent to the Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan Yangming Jiaotong University and Taiwan Tsinghua University. Together with the Central Science Park and the southern Science Park, it forms an innovation corridor for Taiwan's high-tech industry. In addition, there are many science and technology parks, science parks and software parks all over Taiwan. The largest data center of Google in Asia is located in Changbin Industrial Zone, Changhua County. After the "state power moved to Taiwan", Taiwan has brought Chinese mainland academic talents and science and technology into the foundation for the development of science and technology. Since the 1980s, the Taiwan authorities have successively set up science parks such as Hsinchu Science Park, southern Science Park and Central Science Park to strongly encourage manufacturers to invest in high-tech industries such as integrated circuits and computers, so that technology intensive science and technology industries with low energy consumption, low pollution and high added value can replace traditional industries and become an important economic lifeline of Taiwan, And play an important role in the global industrial chain.

Taiwan occupies a near monopoly position in the key links of the semiconductor industry chain, which originated from the wafer OEM model created by TSMC in the late 1980s. At that time, TSMC, which was recently established, needed to avoid direct competition with industry leaders such as Intel, so it found another way to seek OEM for Intel. Just a few years later, chip foundry, or wafer foundry, has become an important division of labor model in the semiconductor industry. Upstream chip design enterprises such as NVIDIA, Broadcom and Huawei Hisilicon create chips with different performance for different needs of all walks of life, and then hand over the design drawings to midstream Fabs such as TSMC for OEM. TSMC and other enterprises make use of their scale advantages to continuously reduce costs and improve the process level, so as to make the best of the industrial chain of wafer foundry. This industrial chain division mode reduces the threshold and R & D risk of design enterprises and OEM enterprises, so that enterprises in different links can focus on their best fields. TSMC and other Taiwan enterprises seized the opportunity of industrial chain transformation and quickly seized the market share. However, other links of the semiconductor industry chain, such as chip design, lithography, wafer production and other industries, are controlled by the United States, the Netherlands, Japan and other countries, and Taiwan has not been able to control the whole industry chain.

In 2014, R & D expenditure accounted for 3% of Taiwan's GDP. From the development characteristics of science and technology in Taiwan, due to the small scale of Taiwan's economy, the overwhelming majority of small and medium-sized enterprises, and the inherent deficiencies of private science and technology research and development, Taiwan's science and technology administrative department occupies a leading position in the process of science and technology development. In terms of the division of labor of scientific and technological research, Taiwan's basic research is mainly undertaken by Taiwan's "Central Research Institute" and colleges and universities, applied scientific and technological research is mainly undertaken by the Industrial Technology Research Institute and the research institutions affiliated to various scientific and technological administrative departments, and the commercialization and marketization of scientific and technological achievements are undertaken by enterprises. Although Taiwan has made great progress in science and technology since the 1980s, due to factors such as economic scale, enterprise structure and talents, Taiwan's science and technology level still lags far behind the international top level on the whole. The backward level of overall research and development makes Taiwan's high-tech industry heavily dependent on Japan and the United States in key technologies and key parts; Most Taiwan manufacturers still rely on the introduction of production technology. Although Taiwan's information, semiconductor and other industries are developed and have high sales, due to the lack of their own key technologies, most of them can only adopt the entrusted processing and manufacturing mode, and most of the profits are taken away by foreign manufacturers who master the key technologies and parts.

manufacturing

There are many kinds of manufacturing industries in Taiwan Province, ranking among the top in Asia, mainly including chemical fiber, sugar making, electronics, plastics, electric power, cement, steel, shipbuilding, oil refining, ship dismantling, food and semi-finished product processing and other industrial sectors.

Industrial products include automobiles, aircraft, ships, petrochemical products, steel, machinery, electrical appliances, computers and electronic consumer goods, textiles and clothing, sporting goods, shoes, toys, processed food and handicrafts, most of which are for export.

Agriculture

In 2019, Taiwan's agricultural output value accounted for 1.77% of GDP. Taiwan is located at the junction of subtropical and tropical regions. It is a mountainous island with warm climate and abundant rain. It is suitable for crop growth, but it is also prone to diseases and pests. In addition, frequent typhoons, heavy rains and earthquakes have an adverse impact on agricultural development. Due to the limitation of natural environment, the average cultivated land scale of farmers in Taiwan is only about 0.72 hectares, which belongs to the form of small-scale peasant economy. Most of the agricultural economic subjects are part-time farmers, and the production cost is high.

Only 24% of Taiwan's land is suitable for farming, mainly the fertile, warm and humid western plain and the narrow coastal zone in the East. Taiwan's early agricultural area in western development has developed into an industrial area; There are many hills in the East, the development is late, and the agriculture and animal husbandry are relatively backward. Taiwan's agricultural production efficiency is high. The farming system is five crops a year or three crops a year. It is suitable for tropical and subtropical crops. It is known as "treasure island". Export high-quality pork, vegetables, sugar, sugar cane, tea, rice and tropical and subtropical fruits. It is rich in rice. There are two to three crops a year. The rice quality is good and the yield is high. The planting area and yield account for the first place in agricultural production. The main cash crops are camphor, sucrose, tea, pineapple (pineapple), banana and lotus. There are more than 90 vegetable varieties, and the planting area is second only to rice. There are many kinds of fruits, known as the "fruit kingdom". The output value of flowers is also considerable. Taiwan Phalaenopsis is famous all over the world.

Taiwan is one of China's forestry developed provinces. The forest area accounts for about 55% of the whole territory, and there are more than 100 species of tree species with economic value. The main timber includes Platycladus orientalis, hemlock, Taiwan fir, Luanda fir, red cypress, yellow cypress, Korean pine, cedar, Xiao Nan, mahogany, etc. Economic tree species include camphor, tung tree, rubber, lacquer tree, etc., of which camphor is the most famous. In addition, there are medicinal plants such as lemon eucalyptus, nutmeg and Cinchona, as well as fragrant oil crop citronella. Taiping mountain in Yilan, Baxian Mountain in Taichung and Ali Mountain in Jiayi are three famous forest areas, with timber reserves of 326 million cubic meters and more than 4000 kinds of trees. Among them, Taiwan fir, red juniper, camphor, Phoebe and other precious wood are famous all over the world.

Taiwan unites farmers through various forms of market relations to realize large-scale operation. Since the 1990s, the service of agriculture and rural areas in Taiwan is mainly due to the increasingly detailed and professional division of labor in agricultural production links. Tourism and leisure agriculture has been vigorously developed, and the proportion of farmers' income from secondary and tertiary industries has become larger and larger. Taiwan pays attention to the R & D and application of agricultural science and technology, so that knowledge and technology lead the development of agriculture in Taiwan.

Taiwan is located at the intersection of cold and warm currents. The coastline of Taiwan Island and Penghu Islands is about 1520 kilometers long. Marine Fisheries and aquaculture are developed. Freshwater fish resources account for a small proportion, and marine aquatic resources are rich. Because it is located at the junction of cold and warm currents, the Western seafloor is an extension of the continental shelf, which is relatively flat, rich in benthic fish and shellfish, and there are more than 500 kinds of fish resources available. Export a variety of seafood, such as eel, tuna, shrimp and deep-sea fish. It was originally dominated by coastal fisheries and aquaculture. Since the 1960s, it has been dominated by marine fishing, focusing on the development of Pelagic Fisheries and offshore fisheries, building and expanding more than 100 large and small fishing ports, and opening up pelagic fishing grounds. Kaohsiung, Keelung, Penghu, Ilan, su'ao, Hualien, Jiayi Xingang and other sea areas are famous fishing grounds. Eel farming is the main aquaculture industry. It is an export fishery with high economic value and more foreign exchange earnings.

Animal husbandry in Taiwan is dominated by traditional pig and poultry farming, followed by cattle farming. With the improvement of scientific, professional and enterprise level of animal husbandry, pork and poultry eggs are more than self-sufficient. The export of live pigs and frozen meat is one of Taiwan's important export agricultural products. The chicken industry is second only to the pig industry, and the number of large chicken farmers accounts for a considerable proportion. The development of dairy industry and milk production is relatively slow. Because there are outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Taiwan, in order to prevent the risk of epidemic introduction, the mainland currently prohibits the import of meat products produced in Taiwan or transported through Taiwan.

Energy minerals

Taiwan lacks energy reserves and is highly dependent on imports. The output of mineral resources in Taiwan is scarce, mainly including coal, sulfur, gold, silver, copper, oil, natural gas, salt, etc. The most abundant coal is mainly distributed in the foothills and hilly areas of Keelung City, Taipei city to Taoyuan City, Hsinchu County and Miaoli County. The Jiufen mining area in Keelung City and Ruifang District of Xinbei city is the most important, with a recoverable coal reserve of more than 300 million tons. Oil and natural gas are distributed in the foothills in the west of the island and in the lower layer of the alluvial plain to the west of the island. The oil storage structure may continue to the bottom of the Strait area and the adjacent sea areas in the South and North. Metal mines are mainly distributed in the north of Taiwan Island. The gold melon stone in Ruifang District of Xinbei city is the main gold, copper and silver mining area in Taiwan. Non metallic minerals are mainly sulfur and asbestos. Sulfur is mainly produced in Datun volcanic area, which is one of the richest areas of natural sulfur in China. There is sea salt production along the coast, and the salt field is mainly on the southwest coast. In addition, there are a large number of high-quality cement raw materials such as limestone in Kaohsiung City, Zhudong in Hsinchu County and su'ao in Yilan County. The east of the central mountains is famous for producing marble and dolomite. Geothermal resources include Datun volcanic area and Yilan area. Although non-metallic (stone) minerals can be called self-sufficiency, mining will also lead to irreversible mineral resource consumption and greenhouse effect. Taiwan's primary energy consumption is concentrated in oil and coal, followed by natural gas and nuclear energy. However, with the exception of nuclear energy, almost all oil, coal and natural gas in Taiwan rely on imports to meet transportation and power needs, which makes Taiwan very sensitive to fluctuations in energy prices. Taiwan has three nuclear power plants and six nuclear reactors in operation. In 2015, nuclear power generation accounted for about 19% of Taiwan's total power generation and 8.1% of energy consumption.

The Taiwan authorities have set the goal of developing renewable energy to support sustainable energy systems such as solar photovoltaic power generation and wind power generation.

Well known enterprises

TSMC

ASUS

Acer

Hon Hai Technology Group

HTC (HTC)

Giant

MediaTek

a joint circular telegram

Unified enterprise

Wangwang

Dingxin International Group

Formosa Plastics Group

Cathay Pacific Financial Holdings Co., Ltd

Fubon Financial Holding Company

Advanced Semiconductor Engineering

South Asia Plastic Industry Co., Ltd

Wistron

He Shuo

Mega Financial

Xinguang Financial Holdings

Global wafer

WIN Semiconductors

Cathay Pacific gold

CITIC Capital

Advantech

Lianqiang International Group

Taiwan CNPC Co., Ltd

Qiaoshan Health Technology Co., Ltd

Taiwan Changhua bank

Taiwan Chunghwa Telecom

Far East New Century Co., Ltd

Yingyeda Co., Ltd

Lianyong Technology Co., Ltd

World advanced integrated circuit Co., Ltd

Realtek

Sipin Precision Industry Co., Ltd

Merida

Trend technology

Zhengxin tire

Lianqiang International

Dali photoelectric Co., Ltd

Ruentex group

Quanta Computer

via

Evergreen Group

Taiwan China Airlines

Compal Electronics

Dongyuan motor

Youda Optoelectronics

Yulong automobile

Sanyang locomotive

Yonghe soybean milk

Qimei industry

Treasure island glasses

MICROSTAR

Cashbox KTV

Benji

Island Coffee

85 ° C

Pou Chen Group

Railway

Taiwan Railway (hereinafter referred to as Taiwan Railway) is the general name of railway lines directly operated by Taiwan Railway Administration. It is the main railway transportation system in Taiwan. It was opened to traffic in 1891 with 1067mm (narrow gauge) gauge. At present, it is composed of three trunk lines, including the Western trunk line, the eastern trunk line and the South return line, as well as 10 passenger and freight branch lines. At present, the length of the road network is 1114.5km. The island of Taiwan has East and West longitudinal railways. A railway network around the island has been formed, running through major cities such as Taipei, Taichung and Kaohsiung.

Taiwan high-speed railway (hereinafter referred to as Taiwan high-speed railway) is Taiwan's high-speed railway system. The whole line runs through Taiwan's densely populated western corridor. The total length of the line is 349.5 kilometers and the maximum operating speed is 300 kilometers per hour. It connects the north and south of Taiwan into a one-day living circle. It takes only 105 minutes to travel between Taipei and Kaohsiung. After opening to traffic on January 5, 2007, it has become one of the important long-distance transportation tools in Western Taiwan and an indicator of Taiwan's railway transportation industry.

