Shandong

Shandong Province, a coastal province in East China, is called Lu for short, and its capital is Jinan. It is located in the east coast of China between 34 ° 22.9 ′ - 38 ° 24.01 ′ N and 114 ° 47.5 ′ - 122 ° 42.3 ′ e, bordering Hebei, Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu from north to south.
In the middle part of Shandong Province, the mountains are protruding, the southwest and northwest are low-lying and flat, and the East is gentle and rolling. The terrain is dominated by mountains and hills. In the East is Shandong Peninsula, in the West and north is North China Plain, and in the middle and south is mountains and hills, forming a landform with mountains and hills as the skeleton and plain basins crisscrossed among them. The types include mountains, hills, platforms, basins, plains, lakes, etc; It is a warm temperate monsoon climate, which crosses Huaihe River, Yellow River, Haihe River, Xiaoqing River and Jiaodong river.
As of September 2019, Shandong Province has 16 prefecture level cities, including 57 municipal districts, 27 county-level cities and 53 counties, with a total of 137 county-level administrative regions. 664 streets, 1092 towns and 68 townships, totaling 1824 township level administrative regions.
By the end of 2018, Shandong Province had a permanent population of 147, 4200 people, a regional GDP of 7646.97 billion yuan and a per capita GDP of 766300 yuan.
Historical evolution
The fossils of Yiyuan people discovered in Yiyuan County, which were discovered in Pleistocene, were one of the examples of Homo erectus in China.
The Stone Age civilization in Shandong Province includes the post Li Culture from 8500 to 7500 years ago, the "Beixin culture" from 7300 to 6100, and the early excavation of Dawenkou Culture and Longshan culture Chinese characters from 4300 BC to 2500 BC. The pottery pieces dating back to the daolongshan culture in Longshan street, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, are dating back to the Yueshi culture between 4000 and 3500 years ago.
When Yu was divided into nine states in Xia Dynasty, Shandong belonged to Qingzhou.
Before the establishment of the Shang Dynasty, the ancestor of the Shang Dynasty was Qi in Tibet, and the eastern capital of Xiangtu was under Mount Tai. The southwest of Shandong was once the center of the activities of the Shang tribes and one of the central areas ruled by the Shang Dynasty. Eight capital relocations were made in the early Shang Dynasty, of which the first two were in Shandong. The Shang dynasty ruled the Dongyi people who were not Huaxia in eastern Shandong through the Allies' dying state and the poor Gu state.
In 1046 BC, the king of Wu of Zhou Dynasty destroyed Shang Zhou, and the world began to change. The first official of the king of Wu was to assist Jiang Taigong, who was a great helper, Cao shuzhenduo, the son of the king of literature, and Zhougong, the younger brother of the king of Wu, was granted to Lu.
Linzi, the state of Qi, has "the benefits of making use of business and industry, and making the fish and salt more beneficial, while the people return to the country". It integrates "Dongyi culture", "simplifies its rites due to its customs", "promotes the virtuous and pursues the work", and is pragmatic, innovative and inclusive, and the national strength is quite prosperous. The industry and Commerce and technology of Qi, such as textile industry, are also very developed, and have the reputation of "crown and clothing".
Lu is a state of rites and rites in Qufu. Lu adheres to the rites and music instruments of Zhou Dynasty, and is a "state of Rites" which respects benevolence, tradition, ethics, human and harmony.
The capital of Cao state is Taoqiu, which is the center of water and land transportation and national economic capital in Central Plains, and enjoys the reputation of "in the world". Fan Li helped the Yue to destroy Wu, and then turned to Tao, settled in business, and was honored as "the ancestor of Shang".
Qilu culture has a great contribution and profound influence on the formation and development of Chinese culture. Confucius, born in Qufu, Lu Du, created Confucianism here, and became the cornerstone of the social framework and values of China. Chiyou (one of the ancestors of China), Confucius, Mencius, etc. are outstanding representatives of Qilu and Lu countries in various aspects of Chinese civilization.
There were many small states in Shandong during the spring and Autumn period. There were 55 countries only seen in Zuozhuan. Among them, the territory and influential countries were Lai, Ju, Zou and Teng, which were later absorbed by Qi and Lu.
In the Warring States period, Qi became one of the seven male powers, and most of Shandong today was owned by Qi and Lu.
