Fangshan District, Beijing Municipality

Fangshan District, located in the junction of North China Plain and Taihang Mountain, is subordinate to Beijing. It is between 39 ° 30 ′ - 39 ° 55 ′ N and 115 ° 25 ′ - 116 ° 15 ′ e. it is the southwest gateway of the capital. The total area of the district is 2019 square kilometers, with plains, hills and mountainous areas accounting for one third of the total area. As of June 2020, it has jurisdiction over 8 streets, 14 towns and 6 townships. There are 154 communities and 459 villages with a permanent population of 1255000 (in 2019).

Liangxiang, the seat of Fangshan District government, is one of the 14 central satellite cities in Beijing master plan. It is 25 kilometers away from the capital (Liuliqiao). In December 2016, it was listed as the third batch of national new urbanization comprehensive pilot areas. In 2017, Fangshan District reconfirmed as a national health district.

Fangshan has a long history. It has always been known as "the source of people", "the source of city" and "the source of capital". The world-famous Peking Man Site in Zhoukoudian and the cave man at the top of the mountain are the birthplace of human civilization. The 3063 year old Yandu site in the west of Liulihe river is regarded by historians as the starting point of the development of ancient Beijing. The imperial mausoleum of the Jin Dynasty more than 860 years ago confirmed the vicissitudes of Beijing's capital.

Fangshan has a superior ecological environment, including China Fangshan World Geopark, Shangfangshan National Forest Park, the oldest primary secondary forest in North China, Shihua Cave, Yinhu cave and other karst cave groups; Fangshan has convenient transportation, including Beijing Hong Kong Macao expressway, Beijing Kunming expressway, Beijing Xiong Expressway under planning and construction, and Beijing subway Fangshan Line and Yanfang line of Beijing Metro are only half an hour's drive away from Beijing Daxing International Airport, and one hour's drive away from xiong'an New District and capital core area.

In 2019, Fangshan District's GDP will reach 81.09 billion yuan, an increase of 5.4% over 2018, excluding the influence of price factors. Among them, the added value of the primary industry was 1.39 billion yuan, down 0.3%. The added value of the secondary industry was 35.3 billion yuan, down 1.9%. The added value of the tertiary industry was 44.4 billion yuan, an increase of 12.4%.

Historical evolution

In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the state of Yan had its capital in the territory.

Qin, Shanggu county.

Han, Liangxiang county.

Jindading 29 years (1189), built Wanning county.

In the second year of Mingchang (1191), it was renamed Fengxian County, so it was ruled in Fangshan Town, belonging to Daxing mansion of Zhongdu road.

In 1215, the two counties belonged to Daxing mansion, Yanjing road.

From the emperor Shizu of Yuan Dynasty to the first year of Yuan Dynasty (1264), it belonged to Daxing mansion of Zhongdu road. In 1284, Fengxian County changed its name to Fangshan County.

During the Anti Japanese War and the war of liberation, the Communist Party of China set up the following democratic regimes at the junction of Fangshan and Liangxiang counties and neighboring counties. Because of the time of war, the location and division of the county government were not fixed.

Since the founding of the people's Republic of China, Liangxiang county belongs to Tongxian District of Hebei Province, Fangshan County belongs to Tongxian District of Hebei Province, and the county government is stationed in Fangshan city.

In 1958, Fangshan and Liangxiang counties in Hebei Province were merged into Zhoukoudian district.

In 1960, Zhoukoudian district was renamed Fangshan County, belonging to Beijing.

In 1980, some areas of Chengguan and Zhoukoudian, about 36 square kilometers, were designated as Yanshan district.

In February 1987, with the approval of the State Council, Fangshan County and Yanshan district were abolished and Fangshan District was established. The district government was stationed in Fangshan and its administrative division was within the scope of the original Fangshan County and Yanshan district.

On November 17, 1997, the State Council approved the relocation of Fangshan District People's government to Liangxiang township.

administrative division

As of June 2020, Fangshan District has 8 streets: Chengguan Street, Xinzhen street, Xiangyang Street, Dongfeng Street, Yingfeng street, Xingcheng street, Xilu street and Gongchen street. 14 towns: Liang Town, Zhoukoudian Town, Liulihe Town, Yancun Town, Doudian Town, Shilou Town, Changyang Town, Hebei town, Changgou Town, Dashiwo Town, Zhangfang Town, Shidu Town, Qinglonghu Town, Hancunhe town. Six townships: Xiayunling Township, Nanjiao Township, fozizhuang Township, Da'anshan Township, shijiaying Township and Puwa township. There are 154 communities and 459 villages. District People's Government in Liangxiang Tongzheng Road 1.

geographical environment

Location context

Fangshan District is under the jurisdiction of Beijing and is located in the southwest of Beijing. It is between 39 ° 30 '- 39 ° 55' n and 115 ° 25 '- 116 ° 15' E. It is adjacent to Mentougou District in the north and Fengtai District in the northeast. It faces Daxing District across Yongding River in the East, Zhuozhou City and Laishui County in Hebei Province in the South and West.

details

Geology and geomorphology

Fangshan area is a part of Xishan fold area in Yanshan subsidence zone, especially in middle and Upper Proterozoic. The Xishan fold area includes most of the Xishan Mountain Area and plain area in Beijing. The geological feature is that the crustal movement has been in a descending depression state from Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic. Later, influenced by the Yanshan movement, the western part of the country was folded and uplifted into a mountain, namely the western mountain of Beijing. According to the difference of geological structure, Fangshan area is divided into three geological units: Beijing Xishan fold uplift area, Beijing Syncline area and Daxing uplift area.