In the medium and long term railway network planning published by the national development and Reform Commission in July 2016, the Beijing Hong Kong (Taiwan) channel is designed as one of the eight longitudinal "main channels", which will become the skeleton of China's high-speed railway network in the future. Among them, after the Beijing Hong Kong (Taiwan) channel starts from Beijing to Hefei, one route is Hefei to Kowloon, Hong Kong, and the other route is Hefei to Taipei via Fuzhou. According to the layout of the main framework of the national comprehensive three-dimensional transportation network from 2021 to 2035 in the national comprehensive three-dimensional transportation network planning outline issued by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, the planned high-speed railway from Fuzhou to Taipei is a branch line in the main axis of "Beijing Tianjin Hebei Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao", from Fuyang, Anhui to Taipei, Taiwan through Huangshan and Fuzhou, Fujian. The Fuping railway connecting Fuzhou and Pingtan has a total length of 90.4 kilometers and a design speed of 200 kilometers per hour. It was opened to traffic on December 26, 2020. Pingtan Strait highway and railway bridge has a total length of 16.34 kilometers, of which the sea crossing section is more than 11 kilometers. The upper layer of the bridge is a two-way six lane Expressway and the lower layer is a double track railway. Pingtan to Taipei is the planned cross sea section.

highway

Taiwan's highways are divided into "national highways" (the highest grade trunk highways), provincial, municipal, county, district and township roads. The total length of roads and bridges is about 47000 kilometers, most of which are concentrated in the West. The two longest roads are the 373 km Zhongshan expressway, which was opened to traffic in 1978, and the 432 km Formosa expressway, which was opened to traffic in 1997. In the eastern developed areas, it is connected by expressways. From Taipei to Yilan County, Jiang Weishui Expressway with snow mountain tunnel running through the snow mountains has been built.

Beijing Taiwan expressway is a longitudinal trunk line planned by China's national expressway. China's national expressway network is numbered G3. It starts in Beijing and ends in Taipei, Taiwan Province. At present, the Beijing Fuzhou section of Beijing Taiwan expressway has been opened to traffic.

aviation

Taiwan has 17 civil airports (including Jinmen Mazu area in Fujian Province controlled by the Taiwan authorities). Taiwan's civil airports are divided into international airports and provincial airports. Among the four international airports in Taiwan, Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport and Kaohsiung International Airport are the main international airports, while Taipei Songshan Airport and Taichung qingquangang airport are the secondary international airports; Most major cities and outer islands in Taiwan Province also have airports. There are 13 airports in the province, but a few airports in the province also have international scheduled flights. There are regular flights between Taiwan's metropolises and outer islands, forming a convenient aviation network. Taiwan's major airlines are Taiwan China Airlines and EVA airlines.

Transportation

Taiwan is surrounded by the sea and has developed maritime transportation. International trade depends on maritime transportation. At present, there are seven international commercial ports, including four main ports of Kaohsiung port, Keelung port, Taiwan China port and Hualien port, and three auxiliary ports of su'ao port, Taipei Port and Anping port. Makong port on the Penghu Islands in Taiwan Province is also a 10000 ton natural port. Taiwan island is surrounded by the sea and has a large number of fishing ports. At present, ships are still the main means of transportation between the main island of Taiwan and other outer islands such as Penghu and Jinmen Mazu area of Fujian Province.

Kaohsiung port is located in Kaohsiung City. It is the largest port in Taiwan and the 15th largest port in the world. The port cargo throughput accounts for about one-half of Taiwan's overall port cargo throughput.

Urban Rail Transit

Taiwan uses the term "rapid transit" to refer to the urban rail transit system with high and medium traffic volume. The usage is similar to the subway. It is a newly created vocabulary to distinguish the underground section of Taiwan's railway, which is opposite to the light rail transportation with low capacity; In Chinese mainland and Hongkong, the "MRT" generally refers to the automatic passenger transport system.

Every entrance, exit and transfer point of Taiwan MRT are covered with perfect barrier free facilities. The carriage of the MRT is designed to be very spacious and convenient for wheelchair access. For the visually impaired, MRT not only has the guidance of guide bricks, but also the staff will come forward to provide guidance. For vulnerable groups such as the elderly, children and pregnant women, special fraternity seats have been set up on the MRT. Almost every MRT station in Taipei has graffiti and murals, and sometimes there are personal calligraphy or painting exhibitions, which has become a part of Taipei's urban culture.

motorcycle

Motorcycles (called motorcycles in Taiwan) are the main means of transportation for Taiwan people. Taiwan has the highest density of motorcycles in the world.

Ethnic structure

The national census regulations stipulate that the population of Taiwan shall be calculated according to the data published by the relevant competent departments of Taiwan.

According to the statistics of relevant competent departments in Taiwan, the total population of Taiwan Province is 23.5612 million (including Jinmen Mazu in Fujian Province in 2020), a decrease of 41900 over 2019, an annual decrease of 0.18%. The natural population growth rate is -0.34 ‰. The population is mainly concentrated in the western plain, of which about 69.45% of the population of Taiwan Province is located in the six "municipalities directly under the central government" of the western Taiwan authorities (prefecture level cities under the jurisdiction of Taiwan Province). The average population density is about 650.92 people per square kilometer. It is a province with small area and large population density in China. With a population density of nearly 10000 people per square kilometer, Taipei is the city with the largest population density in the province. With a population of more than 4.03 million, Xinbei is the most populous city in the province. Yonghe District, Xinbei City, the administrative region with the highest population density in the province, has an average of nearly 40000 people per square kilometer, which is higher than that of Hong Kong and Macao, which are famous for their crowded population.

The average life expectancy in Taiwan is 80.9 years, including 77.7 years for men and 84.2 years for women (2019). Taiwan has an average of only 1.218 children per woman (2019), which is one of the regions with the lowest fertility rate in the world. In 2018, the elderly population over 65 years old in Taiwan accounted for 14% of the total population. Taiwan has entered the elderly society. The Taiwan authorities predict that the proportion of the elderly population will exceed 20% in 2026, and Taiwan will enter the super elderly society. In 2070, the number of people over 65 will exceed 40%.

Due to different ancestral places and the time of moving to Taiwan, Taiwan people have formed different ethnic groups, which are divided into four major ethnic groups - Minnan people, Hakka people, people from other provinces and ethnic minorities (Gaoshan people). About 97% Chinese mainland Chinese are from the Chinese mainland, about 2% of whom are settled in Taiwan before the Han nationality moved into China in seventeenth Century (about 1% of the ethnic minorities from mainland China, mainland China, Hong Kong and Macao spouses and foreign spouses).

Taiwan natives refer to ethnic groups that lived in Taiwan before the end of World War II. The Han people in this province can be divided into Minnan people who migrate from the southern coastal areas of Fujian Province, accounting for about 70% of the population, and Hakka people who migrate from the eastern areas of Guangdong Province, accounting for about 14% of the population. Most of the ancestors of Minnan people are Quanzhou and Zhangzhou, Fujian, and most of the Hakka people are Longyan, Fujian and Meixian, Guangdong (now Meizhou).

The minority languages of Taiwan belong to the South Island language family. At present, the South Island language family is the only language family mainly distributed on islands in the world, and it is also one of the most widely distributed language families in the world. China's Taiwan island is the northernmost end of its distribution. The Chinese central government and state official documents collectively refer to all ethnic groups of Taiwan's South Island language family as "Gaoshan Nationality", which is one of the 56 ethnic groups of the Chinese nation, but the name "Taiwan minority" can also be used in the news media and daily life. At present, the status of 16 Gaoshan tribes has been recognized by the Taiwan authorities. Gaoshan Nationality has no concept of "clan", only tribes, families and us. Some call themselves "Atayal", some call themselves "Tsou", some call themselves "Bunun" and "Tao", which means "human" in their respective languages. Later, in the research of anthropologists, these self claimed names became the names of "families". Gaoshan Nationality was originally widely distributed in mountainous areas and clustered into tribes along the alluvial plain. At present, most of the Gaoshan people in Taiwan maintain their own language, customs and tribal structure, but they are facing the problem of rapid modernization; Most of the Pingpu People of Gaoshan Nationality have lost their original language and customs. Taiya, saixia, Bunun, Zou, Lukai, Paiwan, Beinan, Arab Americans, Taroko, sachilaya, Shao, sedek, karmalan (actually Pingpu), laaruwa and kanakana rich people live in the east of Taiwan Island, and Dawu people live in Lanyu, an affiliated island of Taiwan Island.

14% of Taiwan's population was immigrants from Chinese mainland provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions to Taiwan from 1945 to 1949.

With the development of cross-strait exchanges and internationalization, Taiwan has more than 300000 spouses from the mainland, Hong Kong and Macao, more than 170000 foreign spouses and 400000 foreign workers, known as new residents in Taiwan.

Languages

Modern standard Chinese (Mandarin Chinese) and traditional characters are the common languages in legal documents, school teaching and main media in Taiwan.

The most popular foreign language in Taiwan is English, which is one of the important courses in the education system in Taiwan. Japanese is the second largest foreign language in Taiwan.

The Pinyin of Chinese characters in Taiwan adopts Chinese phonetic symbols. Taiwan's Chinese romanization system is the internationally accepted Chinese pinyin. Before 2008, the weitoma Pinyin method was adopted. At present, Taiwan's place names (except for the names of counties, cities and "municipalities directly under the central government" of the Taiwan authorities), street names and people's names are translated in Chinese Pinyin, but the names of old passports, some place names (such as Taipei's English name "Taipei") and road names still use weituoma Pinyin, postal Pinyin and other systems.

After the restoration of Taiwan, the "Mandarin" Implementation Committee of Taiwan Province was established in April 1946 to comprehensively promote the Putonghua Popularization Movement. Since then, local "Putonghua implementation committees" have been set up in counties and cities of Taiwan Province. Between 1981 and 2013, the competent education department of the Taiwan authorities also established a "Putonghua Implementation Committee" to promote Putonghua. The Chinese Putonghua promoted by the Taiwan authorities is based on the "new national pronunciation" formulated by the national government with Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation. It is slightly different from the Putonghua pronunciation regulated by the national language and writing Working Committee of the Ministry of education. After World War II, it is deeply influenced by Taiwan's local dialect. Today, unless standards are deliberately required, the upturned tongue, regional dialect and Erhua gradually disappear in life, Coupled with vocabulary differences, it is different from Mandarin in mainland China, with about 10% of the pronunciation different.

Today's modern Chinese language and phonetic system in Taiwan has inherited many ancient Chinese, modern Chinese and the early usage of modern Chinese, such as "Ding Zhen" (meaning conviction). Some words also absorb local dialects and foreign languages, such as "RAM" (hot and popular, from Minnan language), "Zan" (great, from Minnan language), "oubasang" (female elders, from Japanese "おばスん)," bus "(bus, from English" bus "), and some are differences in word usage between Chinese regions, For example, the "ball pen" in Taiwan is equivalent to the "ball pen" in the mainland, the "network" in Taiwan is equivalent to the "network" in the mainland, and the "integrated circuit" in Taiwan is equivalent to the "integrated circuit" in the mainland.

religious belief

Nearly 80% of the people in Taiwan have religious beliefs, and more than 50% of the people often participate in various types of religious ceremonies and celebrations. Buddhism and Taoism are very popular in Taiwan and have experienced long-term development. They are the largest and second largest religions in Taiwan. These two religions are integrated in Taiwan. For the vast majority of Taiwan people, the boundary between Buddhism and Taoism is not far away; Protestant Christianity, Catholicism and Islam, which are common in the west, also have many believers in Taiwan. The humanism and doctrine of the mean in Chinese traditional culture affect Taiwan society. Eastern and Western religions live in harmony, tolerate and flourish in Taiwan. Many religious groups in Taiwan improve people's well-being and play the role of stabilizing society by handling social public welfare affairs.

Buddhist temples in Taiwan attach great importance to Buddhist education. The quality and quantity of Buddhist colleges in Taiwan are of a high standard. There are many highly educated monks and nuns. Taiwan Buddhist temples are also actively engaged in the promotion of lifelong learning, and their contributions to art education and life character education are highly praised by the general public in Taiwan. Other Buddhist groups, with the attitude of joining the WTO, directly participate in social work, pool social resources and practice the concept of service and feedback.