In 221 BC, Qi became the last state of the state of Qin to be annexed. Qin was divided into 36 counties, including Linzi County, Qi County, Dongjun, Xue County, Langxie County, Jiaodong county and Jibei County in Shandong Province.
In the late Qin Dynasty and early Han Dynasty, Xiangyu divided the emperors into kings, and divided the Qi into Qi, Jiaodong and Jibei.
In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, most of Shandong Province was the seal of Qi mourning Hui Wang Liu Fei. Han Wendi adopted Jiayi's proposal of "building all princes without their strength", and divided Qi into seven. The Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty was divided into 13 states in the world in the fifth year of the first five years (106 years), among which Qingzhou in the north and Xuzhou and Yanzhou in the South were set up in Shandong. It lasted until the Western Jin Dynasty. The Department of the history of Qingzhou governs plain county, Qiancheng County, Jinan County, Beihai County, Donglai County, Qi County, Zichuan state, Jiaodong state and Gaomi country. Yanzhou bayonet Department has jurisdiction over Taishan County, Shanyang County, Jiyin County, Chengyang state and Dongping state.
Shandong is known as "paste earth thousand li", and in the early days, there was developed agriculture and handicraft industry. Qin and Han Dynasties were the economic center of China. Shandong grain is continuously tracing the Yellow River to the west, and it is supplied to Guanzhong. Linzi, Dingtao and Kangfu are three major textile centers in the country. A large number of exquisite textiles have been continuously transported to the western region since then.
During the Northern Dynasties of the sixteen countries in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, at least millions of northern people migrated to the South and the East. A large number of nomadic peoples from the north and the West entered Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Henan and other northern areas. The northern people's system changed greatly, and Shandong was occupied by houzhao, Qianyan and qianqin.
After the war, Shandong returned to the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Youzhou was set up in Guanggu (now Qingzhou) in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which was soon occupied by Murong De. In the sixth year of Yixi (410), Liu Yu Pingding Nanyan, and then the former was located in Qingzhou and Yanzhou.
During the northern and Southern Dynasties, there were still frequent wars and economic damage. In the Liu Song Dynasty, Jizhou was added to govern the cities. Later, he entered the Northern Wei Dynasty and changed Jizhou to Qizhou. The Northern Wei Dynasty died, belonging to the Northern Qi Dynasty, and soon became the union of the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
In Sui Dynasty, the county and county system was implemented, Shandong Province was divided into 15 counties, a total of 166 counties.
Ten roads were set up in Tang Dynasty, with the Yellow River as the boundary, and Shandong Province was divided into Henan Road and Hebei road.
Shandong has been restored to development. At that time, it was mainly Henan road. During the Kaiyuan Tianbao period, millions of corn were transported to Guanzhong every year, while the prices of Qingqi and other places were still far lower than those in other parts of China. Yanzhou Jinghua silk and Qingzhou Xian silk in Tang Dynasty are all well-known fine fabrics in the country. By the late Tang Dynasty, the war began again.
In Song Dynasty, Shandong was subordinate to Jingdong road and Hebei Road, and then added Jingdong West Road, Caozhou and Yunzhou were Jingdong West Road. In the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Liangshan uprising led by Songjiang took place.
The Jin Dynasty set up Shandong East Road and Shandong West Road, East Road for Yidu, and the West Road for Dongping. The exploitation of Jin Dynasty was serious, and the Mongols invaded and ruled savagely, and the society and economy were stagnant. The population of Jin Dynasty is about 1.44 million (about 10million). By the Yuan Dynasty, there were only 1.26 million and 380000, compared with the Jin Dynasty, the number of people decreased by 87% and the number of households decreased by about 75%.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the province of East parallel, Jinan, Chuzhou, Yidu and Shandong Province were set up in Shandong Province. The provincial government has set up roads, governments, states and counties, forming four levels of local administrative system.
The Ming Dynasty began to establish Shandong political secretary (including Liaodong, Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei).
When the Ming Dynasty was restored, Shandong was "mostly a place without human beings", and the government encouraged the people to reclaim the wasteland. In the twenty sixth year of Hongwu (1393), the cultivated land area was over 72.4 million mu, 2.4 times that of the Northern Song Dynasty, ranking the third in the country. After Emperor Yongle moved to Beijing in 1421, Jining and Linqing along the Grand Canal of Beijing and Hangzhou flourished due to the development of water transport.