The strata in Fangshan area are well-developed. Except that the Archean strata are not exposed, and the upper Ordovician to lower Carboniferous and Triassic strata are missing, the Sinian epimetamorphic rocks and Quaternary sediments are exposed, with a total thickness of 19027 meters.

Fangshan is high in the northwest and low in the southeast. The geological structure obviously controls the geomorphic form. To the east of Liangxiang Qianmen fault, there is at least a certain range of provenance of Early Cretaceous sediments. The distribution range of the early Cretaceous sediments exposed in Tuoli and buried under the plain generally represents the bottom plain of the Intermountain faulted basin formed by the rise and fall of faults at the end of Jurassic and the beginning of Cretaceous. The Cretaceous sediments in the Tuoli conglomerate and boreholes indicate that the materials mainly come from the volcanic distribution area. In Fangshan area, the subsidence amplitude of mountain area is a little smaller, and the main forms after folding are dome and basin.

There is a small-scale granodiorite in the north of Fangshan area, which is a typical granite hill landform. The geomorphic types from northwest to southeast are mountain, hill, plain and depression. According to the principle of Genesis and morphology, Fangshan area can be divided into eight geomorphic types: low mountain, middle mountain, hill, hillock platform, alluvial proluvial plain, alluvial plain, depression and floodplain.

climatic conditions

Fangshan District is located in warm temperate semi humid monsoon continental climate zone. The landform is complex, the relative height difference between mountain and plain is great, and the climate is obviously different.

According to the standard of climate temperature, based on Fangshan station in plain area and Xiayunling station in mountain area, spring in plain area starts on April 6 and ends on May 25, with a length of 50 days; spring in mountain area starts on April 11 and ends on May 20, with a length of 40 days. The plain summer begins on May 26 and ends on September 5, lasting 103 days; the mountain summer begins on May 21 and ends on August 31, lasting 103 days. Plain autumn begins on September 6 and ends on October 25, with a length of 51 days; mountain autumn begins on September 1 and ends on October 25, with a length of 56 days; plain winter begins on October 26 and ends on April 5, with a length of 162 days; mountain winter begins on the same day and ends on April 10, with a length of 167 days. The number of days in summer is equal to 103 days in mountain area and plain area. In autumn and winter, the number of days in mountain area is 5 days more than that in plain area. In spring, the number of days in mountain area is 10 days less than that in plain area. The characteristics of the four seasons are distinct. In spring, it is dry and windy, the temperature rises quickly, the temperature difference between day and night is large, in summer, it is hot and rainy, and the rainfall is concentrated. In autumn, the weather is cool and cool, the temperature is suitable, and the light is sufficient, but the temperature drops quickly. Sometimes, the first frost comes too early, and there is frost damage. In winter, it is long, cold and dry.

The annual average temperature of Fangshan is 11.6 ℃ in plain area and 10.8 ℃ in mountainous area. January is the lowest month in a year, and the average monthly temperature is - 5.2 ℃ in plain and - 5.0 ℃ in mountainous areas. It rose to above 0 ℃ in March. The highest temperature is in July, with the average temperature of 26 ℃ in plain and 24.4 ℃ in mountainous areas. It dropped to below 0 ℃ in December. The annual temperature range is 31.2 ℃ in plain and 29.4 ℃ in mountainous area. The extreme minimum temperature was - 26 ℃ in plain on February 22, 1966 and - 18.3 ℃ in mountainous area on December 31, 1968. The extreme maximum temperature was 43.5 ℃ in the plain and 39.3 ℃ in the mountainous area on June 10, 1961. In addition to latitude, diurnal temperature range is closely related to terrain and weather conditions. The diurnal range in spring and autumn is larger than that in winter and summer, and that in spring is larger than that in autumn. Because the cloud cover in spring is more than that in autumn, the diurnal range in autumn is larger than that in spring. The average diurnal range in April is 10.7 ℃, and that in October is 11.2 ℃, which is also the lowest in Beijing. The average daily range is 10.4 ℃ and 11.9 ℃ in plain.

According to the statistics of meteorological data after the founding of new China, the date of the first frost in Fangshan area was advanced to October 2 on the average in plain on October 14, and September 30 on the average in mountainous area on September 28 at the earliest. The final frost date was on March 29 in plain area and on April 26 at the latest, on March 28 in mountain area and on April 26 at the latest. The frost free period is 191 days in plain area and 201 days in mountainous area.

The average annual precipitation is 602.5mm in plain and 645.2mm in mountainous area. Due to the barrier effect of the mountains, the annual precipitation along the line of Baihua Mountain in the west mountain and shijiaying in the south of the mountain is more than 700 mm, and that in the Da'an mountain area is close to 650 mm. The annual rainfall is uneven.

Chinese PinYin : Bei Jing Shi Shi Xia Qu Fang Shan Qu