Taoism is often combined with folk beliefs in Taiwan. Therefore, it mostly takes regional incense temples as the main body. In addition to social undertakings such as poverty relief and disaster relief, it also often exerts a certain influence on the society through scientific ceremonies, Jiaodian and temple fair celebrations. In recent years, many well-known Taoist temples in Taiwan have also actively engaged in social education and social medical treatment. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, immigrants from Fujian and other places brought many eminent monk beliefs, such as ancestor Qingshui and ancestor Xianying in Anxi County, Quanzhou, Fujian, and ancient Buddha dingguang in Western Fujian. The belief of eminent monks is also moralized in Taiwan. For example, Taoist temples and Luan halls often worship the ancestors of Dharma, Jigong and Pu'an, who were originally Buddhist Zen. Taiwan Taoism originates from the Tianshi Taoism prevailing in Quanzhou and Zhangzhou, Fujian Province. The Lushan sect of Taoism in Fujian has always been one of the main beliefs in Taiwan.

Folk belief is a non institutionalized belief phenomenon that takes a variety of gods as the object of worship, takes praying for blessings and disasters as the main purpose, is closely combined with folk activities, and spreads spontaneously among the people. There are many kinds of folk belief places in Taiwan, with a long history and wide influence. They have far-reaching social origins with Fujian Province, Hong Kong, Macao and overseas Chinese, and blend with Buddhism, Taoism and folk activities to form a complex historical and cultural phenomenon. Mazu, Guansheng emperor, Baosheng emperor, Linshui lady, jade emperor, Sanguan emperor, Guanyin Bodhisattva, Fuzheng God (land lord and land uncle), Qingshui ancestor, Kaizhang saint and Kaitai saint are the main gods in Taiwan's folk beliefs. Some places in Taiwan are especially pious about a God, which means "local god".

During the Qing Dynasty, a large number of residents of Zhangzhou and Quanzhou in Fujian Province crossed the sea to Taiwan. At that time, the Taiwan Strait was stormy, so the immigrants carried statues, incense and incense ashes as amulets, most of which were Mazu statues. Because Mazu was the God of the sea, the God was often placed on ships to pray for her to protect navigation safety. The earliest Mazu temple in Taiwan was Penghu Tin Hau Temple, which was established in 1604 (the 32nd year of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty). Taipei's Xingtian palace is a god mainly worshipped by "emperor Guan", also known as Lord tu. the salt water bee gun activity in Tainan is to welcome emperor Guan on a tour. In the Ming Dynasty, the belief in the city god flourished, so there were many city god temples in Taiwan since the Ming Dynasty. The earthly ghosts and gods commonly worshipped by the general Taiwanese people include the land Duke; The second is the Lord of the three realms, commonly known as the Lord of heaven. In the early days of Han immigrants reclaiming Taiwan, due to underdeveloped medicine, as long as there was an epidemic of diseases, many people would die. Therefore, people believed in the God of plague, the "Lord". Wang Ye, also known as "Millennium Ye" and "mansion Millennium", has many different surnames. It is said that Wang Ye can remove diseases, so people believe that he can protect his health. In the later period, the village gradually prospered, and believers built various temples to thank God for his blessing. Therefore, Mazu and Wang Ye became the two major systems of temples in Taiwan to worship gods. At that time, temples were not only the belief center of residents, but also had the functions of enlightenment and relief.

The etiquette and philosophy regulated by Confucianism are regarded by the Chinese as the basic concepts of family, country and interpersonal ethics. Confucianism has a far-reaching impact on Taiwan and has the status and influence of mass religion in Taiwan. The traditional Confucian ethics and morality of the Chinese nation regulate the thoughts, words and deeds of Taiwanese people. For example, the economic development of Taiwan deeply affected by the family business model and the common family lifestyle in Taiwan all reflect the impact of Confucian family ethics on Taiwan. Every year in Taiwan, a "memorial ceremony" is held to commemorate the birth of Confucius, in order to express the desire of the Taiwan people to be careful in the end and pursue the future and carry forward the spirit of Confucian culture. In Ming Dynasty, Confucianism originated in Chinese mainland was transplanted to Taiwan. During this period, the earliest Confucian Temple and Confucianism in Taiwan were built, namely, the Tainan Temple of Tainan, known as "Taiwan first learning". Thirteen temples were established in Taiwan in the Qing Dynasty. At that time, Zhuzi was the mainstream of Confucianism in Taiwan.

Protestant Christianity and Catholicism have focused on education in Taiwan, established many religious schools, built medical institutions, sheltered and cared for vulnerable children and women, and also engaged in disaster relief. For example, the Catholic Church trained a group of nuns with higher education to serve in the medical, educational and social work sectors.

The traditional belief of Gaoshan Nationality in Taiwan believes that all things have spirits, including nature worship and ancestor worship. Gaoshan people believe that Gods exist in all things, natural phenomena and ancestors in the world.

Same sex marriage

Taiwan is the first region in Asia to legalize "same-sex marriage". From May 24, 2019, same-sex couples in Taiwan who have reached the age of 18 can register marriage in accordance with the relevant provisions of Taiwan.

Surname population

According to the "statistical analysis of names" released by the Taiwan authorities in 2018, the top ten surnames in Taiwan are Chen, Lin, Huang, Zhang, Li, Wang, Wu, Liu, CAI and Yang, with a total number of 12.44 million, accounting for 52.78% of the total population of Taiwan. Among them, the largest surname is Chen, with a total population of 2628000, accounting for 11.15%. Chen is also the only surname with a population of more than 2 million. Most of the ancestral homes of Taiwan compatriots come from Fujian and Guangdong provinces, and many surnames are brought from Fujian and Guangdong. There has always been a folk saying in Fujian and Taiwan that "Chen Lin is all over the world", which means that the two surnames are thriving in Fujian and Taiwan.

Resident certificate

Residence permit for Taiwan residents of the people's Republic of China

The residence permit of Taiwan residents in People's Republic of China is a document issued by the Ministry of public security of People's Republic of China according to the "application for payment of residence permit for Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan residents" to Taiwan residents who have been resident in Chinese mainland for more than six months. Issued from September 1, 2018.

The registered residence identity encoding of Taiwan resident residence is the same as Chinese mainland identity card. The number is 18 digit. The former 6 represent the domicile of the citizen (or place of birth), and the address code of Taiwan residents is 830000.

travel passes for Taiwan residents to enter or leave the mainland

Taiwan residents' pass to mainland China, commonly known as "Taiwan compatriots certificate", is the passport issued by the People's Republic of China Public Security Bureau's exit Entry Administration Bureau to Taiwan residents to Chinese mainland according to the "management of Chinese citizens' contacts with Taiwan".

At present, Taiwan residents are allowed to enter the Chinese mainland without holding electronic certificates. As the identity document of Taiwan residents living in the mainland for a long time, the residence permit of Taiwan residents cannot be used as a travel document to enter and leave the mainland.

education

The current education system in Taiwan consists of three parts: preschool education, school education and social education. Preschool education is mainly combined with family education. Free admission is adopted to provide school-age children with health education, life education and ethics education for 1 to 2 years. School education consists of three stages: compulsory education, secondary education and higher education. Compulsory education includes primary school and junior middle school. Secondary education includes senior middle school, senior vocational school, comprehensive high school and complete middle school. Higher education includes junior college, independent college, University and research institutions. Social education covers a wide range, including remedial and continuing education, adult education and social education implemented by museums, libraries, science museums, cultural centers, art galleries and other institutions. Taiwan has a high degree of education popularization, a complete vocational education system, and private education plays an important role in the whole education system. The practice of cram schools is prevalent in Taiwan. Many students and candidates participate in cram schools for entrance examination and vocational qualification examination. Now many cram schools in Taiwan are developing to digital teaching.

The educational system in Taiwan implements 12-year basic education. The educational systems at all levels are 6-year primary school, 3-year junior middle school, 3-year senior middle school (including senior vocational school) and 4-year general university. Famous universities in Taiwan include Taiwan University, Taiwan Yangming Jiaotong University, Taiwan Tsinghua University, Taiwan Chenggong University, Taiwan Political University, Taiwan University of science and technology, Taiwan Normal University, etc. Taipei is the largest concentration area of major universities and scientific research institutions in Taiwan Province. After four years of university education and a bachelor's degree, students in Taiwan can continue to pursue master's and doctor's degrees. Taiwan's colleges and universities recruit students from Hong Kong, Macao and overseas Chinese inhabited areas all year round. In recent years, they have also actively opened up international students to study, and focused on the English of courses to meet the needs of internationalization.

In 1928, Taiwan's first modern comprehensive university, Taiwan University, was established. Since 1954, the Taiwan authorities have used the social and economic influence of their alumni in Chinese mainland to understand the school's teaching and their organization and resume their training in Taiwan. These institutions of higher learning established in the name of "resuming schools" in Taiwan include Taiwan Yangming Jiaotong University, Taiwan Tsinghua University, Taiwan Central University, Taiwan Sun Yat sen University, Soochow University, Fu Jen University, etc. In 2002, the competent education authorities in Taiwan abolished the "Joint University Examination" and took the "examination of designated subjects for university entrance, University subject ability test and university entrance academic examination" as the index of diversified university entrance. Since 2011, the Taiwan authorities have opened mainland students to apply for colleges and universities in Taiwan. In 2020, the Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Affairs Office of the Ministry of Education decided to suspend graduates from all academic levels in the mainland from going to Taiwan for promotion.

At present, Chinese mainland universities are recruiting candidates from Taiwan every year. According to the regulations, Taiwan candidates who have reached the standard level in the university subject ability test in Taiwan can directly apply to ordinary universities in the mainland. There were 307 ordinary universities in the mainland that enrolled Taiwan students in 2018.

In the 2019 academic year, there are 10931 schools at all levels in Taiwan, including 6384 kindergartens, 2631 primary schools, 739 junior middle schools, 513 senior secondary schools, 12 junior colleges, 14 independent colleges and 126 universities.

Junior middle schools in Taiwan have basically implemented mixed classes for men and women; High schools were divided into male and female schools. Later, more and more schools began to accept both men and women, and there were fewer single sex schools (i.e. men's schools and women's schools). However, in fact, some schools adopted male and female classes, and classes were not together. Most of Taiwan's high schools established during the Japanese occupation were single sex schools; Technical and vocational education is basically co educational; At present, there are no single sex universities in Taiwan Province.

In 2019, the literacy rate of the population over the age of 15 in Taiwan was 98.96%.

Sports undertakings

There are competitive stadiums, sports centers, sports parks, multi-functional stadiums, swimming pools, baseball fields, golf courses, bicycle lanes and other facilities all over Taiwan. At present, the sports with international standards in Taiwan include baseball, softball, taekwondo, billiards, tennis, table tennis, badminton, shooting, archery, qiaogu ball, bowling, etc. Baseball is the most popular sport in Taiwan. Taiwan's Chinese Major League of professional baseball is the only professional baseball league in Taiwan. In Taiwan, basketball, volleyball and other popular sports are also popular.

Taiwan Province has held several international sports events, including the 2009 Kaohsiung World Games, the 2009 Taipei hearing impaired Olympic Games and the 2017 Taipei World University Summer Games. Taiwan holds sports events such as the Taipei International Marathon every year.

In 1948, the sports delegation of Taiwan Province participated in the Seventh National Games of the Republic of China during the period of the Republic of China. At that time, the sports strength of Taiwan Province was in a leading position in the country and won the championship in softball, track and field and other events. In 1975, the Taiwan provincial sports delegation participated in the third National Games held in Beijing. The Taiwan Provincial delegation was composed of Taiwan athletes at home and abroad. As of the 2016 Rio De Janeiro Olympic Games, Taiwan, China, participated in 9 summers Olympic Games in the name of "Taipei of China". Altogether, it won 24 Olympic medals, including 5 gold medals, 7 silver medals and 12 bronze medals. The most popular medals were Taekwondo and weightlifting.

medical and health work

Taiwan's medical and health management institutions are divided into two levels. The competent health departments of the Taiwan authorities are responsible for overall planning, planning, assistance and management of medical and health undertakings. Health bureaus are set up in all cities and counties to be responsible for local medical and health care. Taiwan's medical system is relatively sound, medical services show the development trend of large-scale hospitals and popularization of clinics, small private hospitals gradually withdraw from the market, and the characteristics of hospital collectivization are becoming more and more obvious.

Taiwan has implemented the "national health insurance" (hereinafter referred to as "national health insurance") system since 1995. "Universal health insurance" is a compulsory social insurance sponsored by the Taiwan authorities. Various measures and methods have been taken to urge insurance, ensure a high participation rate, ensure the coverage of "universal health insurance", expand the benefit coverage, and enable the people of Taiwan to obtain fair and accessible medical services. Putian City, Quanzhou City, Xiamen City and other places in Fujian Province have set up "Taiwan compatriots medical insurance service centers" to connect the basic medical insurance in the mainland and Taiwan's "national health insurance", serving hundreds of thousands of Taiwan compatriots in Fujian Province every year.