Shandong Province was set up in the early Qing Dynasty, and "Shandong" became the special name of the province. By Kangxi, the cultivated land reached more than 90 million mu.
In 1860s, Yantai became the first open port in Shandong Province. In 1895, during the Sino Japanese War, the Japanese occupied Weihai and the whole navy of the North Ocean was destroyed. In 1898, Qingdao and Weihai were loaned to Germany and the United Kingdom respectively. Germany built Jiaoji Railway (1905) from Qingdao to Jinan and north section of Jinpu Railway (1911), taking Shandong as its own sphere of influence. In 1899, the boxer group rose from Shandong Province, attacking western missionaries all over Shandong Province.
In the late Qing Dynasty, facing the threat of Russia and Japan, Northeast China finally opened up to Han immigrants. With the encouragement of zhangzuolin in the early Republic of China, tens of millions of Shandong farmers made a living in Guandong in 100 years, which became an important part of the northeast people.
The Republic of China
In 1914, Japanese troops seized Qingdao from Germany. It was returned to China after the 1922 Washington Conference. In 1928, Shandong Province revoked the level of Dao, and 107 counties directly under the central government of Shandong Province. In 1930, the national government took Weihai back from Britain.
During the Anti Japanese war from 1937 to 1945, the Japanese occupied Shandong railway and cities, while the Communist Party established the liberated areas such as Yimeng in Shandong. He Siyuan, the president of Shandong provincial government, entered Shandong secretly in June 1945 and returned to Jinan on September 1.
In late October 1946, He Siyuan was transferred to Beiping mayor. On October 23, Wang Yaowu officially took office as president of Shandong provincial government. On November 1, Wang Yaowu was sworn in. At the beginning of the reign of Wang Yaowu, Jiang Jieshi visited the economy three times, and frequently met and watched and talked with Wang for a long time.
On September 24, 1948, Chen Yi's troops captured Jinan, and Wang Yaowu, President of Shandong Province, fled to Qingdao in Shouguang. On June 2, 1949, after the American troops retreated from Qingdao, the PLA entered the city.
On August 18th, 1949, the long mountains and islands were liberated, and Shandong Province was liberated.
In August 1949, the people's Government of North China issued a general order, and some areas in Shandong Province were assigned out, and plain province was established with some areas in Henan and Hebei.
New China
After the founding of new China, plain province was established, which was directly led by the Central Committee. Now Heze and Liaocheng in Shandong Province are under the jurisdiction of plain province.
In 1952, the plain province was cancelled, and Heze, Liaocheng and Huxi were divided into Shandong Province.
In June 1953, the Tengxian district (now Tengzhou) was moved to Jining to establish jining special district. In July, Huxi special district and Yishui special area were revoked and their counties and cities were divided into Jining, Heze and Linyi special districts respectively.
In December 1954, Zibo special zone of industry and mining was revoked and Zibo City was established.
In 1958, Laiyang district was renamed Yantai special district.
In 1960, Juezhuang city was set up by the revocation of the county.
In 1963, Dongming County of Henan Province was assigned to Shandong Province.
In 1964, fan county was assigned to Henan Province.
In January 1965, Guantao was assigned to Hebei Province, Ningjin County and Qingyun County in Hebei Province were assigned to Shandong Province.
In 1967, the special area was renamed as a region, with nine districts under Shandong, 4 provinces, 5 county-level cities and 107 counties.
In May 1981, Changwei area was renamed Weifang Area.
In November 1982, Dongying City was established under the jurisdiction of the province.
In 1983, the Yantai, Weifang and Jining regions were revoked, and Yantai, Weifang and Jining cities were set up.
In 1985, Tai'an district was revoked and a special level Tai'an City was established.
In 1987, Weihai was upgraded to prefecture level city.
In 1989, sunshine was promoted to prefecture level city.
In 1992, Huimin area was renamed Binzhou District, and Laiwu was upgraded to prefecture level city.
In 1994, Linyi district and Dezhou area were abolished, and local Linyi City and Dezhou City were established.
In 1997, Liaocheng district was cancelled and Liaocheng City was established at the prefecture level;
In 2000, Binzhou district and Heze area were cancelled and local Binzhou and Heze cities were established.