In 2018, there were 22816 medical institutions in Taiwan. In terms of categories, there are 478 western medicine hospitals, 11580 western medicine clinics, 6836 dental clinics, 5 traditional Chinese medicine hospitals and 3917 traditional Chinese medicine clinics.

Communication media

Taiwan's official news agency is Taiwan's central news agency established in Guangzhou in 1924. At present, its head office is located in Taipei, Taiwan Province. At present, there are more than 80 TV stations and more than 150 TV channels in Taiwan Province. The main TV stations are TVBS, Dongsen TV, Zhongtian TV, Sanli TV, etc. With the surge in the number of media in Taiwan in the 1990s, the phenomenon of news entertainment and consortium caused by the fierce competition of media in Taiwan Province has also aroused controversy. The vast majority of mainstream radio stations, television stations and network media headquarters or operation centers in Taiwan are located in Taipei. The prosperous mass media and industrial environment make Taipei the center of Taiwan's media industry. However, due to the excessive inclination of Taipei to broadcast news, the reporting angle often focuses on the north of Taiwan or has a strong regional character.

With the development and popularization of mobile Internet, new media has become an important channel for mass communication and interpersonal communication in Taiwan, deeply embedded in Taiwan society. Taiwan's traditional media has basically completed digitization and actively explored the transformation to new media. New media and we media platforms based on the original ecology of the Internet continue to explore the development path, and online audio-visual platforms have become popular media channels. Social media has great influence in Taiwan. It not only has the function of interpersonal communication, but also is an excellent field for implementing information dissemination and grasping social pulsation. Taiwan has complete network infrastructure and developed mobile network, but its main applications are almost monopolized by foreign companies.

Taiwan's media industry originated during the Japanese occupation period. The first newspaper was Taiwan Riri Xinbao (the first Chinese newspaper was Taiwan Min Bao founded in 1923), which was founded in 1896. The first radio station was the Taiwan Broadcasting Association established in 1931. At that time, the main media had a considerable relationship with the government. After the Kuomintang imposed martial law in Taiwan in 1949, Taiwan's major newspapers and radio stations were still controlled by the government, and publications and electronic media were strictly controlled. In 1962, Taiwan Television Corporation (Taiwan Television) was established as the first television station in Taiwan. In 1968, Taiwan China Television Corporation ("CTV") and Taiwan China Television Corporation ("CTV") were successively established in 1971, and the television industry entered the era of "old three stations". At that time, all three stations were controlled by the Kuomintang authorities. While entertaining the public, they also played the propaganda tool of the Kuomintang authorities. In 1969, China television broadcast Taiwan's first eight o'clock TV series Jingjing.

After the lifting of martial law in 1987, the authorities opened the ban on newspapers in 1988 and opened the establishment of cable television and satellite channels in 1993. With this, Taiwan's media industry has developed rapidly. In 1998, the first private wireless TV station, private national TV company (mintv), was established. In the 1990s, Taiwan's local dramas were widely popular. From the 2000s to the 2010s, idol dramas were popular in Taiwan, such as meteor garden, mischievous kiss, destined to love you, I may not love you and other masterpieces, which not only won high ratings in Taiwan, but also successfully promoted to the mainland, Hong Kong, Macao and overseas. In the 2010's, genre plays rose in Taiwan. After 2019, Taiwan TV dramas continue to develop and innovate traditional genre dramas, and actively cooperate with international platforms such as Netflix and HBO. Excellent works such as our distance from evil and want to see you have won high praise from Chinese audiences and recognition from professionals.

Before the lifting of martial law, the two most influential newspapers in Taiwan were United Daily and China times. After the 1980s, the "freedom times" rose.

In addition, the media such as Sanli TV station, folk national TV company and freedom times, which are collectively known as the "three people's self", openly support the "Taiwan independence" separatist forces. They have a strong "green camp" color and have been widely questioned and criticized.

Taiwan's major radio stations include Taiwan's China Broadcasting Corporation and Taiwan's "central radio station". From the 1990s to the 2000s, radio stations such as UFO network, good news network and kiss radio started broadcasting.

Fujian Taiwan exchange

Since the Taiwan Strait has an average width of 180 kilometers and the narrowest part is only 130 kilometers, Fujian Province and Taiwan Province are adjacent in location, climate and environment. Although the relationship between Fujian and Taiwan has changed with the development of history, the two places have always maintained close ties in personnel, economy, military, culture and other aspects, with a special origin relationship of "geographical proximity, blood affinity, deep cultural affinity, wide commercial affinity and long legal affinity".

In November 1980, the first small trade transaction between Fujian and Taiwan was concluded. In 1981, the first Taiwan funded enterprise settled in Fuzhou. Since 1981, Fujian has opened four ports as berthing points for Taiwan ships and reception stations for Taiwan compatriots, which is the first cross-strait trade and personnel exchanges after the reform and opening up. In 1987, Taiwan opened up people to visit relatives on the mainland, and non-governmental economic and trade activities on both sides of the Strait heated up rapidly.

West Strait Economic Zone

In 2011, the national development and Reform Commission issued the development plan of the West Strait Economic Zone. The plan points out that the West Bank of the Strait should be built into a zone of scientific development, a zone of reform and opening up, a zone of civilization and harmony, a zone of beautiful ecology, and a new economic growth pole in China.

China (Fujian) pilot Free Trade Zone

On April 21, 2015, China (Fujian) pilot free trade zone was officially established. China (Fujian) pilot free trade zone is a pilot free trade zone established in Fujian Province with the approval of the State Council of the people's Republic of China. It is also a free trade park closest to Taiwan Province. Fujian free trade zone covers a total area of 118.04 square kilometers, including Pingtan area (43 square kilometers), Xiamen area (43.78 square kilometers) and Fuzhou area (31.26 square kilometers). Based on deepening cross-strait economic cooperation, Fujian Free Trade Zone focuses on strengthening the industrial connection between Fujian and Taiwan and innovating the cross-strait service industry cooperation mode, so as to radiate and drive the economic development on the West Bank of the Taiwan Strait. According to the regional layout, Pingtan area focuses on building a common home and an international tourism island across the Strait, and implements more free and convenient measures in investment, trade, capital and personnel exchanges; Xiamen area focuses on the construction of cross-strait emerging industry and Modern Service Industry Cooperation Demonstration Zone, Southeast international shipping center, cross-strait regional financial service center and cross-strait trade center; Fuzhou area focuses on building an advanced manufacturing base, an important platform for exchanges and cooperation between countries and regions along the 21st century Maritime Silk Road, and a demonstration area for cross-strait service trade and financial innovation and cooperation.

Pingtan comprehensive experimental area, Fujian Province

Pingtan County, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province is located on the coast of the East China Sea and looks to Taiwan in the East. It is the nearest area from the mainland of the motherland to the island of Taiwan. It has the unique advantages of exchanges and cooperation with Taiwan. Pingtan comprehensive experimental area in Fujian Province is located in Pingtan County, directly under the Fujian provincial government, covering Haitan Island and affiliated islands, with a land area of 392.92 square kilometers and a total population of about 390000 (2019). Pingtan Comprehensive Experimental Zone strives for development closely around "promoting cross-strait integration", tries first, promotes the construction of a common home for compatriots on both sides of the strait with economic, social and cultural integration as the core, tries first with the support of various policies benefiting Taiwan compatriots and Taiwan businessmen, strives to build a pilot area for cross-strait exchanges and cooperation, and constantly creates a new situation of cross-strait integration and development.

On June 16, 2019, the Management Committee of Pingtan Comprehensive Experimental Zone of Fujian Province officially issued the detailed rules for the implementation of exploring a new path of cross-strait integration and development, and put forward 36 specific measures to promote cross-strait integration and development, including promoting cross-strait four links, promoting economic and trade cooperation in various fields, deepening the equal treatment of Taiwan compatriots and Taiwan enterprises, and strengthening cross-strait grass-roots governance exchanges and cooperation, Strive to build a leading area for Taiwan compatriots and Taiwan enterprises to land in the first home.

international exchange

After the collapse of the ruling Chinese mainland, the Kuomintang ruling China still occupies China's seat in the United Nations. In 1971, Resolution 2758 of the United Nations General Assembly was adopted, the people's Republic of China resumed its legitimate seat in the United Nations, and the Kuomintang authorities in Taiwan were expelled from the United Nations. Most countries in the world recognize that there is only one China, and Taiwan is part of China. The People's Republic of China government is the only legitimate government representing China. On this basis, it has established diplomatic relations with People's Republic of China.

By 2020, only 15 countries have maintained so-called "diplomatic relations" with Taiwan and established so-called "diplomatic representative offices" in Taipei, their administrative center. Many non "diplomatic countries" in Taiwan have established quasi official representative offices with the functions of embassies and consulates in the name of non-governmental organizations. At the same time, Taiwan has set up Taipei Economic and cultural representative offices in many non "diplomatic countries" to exercise part of the powers and responsibilities of embassies or consulates and maintain unofficial relations. After the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States on January 1, 1979, the United States unilaterally formulated the so-called "Taiwan Relations Act" in the form of "domestic law" and established the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT) to maintain bilateral relations with Taiwan.

Taiwan, China, joined the APEC and other international organizations in the name of "China Taipei", and became an observer of international organizations such as the organization for economic cooperation and development, the World Health Assembly, and so on. It joined the World Trade Organization in the name of "individual tariff areas of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Mazu".

The Chinese Olympic Committee is a member of the International Olympic Committee and takes the name of "Chinese Taipei" as the name of the delegation participating in international sports.

As of 2021, a total of 145 countries and regions granted visa free or visa free treatment to China's Taiwan passport.

folk custom

Taiwan culture takes Chinese culture as the main body and is an important part of Chinese culture. In modern times, it integrates Japanese, European and American cultures and presents a diversified style. Taiwan culture belongs to the same system as Chinese culture in terms of its roots, content, characteristics and manifestations. In terms of its essence, it is an important component of Chinese culture. The human history of Taiwan is an extension of the history of Chinese civilization. Minnan culture and Hakka culture are one of the important branches of Chinese culture, which is an integral part of Chinese culture. They have a considerable impact on Taiwan culture in terms of language, religion, literature, opera, technology, architecture, customs, value orientation and code of conduct, and almost permeate all aspects of life. Gaoshan ethnic group, Taiwan's oldest ethnic minority, is an integral part of China's unified multi-ethnic family. It has colorful ethnic groups and cultures, such as AMI's lively songs and dances, Bunun's ancient and primitive eight part harmony, and Dawu's natural and unique island culture. As an island facing the sea, Taiwan is the first to get foreign culture. Taiwan, reclaimed by immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong in the mainland, is inherently more inclusive in culture, thus forming cultural diversity and innovation. The process and experience of benign interaction and integration of diverse cultures are valuable components of Taiwan culture.

Taiwan integrates the folk customs of Fujian and Guangdong immigrants in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and people from other provinces in Taiwan after World War II. It can be called the epitome of Chinese folk culture. Gaoshan Nationality in Taiwan also has unique cultural customs.

Chinese traditional festivals

The Spring Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival and the Mid Autumn Festival are the three major festivals in Taiwan. Every time there are traditional festivals such as the Lantern Festival, the Qingming Festival, the Mid Autumn Festival and the Tanabata Festival, Taiwanese people also have celebration rites and customs with the same or similar characteristics as those in the mainland. The Spring Festival is the most important and grand traditional festival in Taiwan. Taiwan's Spring Festival customs have been inherited from southern Fujian, Fuzhou and other places in Fujian Province. From the "tail teeth" on the 26th day of the twelfth lunar month to the Lantern Festival in the new year, it is regarded as the end. The folk activities during this period are rich and colorful. On New Year's Eve in Taiwan, many people will prepare all kinds of sacrifices to worship gods and ancestors for the last New Year's call of the year. On the morning of the first day of the first month, every family in Taiwan groomed and changed their new clothes to welcome the arrival of the new year. After changing new clothes, first open the door to burn incense and lights, offer all kinds of sweets in front of God, then worship and salute the ancestral tablets in order. After the ceremony, the younger generation began to pay New Year's greetings to the elders. Many elders would give the younger generation new year's money, and the new year would begin. After eating on the morning of the first day of the new year, adults and children began to visit relatives and friends. In recent years, new year's greetings in Taiwan are not popular. Only very close friends and relatives visit to congratulate. On the Lantern Festival every year, Taiwan holds large-scale lantern festival activities, Taipei city holds Taipei Lantern Festival, and other counties and cities in Taiwan hold Taiwan Lantern Festival. On the mid autumn festival every year, ordinary people in Taiwan generally enjoy the moon and eat moon cakes and grapefruit. Since the mid-1990s, the habit of mid autumn barbecue has sprung up in Taiwan. The customs of Taiwan's Dragon Boat Festival are eating five dumplings (zongzi, beans, eggplant, plum and peach), expelling five poisons, drinking noon water, bathing noon water, laying eggs and dragon boat racing.

Local folk custom of Han nationality

There are many folk celebrations with Chinese cultural characteristics in Taiwan, such as welcoming Mazu, salt water bee cannon (Tainan), setting off sky lanterns in Pingxi (New North), Donggang welcoming King Ping'an Festival (Pingtung), Toucheng robbing orphans (Yilan), Taipei welcoming City God, Taitung cannon bombing cold single ye, etc.

Life rites and customs, also known as life rituals, refer to the behavior process with certain rituals that people go through in several important links in their life, mainly including birth ceremony, adult ceremony, wedding and funeral. In the traditional society in Southern Fujian Province, there are various rituals and customs at every important moment of life to pray for peace, longevity, offspring and prosperity, which has become an important part of folk customs. When immigrants from southern Fujian immigrated to Taiwan, in order to survive, reproduce and develop, they also introduced the life etiquette and customs of the traditional society in Southern Fujian into Taiwan.

When Hakka immigrants from Guangdong and Fujian immigrated to Taiwan, they introduced the production technology of oil paper umbrella into Taiwan. Meinong oil paper umbrella in Meinong District, Kaohsiung City is one of the symbols of Hakka culture. It is not only a tool for shelter from rain, but also full of happiness and auspiciousness. Tung tree was once an important cash crop in Taiwan. It was widely planted in the Hakka inhabited areas of Taiwan Province. Since 2002, Taiwan Province has held a "Hakka Tung Flower Festival" every year to show Hakka people's tradition of respecting heaven and earth and mountains and forests with snow-white Tung flowers as the image.

"Art array" refers to the traditional folk performance of the Chinese nation before the temple fair during the Spring Festival. The folk art array performance of the temple fair in Taiwan inherits and carries forward the traditional culture of Southern Fujian, Fuzhou and other places. It originates from the Nuo culture in ancient times and is an important celebration of agricultural society. Common art array performances in Taiwan include general fan Xie, Qianliyan, shunfenger, the third prince and other kinds of divine generals and great gods. People play eight generals, Shijia generals, official generals and Eight Generals, as well as the face opening Song Jiang array disguised as Liangshan heroes and the minority ethnic song and dance array presenting the image of Gaoshan Nationality, The well-known three Prince of electronic music combines Taiwan's traditional art array and modern electronic music. In addition to the serious religious implications of catching ghosts and praying for peace and driving away evil spirits, these Temple sacrifices, religious ceremonies and art array performances in Taiwan also have the functions of pageantry and excitement pursued by the folk God welcoming games.

Fujian Taiwan Marine Culture

The marine culture of Fujian and Taiwan come from the same source. It can be said that the marine culture of Taiwan is the transplantation of the marine culture of Southern Fujian. The marine culture in Southern Fujian has a long history. The development of Taiwan is a demonstration of Fujian's marine cultural achievements. After many mainland immigrants poured into Taiwan, marine culture also developed rapidly in Taiwan. Under the influence of marine culture, Taiwan uses a large number of agricultural and sideline products such as grain, sugar and tea for maritime trade export. As an island linking Chinese mainland, Japan and South Asia, Taiwan has important commercial value for its location. Therefore, Taiwan has developed into an important stronghold of maritime trade and an important member of the maritime trade system in East Asia. With its unique natural geographical location, Taiwan plays a unique role in the development history of China's marine civilization, which is different from China's traditional tributary trade and maritime trade.

Since ancient times, there has been a traditional custom of "sending King ships" in Southern Fujian. This cultural content is spread to the south of Taiwan, China, and is spreading to the overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia, such as the Southeast Asia, along with the "Southeast Asia" migration and maritime trade. The king of "hunting on behalf of heaven" in this belief custom saved the suffering and the danger. Wherever they go, people set up temples to offer sacrifices and welcome and send off gifts. Therefore, "send the king ship" has a lofty position in the minds of Minnan people. "Sending the king ship" has been practiced and reproduced in the coastal areas of Xiamen Bay and Quanzhou Bay in the south of Fujian Province, China, and among the Han (including dans), she and Gaoshan nationalities in Taiwan Province. The core value of "sending the king ship" is "the ceremony and related practice on the sustainable development of man and the ocean", which evokes people's historical memory of their ancestors moving towards the ocean, maintains the harmony between man and the ocean, and endows it with new connotation and development space. In May 2011, the "Fujian Taiwan King ship" declared by Xiamen was selected into the list of representative projects of China's national intangible cultural heritage.

Folk customs of ethnic minorities

Each ethnic group of Gaoshan Nationality in Taiwan has its own unique traditional age sacrifice culture. The traditional belief of Gaoshan people is based on the belief of ancestors. They closely connect the good and bad luck of life, the harvest of products and the elimination of disasters to the ancestors of deceased ancestors, and make annual spiritual communication with the ancestors through annual ancestor sacrifice activities to express their gratitude, blessing and awe to the ancestors. The harvest festival is the biggest festival of the alpine Amis, and is regarded by the Amis as the most sacred festival of the year. Flying Fish Festival is the general name of various celebration ceremonies about flying fish by Dawu people of Gaoshan Nationality on Lanyu Island, Taiwan. Such a festival not only inherits Dawu people's culture, but also contains Dawu people's respect for the natural environment and the idea of sustainable development.

dialect

Han dialects mainly include Minnan language used by Minnan people and Hakka language used by Hakka people. In addition, Fuzhou dialect (Mindong dialect) is used in Mazu area of "Lianjiang county" in Fujian Province, which is actually controlled by the Taiwan authorities, and Putian dialect is used in Wuqiu Township, Jinmen County, Fujian Province. The ethnic minorities living in Taiwan (Gaoshan Nationality) use the South Island language of Taiwan, but the number of ethnic minorities who can use their mother tongue is gradually decreasing.

Minnan is the most important dialect in Taiwan. The Minnan language of Taiwan province belongs to the Quanzhang dialect of the Minnan branch of the Chinese ethnic group, and the mainstream pronunciation is close to that of Fujian Xiamen dialect and Zhangzhou dialect. Generally speaking, Taiwanese dialect is in the northern part of Quanzhang mixed cavity, the central and southern plains of Neipu cavity, and the western coastal mouth. Because Zhangzhou immigrants mainly live in the central plain, the northern coastal area and Yilan plain, they are called Neipu cavity; Quanzhou immigrants mainly live in the central coastal area and Taipei basin, which is called Haikou; The southern part is the Quanzhang mixed area. However, after 400 years of evolution, the Minnan language of Taiwan has merged with the Zhangzhou dialect and Quanzhou dialect of the Minnan language in Taiwan. In addition, some words have absorbed foreign languages such as the South Island language of Taiwan's ethnic minorities and Japanese, resulting in many differences in tone and word content between the Minnan language of Taiwan Province and the Minnan language of Fujian Province. For example, in Xiamen dialect, Liu initials are close to the correspondence between turbid gingival stop (gingival nasal sound when nasal vowel) and turbid double lip stop (double lip nasal sound when nasal vowel).

Although both Taiwanese Minnan dialect and Xiamen dialect are mixed from Zhangzhou dialect and Quanzhou dialect, they are mixed in different ways. Among them, there are little differences in pronunciation and grammar. In particular, Taipei dialect in Taiwanese Minnan is the closest to Xiamen dialect in pronunciation. The main difference between Taiwanese Minnan and Xiamen dialect is about 10% in vocabulary. Due to the development of transportation, school system, television and broadcasting, the flow and exchange of population brought by industry and commerce, conscription, employment and schooling in Taiwan far exceed that in Fujian. As a result, the internal differences in Taiwanese are small, and there is no obstacle to talking to each other. Although Xiamen dialect is known as the "standard dialect of Minnan Dialect", its scope is limited to Xiamen and its suburbs. Whether it is population or region, it is not as good as Taiwan Minnan dialect with small internal differences. Since Xiamen became a trading port in the mid-19th century, it has gradually developed into the political, economic and cultural center of Southern Fujian. Xiamen dialect has gradually become the dominant dialect in Southern Fujian, replacing the early Quanzhou dialect and Zhangzhou dialect, and is regarded as the representative of Southern Fujian dialect. From the period of Japanese occupation to the 1940s and 1950s, Taiwan did have a tendency to regard Xiamen dialect as the standard language of Taiwanese Minnan and imitate it. However, this concept has now disappeared. Judging from the natural use of Taiwan's folk language and media language, and the editing of dictionaries and textbooks, it seems that Taiwan's Minnan language is used instead of Xiamen dialect. According to the statistics of the Taiwan authorities in 2020, the proportion of Taiwanese born from 1986 to 1994 who speak Minnan has dropped to 22.3%.

The dominant tunes of Hakka in Taiwan are Sixian tune and Hailu tune. However, the four county accent is more powerful. It is often used in public places such as stations. The pronunciation of the same word is very similar between Sixian tune and Hailu tune, but the tone values are often opposite, resulting in the situation that when they read the same sentence, the tone is higher and lower, and you rise and lower. Although there is a relationship between the two tones, it is still difficult for people who can only speak one tone and those who operate the other tone to have a dialogue. Hakka people in Taiwan advocate that Hakka language should occupy a place in the education system and ensure that Hakka language can be maintained through public forces. Therefore, Hakka dialect should be broadcast on public broadcasting system, such as motor car, subway and bus. The Taiwan authorities have set up a Hakka Affairs Committee to safeguard the Hakka language and culture with administrative force, and set up a Hakka television to broadcast in Hakka language 24 hours a day. Moreover, in order to satisfy the curiosity of other ethnic groups on the island about Hakka, the Taiwan authorities encourage learning Hakka, establish Hakka language certification, and prove the level and qualification of Hakka through examinations.

outside influence

Japan has colonized Taiwan for 50 years, so Japanese culture has a far-reaching impact on Taiwan. Most of the buildings of the Japanese occupation period, such as the office of the leader of the Taiwan region, the campus of Taiwan University, Taipei distillery and Hsinchu station, are well preserved, and some are still in use today. Taiwan place names such as Kaohsiung, Songshan and Banqiao are all transplanted from Japanese place names. "Bento" (meaning boxed lunch), "gas" (meaning gas) and other words from Japanese have entered the language system of Mandarin in Taiwan. The area unit "Ping" (1 Ping ≈ 3.3 square meters) used to calculate housing and construction land in Taiwan also comes from Japan.

After baseball was introduced into Japan from the United States, it was called "wild ball" by the Japanese and became one of the most popular sports in Japan. In the process of Japan's colonial expansion to China, it also brought baseball to its occupied Taiwan. Baseball is now one of the most popular sports in Taiwan.

At the beginning of the Kuomintang government's retreat in Taiwan, it vigorously promoted "de Japanization", vigorously promoted Mandarin education, promoted the Chinese cultural revival movement, and strengthened the people's recognition of China in the province. After the lifting of martial law, Japanese pop culture has become active again in Taiwan. Japanese popular clothing, books, magazines, film and television dramas, food, daily necessities, cosmetics, electronic products, food culture and cars are loved by the people in Taiwan.

After the Second World War, the Taiwan authorities had a close relationship with the United States. American pop culture such as Hollywood films, fast food, American coffee and American pop music had a profound impact on the daily life of Taiwan people after the Second World War. Hollywood films accounted for 74.82% of the box office of Taiwan's film market in 2018. Taiwan's educational reform in the 1990s referred to the European and American educational system. The style of modern architecture in Taiwan is also influenced by Europe and America.

diet

Taiwan's food culture is dominated by Taiwan cuisine, integrating the cuisine styles of all parts of China. Taiwan cuisine has a deep origin with Fujian Cuisine (Southern Fujian cuisine, Fuzhou Cuisine), Guangdong Chaoshan Chaozhou cuisine and Jiangsu and Zhejiang cuisine, and is also influenced by Hakka cuisine, Guangzhou cuisine and Japanese cuisine.

Taiwan cuisine is rich in seafood, pickles, seasonal tonics and other characteristics. It tends to be natural and original. The seasoning is not complicated. The style is delicious and light. It is often seasoned with soy sauce, rice wine, sesame oil, Douchi, jiucenta, fried scallion cake, coriander and so on. Taiwanese cuisine emphasizes cooking techniques and ingredients. Common dishes at banquets include Buddha jumping over the wall, Dongpo meat and Wanluan pig feet. Taiwan cuisine is known as "soup". Because the Han immigrants who could immigrate to Taiwan in the early days (and most of them are from southern Fujian) were busy with farming and reclamation, and their materials were not as abundant as they are today. For convenience, they often cooked a pot of soup and vegetables that can be used as soup and vegetables, which is both nutritious and convenient. Minnan style soup is still loved by people in Taiwan, including Xilu meat, raw fried flower branches, mushroom broth and so on. Because Taiwan is located at the junction of subtropical and tropical, the hot climate makes people often eat all kinds of fruits and some sour and sweet dishes. Influenced by many people's belief in Buddhism and environmental protection and health factors, there are special vegetarian restaurants in all parts of Taiwan. The medicinal diet made of various ingredients stewed with traditional Chinese medicine is also welcomed by the people.

There is a famous "snack" culture in Taiwan's food culture. The night market with all kinds of snacks is one of the representatives of the common people's life culture in Taiwan. Common snacks include oyster fry, fried chicken chops, stinky tofu, salt crisp chicken, raw fried bread, rice blood cake, oyster noodle line, sweet or not spicy, stewed rice, meat balls, tamarin noodles, beef noodles, steamed buns, etc. Pineapple crisp and nougat are Taiwan's specialty baked delicacies and well-known hand gifts.

Tea is a traditional drink for Taiwan people. Tea is produced throughout Taiwan. Famous teas include frozen top oolong tea, Wenshan Baozhong tea, four seasons spring tea, Oriental beauty tea and Tieguanyin. Gongfu tea is a very popular tea culture in quanzhangxia in Southern Fujian, Chaoshan in Guangdong and Taiwan. The word "Gongfu" represents a careful and time-consuming tea art spirit. This tea art "time" is not only reflected in the preparation of tea making and tea making, but also in the enjoyment of drinking and tea sets. The bubble black tea culture is a new development of Taiwan tea culture. The representative tea drink pearl milk tea is popular.

Taiwan Province was the first province in China to grow coffee. In 1884 (the 10th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty), British businessmen introduced coffee for trial planting in the Three Gorges District of Xinbei City, Taiwan Province, opening the prelude to the development of coffee in China. During the Japanese occupation era, "Arabica" coffee beans were successfully planted in Northern Taiwan. Subsequently, Zhiben, Mizuho and other places in Taidong County, Taiwan province became important coffee producing areas in Taiwan, driving the upsurge of coffee planting in Taiwan. Today, the book coffee shop, garden coffee shop, European style coffee shop, Japanese coffee shop and extremely prosperous coffee chain store combined with the bookstore are popular in Taiwan.

Taiwan also has a similar wine culture to Chinese mainland. Jinmen kaoliang liquor is a famous Baijiu liquor in Taiwan, which is produced in Taiwan County, Fujian province. Whisky and other foreign wines are also welcomed by the people of Taiwan. Millet wine is a common traditional alcoholic drink of Gaoshan Nationality in Taiwan. It is usually used in various rituals to represent the message of harvest.

The diet of Gaoshan people in Taiwan generally takes millet, potato, sweet potato and upland rice as their staple food. Among the Gaoshan ethnic groups, the ethnic groups close to the mountain are good at hunting, and the ethnic groups close to the sea are good at fishing. The mountain pigs obtained from hunting or captured fishing products, together with the nearby food materials and seasonings, are used to make delicious Gaoshan ethnic flavor meals by traditional methods such as boiling, smoking, baking and pickling.

Under the influence of Japanese colonial rule from 1895 to 1945, sashimi, sushi, tempura, Teppanyaki, roasted saury, roasted eel, Japanese Bento and cold tofu have become very common dishes in Taiwan's food culture. From 1949 to 1970s, eight Chinese cuisines in Chinese mainland were integrated into the Taiwan diet, and Taiwan cuisine culture absorbed the essence of Chinese culture more comprehensively. Since the 21st century, many Hong Kong style and international restaurants have entered Taiwan's catering market. There are many Hong Kong style restaurants and foreign restaurants in Taiwan. Taiwan's catering culture has injected more Hong Kong style and international elements.

Architecture

The traditional Han residential houses in Taiwan can be divided into Minnan style and Hakka style. Among them, Minnan style has the greatest influence and the largest number. Hakka style buildings are deeply influenced by Minnan style buildings and have high similarity. It is difficult to distinguish between the two in Taiwan. Most of the traditional buildings of the Han nationality in Taiwan are made of local materials, such as bamboo, wood, earth rock or fired bricks and tiles. Houses will have different shapes. Some are connected in a row, which is called Zhengshen; Some are covered with dragon guards on one or both sides of the body; The building composed of the main body and dragon guards on both sides is called "Sanheyuan". Famous garden buildings in Southern Fujian in Taiwan include Hsinchu hidden garden, Tainan Wu garden, Lai garden of Wufeng Linjia garden, Banqiao Linjia garden, etc. Penglong mountain temple in Taipei was built by immigrants from Sanyi (Quan'an, Hui'an and Nan'an), Quanzhou, Fujian. Pengqing Shuiyan was built by immigrants from Anxi, Quanzhou, Fujian. Baoan palace in Dalong cave was built by immigrants from Tong'an, Xiamen, Fujian, collectively known as the "three major temple gates in Taipei". In addition, there are temples in Southern Fujian style such as Mucha guide palace, Taipei Confucius Temple and volcanic Biyun temple. There are many folk houses in Southern Fujian style in central and southern Taiwan. Representative buildings include Huangjia ancient CuO on the back wall, Lutao Yangjiang ancestral temple, etc. Hakka architecture in Taiwan Province has "ancestral temple", "public hall" and other Hakka special architectural types as family public space. Hakka architecture has also formed a localized style in Taiwan according to local conditions. For example, the famous Hakka traditional buildings such as Jiangwu, Tianshui hall, Beipu, Hsinchu County, jiadongxiao house, Liudui kitchen and meithick smoke building, Pingdong County, all reflect the local characteristics of Taiwan. In addition, under the influence of Japanese colonial rule, Japanese style Taiwan houses were paved with "tatami" in bungalows.

Most of the traditional buildings of ethnic minorities in Taiwan Province are based on slate, bamboo pole and thatch. The different lifestyles of Gaoshan ethnic groups make the same materials develop diversified traditional architectural forms.

With the development of industry and commerce, the change of lifestyle and the innovation of building materials, the traditional houses in Taiwan Province have gradually disappeared. The main building materials of modern houses have been changed to reinforced concrete, and most houses have been changed to the form of buildings. Some of the remaining traditional houses are transformed into characteristic B & B and restaurants to attract tourists to experience the traditional life.

During the Japanese occupation era, Taiwan's architectural style integrated Southern Fujian, Japanese and Western cultures, and introduced reinforced concrete technology. After 1949, Chinese classical architecture became popular in Taiwan, and the internationally popular modernist architecture was introduced through American aid. Since the 21st century, Taiwan's architectural style has diversified, and various styles of architecture have generally appeared.

literature

Taiwan literature is a part of Chinese literature. It is a regional literature subordinate to Chinese literature. It has the same root and the same kind as mainland literature. However, from the perspective of historical evolution, Taiwan literature still presents many "differences" with mainland contemporary literature, with many different creative characteristics and styles.

In the early Qing Dynasty, most of Taiwan's writers were officials from the mainland who came to Taiwan. They left valuable documents and records for Taiwan. For example, Yu Yonghe, who came to Taiwan to collect sulfur, was famous in history because of his book "a trip to the sea", and was known as the founder of Taiwan's travel literature; The writers in the middle of the Qing Dynasty were represented by Yao Ying, who had come to Taiwan as an official. His representative works were a brief account of dongcha, a study of Taiwan's historical geography; Writers in the late Qing Dynasty were represented by Wu Ziguang and Shi Shijie. Wu Ziguang came to Taiwan during the reign of Daoguang and settled in the Danshui Department of the Taiwan government of Fujian Province (now Miaoli County, Taiwan Province). He is the author of a belly collection. Shi Shijie is a native of Taiwan County, Fujian Province (now Tainan City, Taiwan Province). She has the title of scholar. Her representative works are "chanting grass in the garden", "grass in the back Su niche" and "collection of the back Su niche"; In the late Qing Dynasty, the domestic and foreign troubles of the Chinese nation followed one after another, which aroused the strong patriotic sentiment of the Taiwan people. The traditional intellectuals in Taiwan gradually awakened to realize that literature is not a tool for game entertainment. It should reflect the suffering life of the local people and carry forward the national spirit.

During the Japanese occupation era in Taiwan, a large number of writers and works with resistance spirit and national consciousness emerged, which showed the Taiwanese people's adherence to China's attribute and their feelings of patriotism and love for their hometown from a literary point of view.

Taiwan intellectuals took pen as a soldier to resist Japanese colonial rule. "Give it back to our motherland! The motherland you have never seen / across the sea is almost far away / dream of, the motherland you see in books / the shadow that has flowed through my blood for thousands of years / lives in my chest / echoes in my heart." the true feelings revealed by Taiwan poet Wu Yongfu in his poem motherland in 1936 are still so hot today.

In 1920s, the "new Taiwan Literature Movement", which was developed and developed under the influence and guidance of the Chinese mainland's "54" new literature movement, is a cultural struggle and ideological enlightenment campaign of the Taiwan people against Japanese colonial rule. Lai and "hailed" as the representative of "the new father of Taiwan literature". In his plain writing, he accused the Japanese colonists of all kinds of discrimination, exploitation and oppression against the people of Taiwan. During this period, the famous Anti Japanese newspapers and periodicals active in Taiwan Island included "Xinxue Congzhi", "Taiwan poetry collection", "Lihua newspaper", "369 tabloid" and "Taiwan front", or introduced the revolutionary situation of the mainland of the motherland, or attacked the colonial rule of the Japanese authorities, or advocated the traditional culture of the motherland, which became an important position for cultural Anti Japanese.

In 1920, Taiwan poets, writers and historians successively completed and published the first history book "general history of Taiwan" in Taiwan's history. At that time, the Japanese colonists were rampantly promoting colonial education in Taiwan. The book's description of Taiwan's official system, education and other aspects showed the historical origin of Taiwan and the mainland, which not only ended Taiwan's non history, but also confirmed that Taiwan belonged to China from a historical perspective.

Around 1949, mainland writers such as Hu Shi, Lin Yutang, Liang Shiqiu and Zheng Shouyu moved to Taiwan with the Kuomintang government; In 1950s, the Taiwan authorities launched a big campaign to brag about the so-called "anti Communist literature" that whitewashed the Kuomintang ruling bloc and vilified the revolutionary construction of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese mainland. In the 1950s and 1960s, "nostalgic literature" was popular in Taiwan, and the representative writers were Lin Haiyin (his representative work "old stories in the south of the city"). Some local customs and practices reflect the Chinese mainland's customs and life, and express the author's nostalgia for his homesickness, and some of his works that recall the past and criticize the reality. In the 1960s, under the influence of European and American modernist thoughts, "Modernist Literature" grew in Taiwan and became the mainstream of Taiwan's literary world. Representative writers include Bai Xianyong (representative work "Taipei People") and Wang Wenxing (representative work "family change"). The school of "Modernist Literature" advocates that literature should reflect the spirit of the times, abandon tradition and carry out "horizontal transplantation", that is, learn from the west, focus on describing human nature, exploring the soul and looking for self. Under the specific historical conditions of Taiwan, this school has played an important role in breaking through the rigid political constraints and the limitations of traditional culture, expanding the field of expression and enriching the means of expression; From 1960s to 1970s, the trend of thought of "local literature" rose, and the school of "local literature" advocated using easy to understand and popular language to describe reality, reflect social life, and face the people on the land where they grew up. Representative writers include Zhong Zhaozheng (representative work Lu Binghua), etc.

From the 1980s to the 1990s, important works by Taiwanese writers such as Bai Yang, Li Ao, San Mao, Yu Guangzhong, Xi Murong, Long Yingtai, Liu Yong, Gu Long, Qiongyao, Lin Qingxuan, Zhang Xiaofeng, Jian Zhen, Yang Mu and Lin Wenyue came out one after another; From the 1990s to the 2000s, network literature became popular, and the representative writers were ruffian CAI (Cai Zhiheng) and so on; In the 2010s, under the influence of foreign exchanges and mobile Internet, Taiwan's literary circles presented a diverse and complex face.

Minority literature

The Gaoshan people in Taiwan do not have their own national characters, but they have rich oral literature, which simply and clearly shows the love and hatred of the Gaoshan people. Gaoshan folk literature is mainly handed down by word of mouth, including myths, ballads, stories and legends.

Minnan proverbs

Minnan proverbs are the epitome of the experience, wisdom, customs and beliefs of the ancestors in Fujian and Taiwan. The traditional proverbs of Southern Fujian are drawn from a wide range of materials, including astronomy and geography, family life, local society, seasonal meteorology, and even occupation, which have developed into diversified proverbs. Southern Fujian is of the same origin as Taiwan. For hundreds of years, Southern Fujian immigrants have migrated to Taiwan. While striving for development in Taiwan, they have also inherited and expanded Southern Fujian culture. In terms of folk literature, the evolution and blending of Southern Fujian culture and Taiwan culture has formed a folk oral literature creation with local regional characteristics, in which the development and interaction of folk proverbs are very characteristic. As a Taiwanese saying goes, "when Tangshan passes through Taiwan, the heart and liver knot and return to pill. (Minnan dialect)", it not only tells the fear of early immigrants from the mainland coast to Taiwan in the face of the black ditch, but also highlights the courage of our ancestors to fight the sea in pursuit of their dreams.

Fine Arts

At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the national hero Zheng Chenggong recovered Taiwan and brought many Fujian painters to Taiwan from Xiamen, which laid a solid foundation for the development of early calligraphy and painting art in Taiwan. Fujian regional painting school gradually began to spread branches and leaves in Taiwan. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, the Qing government pacified Taiwan and jointly ruled Fujian and Taiwan. The calligraphy and painting arts of the two places were integrated and developed together. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, calligraphers and painters living in Taiwan had the greatest influence on Taiwan's art. Since the late Ming Dynasty, a large number of literati and bureaucrats from the mainland have crossed the sea to Taiwan, many of whom are literati or professional painters with high calligraphy and painting cultivation. The Chinese mainland culture at leisure has created the taste of literati and doctors in Taiwan's upper class. In leisure time, tea is also used as entertainment for tea and tea. After dinner, it is enjoyable and enjoyable with ink and ink, not much difference between mainland literati and Chinese literati.

After the Qing Dynasty, many calligraphers and painters from Fujian and Guangdong came to Taiwan to travel and teach calligraphy and painting skills. A few also settled in Taiwan. The concept of literati painting brought by them affected the painting atmosphere in Taiwan. Similar to other arts, Taiwan literati painting is also influenced by mainland Fujian and Guangdong literati painting. Therefore, in terms of pen and ink taste, influenced by the concept of "using pen and ink to write all things in heaven and earth and Tao swimming in me" emphasized by the "four monks" and the "Yangzhou painting school" of the Qing Dynasty, they oppose the "ancient people", which is the same as the literati painters in Fujian and Guangdong. Calligraphers and painters in Taiwan in the Qing Dynasty were represented by Lin Chaoying, Xie Qiaoguan, Zhuang Jingfu and Lin Jue. Xie Guanqiao was an important leading painter in the early stage of Zhao'an painting school. Lin Chaoying is good at ink painting, sculpture and calligraphy. He is known as "the only artist in Taiwan in the Qing Dynasty". Lu Shiyi was the representative of Taiwan calligraphers and epigraphists in the Qing Dynasty. LV Shiyi was praised by the world for his study of Zhuan Li stele, but it did not abolish the truth and practice Tiexue. His ancestors followed the Wei and Jin Dynasties. In the calligraphy world of the Qing Dynasty, where calligraphy has been declining, LV Shiyi has found another way. He works both on steles and calligraphy and radiates Taiwan, enjoying the reputation of "the ancestor of Taiwan's epigraphy".

During the Japanese occupation, under the Japanese colonial policy, Western painting and glue color painting became the mainstream of Taiwan's painting world through the colonial education system. In the 1950s, the mainstream of Taiwan's painting circles were Chinese ink painters from the mainland and Western painters from colleges during the Japanese occupation. Their painting skills were more traditional. Since the 1960s, the new generation of painters have introduced western abstract painting and other styles, and the art style has moved towards Westernization. In the 1970s, after the rise of local consciousness, the subject matter of painting tended to be localized again.

After the lifting of martial law, Taiwan's art circles have diversified and free ecology and increasingly avant-garde style. After the 2000s, with the development of technology and social media, the discussion of Taiwan's art history shifted to the dialogue with world art and culture and the cross domain combination of technology and art.

traditional opera

Gezi Opera is the most important local opera in Taiwan, and it is also the only local opera in China that was born in Taiwan. It originated in Yilan, Taiwan Province and has a history of more than 100 years. At first, it was formed by the combination of folk ballads and small tunes with the figure of Che Gu opera. Later, it absorbed the music tunes of various dramas and the code, figure and props of various dramas, and gradually developed into a new drama with rich content. Its performance focuses on body shape and singing. The so-called "singing with sound and dancing without movement" can best illustrate its artistic characteristics. Early Gezai Opera often played tragedies, so bitter Dan was its unique role. There is no fixed pattern in the use of its tunes, and "seven character tune" and "Duma tune" are the most commonly used. Its performance types include floor sweeping, wild stage, inner stage and radio, film, television and stage Taiwanese opera. Gezai Opera has a strong local color. Its language is mainly Taiwanese, and its content is mostly familiar to the people.

Cloth bag opera originated in Quanzhou City, Fujian Province in the 17th century. It is one of the important traditional performing arts in Taiwan Province. It is a comprehensive artistic performance integrating sculpture, art, literature, palm skills, music and oral skills. The puppets of various characters are made of wood, cloth and various accessories, carried on the palm, and then matched with the performance of speaking, singing and performing drama, so it is also called palm play. The focus of the appreciation of puppet show is on the mouth white and puppet manipulation. Because the wooden puppet itself has no life and expression, it can be brought to life through the performer's exquisite puppet manipulation technology. In addition to theatrical performances, the stage and puppets are an exquisite art of carving and painting, so watching puppetry is a comprehensive art. Since the 1990s, Taiwan thunderbolt International Multimedia Group has launched a series of "Thunderbolt puppet show", which combines the traditional puppet show art with modern technology, launched puppet show TV programs with audio-visual sound and 3D three-dimensional film technology, and published relevant books, so as to continuously carry forward the traditional art with new means.

Due to the geographical relationship and ethnic cultural characteristics of Hakka traditional mountain residence, Hakkas in Taiwan have developed a "three legged Tea Picking Opera" closely related to the "tea" industry, retaining the traditional singing of nine tunes and 18 tunes, as well as the performance forms such as shed head and pinch tricks. With the changes of the times, Siping opera, Waijiang opera and other diversified and rich details have been integrated, and gradually improved and developed into "Hakka opera". "Hakka opera" retains the humorous, lively and vivid comedy characteristics of the traditional "Hakka Bayin", Beiguan opera and the clown of "three legged Tea Picking Opera".

In the Qing Dynasty, Taiwan's operas were mainly related to folk beliefs for religious purposes such as paying gods and expelling evil spirits. In the later stage, some people mainly focus on pure entertainment. Rich and noble families can spend money to invite theatrical troupes to perform in the house. Popular folk music can be divided into "Nanguan" (Liyuan Opera) and "Beiguan" (Gaojia Opera) in style. Both originated in Quanzhou, Fujian Province and can be used for accompaniment or played alone. In addition, there are simple answers, singing to each other, commonly known as "mutual praise". During the Japanese occupation, in addition to the continued popularity of Nanbei opera, new operas such as Gezi Opera, Hakka opera, new opera and cloth bag opera also emerged. In the early post-war period, the Taiwan authorities vigorously supported and promoted Peking Opera and other mainland operas. At the same time, Taiwanese local operas such as Gezai Opera and puppet opera were still important forms of entertainment for the common people. With the emergence of television, puppet opera and Gezai Opera have regained their attention because of their emphasis on sound and light effects. Peking Opera and drama are integrated with innovative elements and often performed in small theatres. Stage drama performance has also become a very dynamic artistic activity.

music

Taiwan is an important place for the development of Chinese pop music. Taiwan's pop music has grown rapidly for more than 50 years since the 1950s and reached its peak in 1997. At that time, Taiwan's record sales ranked 16th in the world, and 80% of the global Chinese music was created in Taiwan. Since the 21st century, Taiwan's pop music industry has fallen into recession, the market of traditional recording industry has been depressed and the sales volume has been dismal. In 2016, 93% of Taiwan people used to play music on mobile phones. Physical records have declined, and digital music has gradually become the mainstream. Taiwanese Minnan music is not only welcomed by the Taiwanese people, but also popular in Fujian Province and other places, as well as overseas Minnan societies such as Southeast Asia. Hakka folk songs in Taiwan are derived from the expression of Hakka people's feelings and emotions about social background and geographical environment in Taiwan Province. Hakka folk songs and minor, eight tone and rap are all Hakka folk music in Taiwan. The unique aesthetic taste of folk music troupes in Taiwan (called National Orchestra in Taiwan) integrates Chinese traditional music and modern music art, which is highly recognized internationally. The Gaoshan people in Taiwan are good at singing and dancing, and their music works are colorful.

During the Japanese occupation, the people of Taiwan created many Taiwanese songs that satirized the Japanese colonists. In the early post-war period, Taiwanese songs were once popular. Among the people, Chinese Putonghua pop songs in Hong Kong and European and American music were popular for a while. Since the 1950s, the Taiwan authorities began to vigorously promote Putonghua and suppress Taiwan's local culture, including Taiwanese songs. In the 1970s, fresh campus ballads were popular, and the show culture of Minnan pop music was popular. In the 1980s, Taiwan's Folk Song Movement surged, and songs such as the descendants of the dragon, grandma's Penghu Bay and hometown cloud came out and were widely sung. These folk songs crossed the Strait, swept the mainland and became popular "pop songs".

In the 1980s, Mandarin songs with proper pronunciation became popular in Asia, represented by Deng Lijun and Fei Yuqing. Teng Lijun's music style is connected with Shanghai times and Taiwan pop music. She is not only a Chinese pop star, but also plays an important role in the development history of Japanese pop music. Under the influence of western rock music, after the Folk Song period, Luo Dayou and other singers wrote songs about all forms of society. At the same time, the love songs created by Li Zongsheng were widely popular. At this time, local record companies such as rolling stone records and UFO records emerged in Taiwan, and singers such as Qi Qin, Wang Jie, Tong ange, Zhou Huajian, Zhang Yusheng, the little tigers, Cai Qin, Huang YingYing and Jiang Yuheng became popular. After the lifting of martial law, Taiwan's literary and artistic creation environment is more free. In 1988, the Minnan pop music song "love to fight will win" was released. At that time, it coincided with the stage when the people of Taiwan worked hard to create Taiwan's economic miracle, and the artistic conception of the lyrics mostly encouraged the frustrated or frustrated people to still work hard with confidence. Therefore, it was widely loved by the people in Fujian and Taiwan and even the whole country. Since the 1990s, the style of Minnan songs has become more diverse and lively. Since the 1990s, the representative singers in Taiwan include Jay Chou, Jolin Tsai, Zhang Huimei, Xiao Yaxuan, Zhang Shaohan, Wu Bai, etc. the representative orchestras in Taiwan include S.H.E, Mayday, soda green, etc. In addition to Taiwan's local singers, many singers from Hong Kong, Macao, mainland China and foreign Chinese singers have also come to Taiwan for development, such as Zhang Xueyou, Andy Lau, Guo Fucheng, Zheng Xiuwen and twins from Hong Kong; Faye Wong and Ding Dang from the mainland; Stefanie Sun, Jingru Liang, Junjie Lin, Jianya CAI and Guangliang from Southeast Asia; Wang Leehom, Tao Zhe and Coco Lee from the United States.

The ballads of Gaoshan Nationality in Taiwan have a long history. Most of them are improvised works by groups. The content of ballads involves all aspects of social life and human and world conditions, of which ancestral songs, labor songs, war songs, sacrifice songs and love songs account for a considerable proportion.

film

Taiwan film is an integral part of Chinese film. The growth history of Taiwan film has a close inheritance relationship with mainland film. The characteristics of Taiwan films are that they emphasize the director's style, love to choose non star actors, pay attention to Taiwan history and love live shooting. Many excellent films in Taiwan are close to the real style of society. The story content mostly focuses on Taiwan's local people's livelihood, and the shooting methods strive to be aesthetic and rich in artistic style.

1925 was the first year of the formal development of Taiwan films. The "Taiwan Film Research Association" founded by Liu Xiyang and others made the first feature film "whose fault" which marked the starting point of the embryonic stage of Taiwan films. However, in 1931, Taiwan films during the Japanese occupation period were severely suppressed, and the colonial authorities even banned photographers from using Chinese language in films, It tried to stifle Taiwan's cultural identity with the motherland from the root. Until after Japan's surrender in 1945, Taiwan films finally entered a growth period. The government also took over the Japanese film production institutions "Taiwan mapping Association" and "Taiwan reporting photo Association" and merged them into "Taiwan Film Studio".

After 1949, the "Central Film Enterprise Co., Ltd." became an important film and television production base in Taiwan. With the support of the authorities, Taiwan's film industry produced a large number of Mandarin drama films. The first Mandarin Chinese film in Taiwan was "the wind and cloud on Mount Ali" in 1949. Since the theme song "green mountains" has been sung, the behind the scenes personnel and creative team of this film have become the backbone of Taiwan's film industry and made outstanding contributions to the growth stage of Taiwan's films. At the same time, Minnan films with folk stories as the main theme are quietly rising.

In the 1960s, healthy realistic films became the mainstream. At the same time, Hong Kong films are widely popular in Taiwan, and love films, martial arts films and kung fu films have become the mainstream. Many film companies from Hong Kong have also begun to enter the Taiwan film market, spawning a large number of excellent films through independent shooting or cooperative shooting, which has also become an important opportunity for the development of Taiwan's films. In 1962, the Taiwan Film Golden Horse Award was founded. It is the Chinese film competition unit of the Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival and the world's first Chinese Film Award, which aims to reward outstanding Chinese film creation and development all over the world. In the late 1970s, love films based on the novels of remake writer Qiong Yao set off a trend, and the theme song was very popular.

In the 1980s, films such as the son's big doll and the story of time started the trend of "new film". After the "lifting of martial law", with Hou Xiaoxian's "sad city" as the representative work, "new wave film" began to rise in Taiwan. Yang Dechang's "Guling street youth murder" and Cai Mingliang's "long live love" and other "new wave films" have won many awards in the international film world. At the same time, due to how difficult it is for the public to understand the expression methods of Taiwan films, and the large-scale entry of foreign films dominated by American films, the environment and market of Taiwan films once shrank and depressed.

In the 1990s, some Chinese directors went to Hollywood for development. Among them, Ang Lee, a Taiwanese director, set off an oriental boom in Hollywood and became famous in the international film world. Ang Lee won three Oscars for directing crouching tiger, hidden dragon, Brokeback Mountain and fantasy drifting of the youth school, twice won the Golden Lion Award of Venice International Film Festival for directing Brokeback Mountain and Lust Caution, and twice won the Golden Bear award of Berlin International Film Festival for directing wedding banquet and reason and emotion. The natural instincts of man and man in Taiwan, Ang Lee's Film Festival, were successfully displayed in 1993 and 1994. The two films represent the sixty-sixth and sixty-seventh best Oscar nominations in China's Taiwan region. In 2001 crouching. Tiger, hidden.dragon's film directed by Ang Lee, which successfully produced the unique charm of China's martial arts and philosophy through the cooperation between the three sides and the United States, represented the seventy-third best foreign language film award of Taiwan (the best international film award of Oscar) in China's Taiwan area, becoming the first China film to win the award and it was triggered around the world. "Chinese martial arts fever".

According to the BBC's invitation to international film critics to vote for the world's top 100 non English films, five films directed by Taiwanese directors were selected, including Hou Xiaoxian's sad city (18), Yang Dechang's 11 (25) and Guling street youth murder (38), Ang Lee's drinking and eating men and women (54) and crouching tiger, hidden dragon (78).

In 2008, the Taiwan film Cape 7 directed by Wei Desheng combined the local characteristics with the international business line, which was a great success at the box office and won many awards. The Taiwan films that achieved success in the business and reputation in the Chinese speaking region in the 2010's included the girl we chased together in those years, sydek Barre, my girlhood, etc.

Surrounded by the sea, Taiwan has beautiful mountains and rivers, green forests and fields everywhere, sufficient sunshine and spring all the year round, so it has been known as a "beautiful treasure island" since ancient times, and there are many natural landscapes for tourism. In the Qing Dynasty, there was a saying of "eight scenic spots and twelve victories", such as Shuangtan autumn moon, Yushan snow, Anping sunset, Alishan cloud sea, Qingshui cliff, Penghu fishing fire, etc. With the development of modern tourism, new scenic spots have been found and opened up. There are 9 parks and 13 specific scenic spots in Taiwan to protect the unique natural scenery, wildlife and historical sites in Taiwan. In 2005, the "Eight Sights of Taiwan" selected by the Taiwan tourism department were Taipei 101, Taipei Palace Museum, Sun Moon Lake, Alishan, Yushan, Kaohsiung Love River, Kenting and Taroko canyon.

Ali Mountain, Sun Moon Lake, Taroko Canyon, Yushan Mountain, Kenting and Yangming Mountain in Taiwan are all famous natural tourism landscapes. Jiufen old street, Ruifang District, Xinbei City, Beitou District, Taipei City, Lugang Town, Changhua County, Yingge District, Xinbei city and other sightseeing towns have strong local customs. They are tourist attractions for seeking seclusion and visiting ancient times. There are many characteristic hot springs in Taiwan, and the hot spring culture is unique. Taiwan Province is rich in forest resources, with 258 peaks above 3000 meters, which is a rare geographical phenomenon in the world. Because of the large number of mountains, various types of mountaineering activities in Taiwan are quite popular. From suburban mountains (below 1500 meters), intermediate mountains (1500 meters to 3000 meters) to climbing hundreds of mountains (above 3000 meters), hiking in streams and valleys, tracing streams and exploring the source, and long-distance mountain crossing, you can fully experience the beauty of mountains and forests in Taiwan by being close to cangyu streams and valleys.

Taiwan's famous scenic spots in the city include Taipei 101, the world's tallest building from 2004 to 2010, Taipei Palace Museum, Zhongzheng memorial hall, Taipei Sun Yat Sen Memorial Hall, Kaohsiung Love River, night markets and major business districts. Located in Shuangxi outside Shilin District, Taipei, the "Taipei Palace Museum" is a famous museum of history, culture and art history in China. With more than 696000 cultural relics, it is a very famous collection of ancient Chinese art in the world; The Chung Cheng memorial hall is a building built to commemorate Chiang Chung Cheng in Chung Cheng District, Taipei. On the north and south sides of the park square, there is a well-known art center in Taiwan, the "two hall courtyard". In addition to providing people with rest, it is often a venue for large-scale cultural and artistic activities; Sun Yat Sen Memorial Hall in Taipei is a comprehensive cultural facility built to commemorate Sun Yat Sen's Centennial birthday. It is a comprehensive rest park for outdoor sports, leisure, cultural and artistic activities; Night markets all over Taiwan have their own characteristics, with a wide range of snacks and delicious food; Taiwan has a superior shopping environment. Taipei's Xinyi business district, Zhongxiao East Road business district and ximentang business district are famous shopping districts.

Taiwan Province is one of China's four provincial administrative regions without world heritage. According to the world heritage declaration procedure, the applicant country must first become a party to the Convention for the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage. Therefore, Taiwan province's application for world heritage must be carried out through cross-strait cooperation. According to the world heritage assessment criteria regulated by UNESCO, the Taiwan authorities have selected 18 potential sites for Taiwan's World Heritage (including Jinmen Mazu area in Fujian Province): Datun mountain Volcanic Group, Taroko Park, Yushan Park, the old mountain line of Taiwan Railway, Alishan Forest Railway, shuijinjiu mining site, Jinmen battlefield culture, Mazu battlefield culture, Peinan site, Dulan mountain Danshui Hongmao city and its surrounding historical buildings, qilanshan cypress forest, Penghu basalt nature reserve, Lanyu settlement and natural landscape, Paiwan and Lukai slate house settlement, Taoyuan Taidi pond, Wushantou reservoir, Jianan Shenzhen, Lesheng sanatorium and Penghu Shihu group. Taipei City

Taipei National Palace Museum, Taipei 101, Taipei Nanshan square, Taipei Sun Yat Sen Memorial Hall, Zhongzheng memorial hall, Ximen Honglou, Liangting courtyard, Yangmingshan Park, Songshan cultural and creative park, Shilin official residence, Taipei Municipal Art Museum, Penglong mountain temple, Beitou Hot Spring Museum, Xiangshan, Huashan 1914 creative culture park, Da'an Forest Park and Taiwan martyrs' Shrine

Xinbei City

Jiufen, Ulai, Danshui old street, fisherman's Wharf, Yeliu Geopark, Danshui Hongmao city and its surrounding historical buildings, special scenic spot, Bitan scenic spot, Pingxi, Three Gorges old street and very old street

Kaohsiung City

Dog beating British Consulate, love river, Kaohsiung Confucius Temple, rose virgin church, clarification lake, Kaohsiung 85 building, Lianchi lake, Qijin Island, Neimen Zizhu temple, Chunqiu Pavilion, dragon tiger pagoda, Kaohsiung giant egg, Bo'er art special zone, Qihou lighthouse, Foguang mountain, Qijin Coast Park, Weiwuying art and Culture Center, Shoushan nature park, xiziwan, Tianliao moon world, Tengzhi forest recreation area Kaohsiung Municipal Art Museum

Taichung City

Yizhong street, gaomei wetland, Lu Siyi church, Taiwan Art Museum, Taiwan Natural Science Museum, Dakeng scenic spot, Wuling farm and Taichung Park

Tainan City

Tainan Confucius Temple, Anping castle, Chigu tower, Zengwen reservoir, datianhougong, dananmen gate, Anping tree house, Yanping County King's temple, sidianwu temple, Wushantou Reservoir Scenic Spot, Taijiang Park, xilaya scenic spot, guanziling hot spring, Yizai Jincheng, Caoshan moon world, Qigu salt mountain, Qimei Museum, Jingzi foot tile pan salt field, Qigu lagoon and Taiwan Literature Museum

Taoyuan City

Daxi old street, Taoyuan Taidi pond, Xiaowulai scenic spot, Dongyan Mountain Forest Amusement Park

Pingdong County

Longpan Park, Eluanbi Park, Shadao ecological reserve, Nanwan, maobitou Park, Baisha Bay Beach, Guanshan scenic spot, Kenting Park, Hengchun old street, Taiwan Marine Biology Museum, Dapeng Bay scenic spot, xiaoryukyu, sichongxi hot spring, Shuangliu forest recreation area, Kenting forest recreation area and Hengchun ancient city

Yilan County

Qilanshan cypress forest, Mingchi forest recreation area, Jiaoxi hot spring, Beiguan Haichao Park, Guishan Island, Taiping mountain forest recreation area, Nanfang Ao

Taitung

Lanyu settlement and natural landscape, Peinan site, Dulan mountain, shuijinjiu mining site, Zhiben hot spring, green island, sansendai, Fukuoka Geopark, Zhiben forest recreation area, green island Asahi hot spring, Taiwan prehistoric culture museum

Jiayi County

South courtyard of Taipei Palace Museum, Alishan Forest Railway, Alishan scenic spot, fenqi Lake scenic spot and Ruili scenic spot

Nantou County

Riyuetan scenic spot, Jiji railway station, Puli, Dongpu hot spring, shanlinxi Forest Ecological Resort Park and Qingjing farm

Penghu County

Penghu basalt nature reserve, Penghu Shihu group, Penghu scenic spot, Penghu South four Island Park, Penghu sea crossing bridge, Qimei Island, Ergu traditional settlement, Xiyu Xitai, Xiyu Xitai, Wang'an Island, Tongpan island and Hujing island

Hsinchu City

Hsinchu Town God's Temple, green grass lake, bamboo cutting City Ying Xi gate, seventeen km coastal scenic area

Hsinchu County

Emei lake, Beipu cold spring, neiwan Town, Xinpu town

Yunlin County

Beigang Chaotian Palace and Caoling scenic spot

Hualien County

Qixingtan, Jiuqu cave, Changchun Temple trail, Qingshui cliff, Suhua highway, Fuyuan forest recreation area, Mizuho hot spring, Liyutan and xiuguluan river

North (North Taiwan)

Northeast corner and Yilan coastal scenic area (Xinbei city and Yilan County), north coast and Guanyin Mountain Scenic Area (Xinbei city and Keelung City), Xueba Park (Hsinchu County, Miaoli County and Taichung City), Lala mountain (Taoyuan City and Xinbei city)

Central China (Central Taiwan)

Shenshan scenic area (Hsinchu County, Miaoli County, Taichung City, Changhua County, Nantou County), Yushan Park (Nantou County, Jiayi County, Kaohsiung City, Hualien County), Guanwu Forest Recreation Area (Hsinchu County, Miaoli County), Hehuan mountain forest recreation area (Nantou County, Hualien County)

Southern Taiwan

Yunjianan coastal scenic area (Yunlin County, Jiayi County, Tainan City), Maolin scenic area (Kaohsiung City, Pingdong county)

East (East Taiwan)

East Coast scenic spot (Hualien County, Taitung County), Taroko Park (Hualien County, Taichung City, Nantou County), Huadong longitudinal valley scenic spot (Hualien County, Taitung County)

Fujian and Guangdong islands controlled by the Taiwan authorities

Jinmen Park (Fujian island, actually controlled by Taiwan authorities), Dongsha Atoll Park (Guangdong Island, actually controlled by Taiwan authorities), Mazu scenic spot (Fujian island, actually controlled by Taiwan authorities)