Nitu County, Ali Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region

Ritu county (Tibetan: རུ་ཐོག཯ྫོང་།, English: Rutog county), which means "the foot of the mountain like a spear". It belongs to the Ali Region of the Tibet Autonomous Region of the people's Republic of China. Located in the west of Tibet and the northwest of Ali Region, it is one of the border counties. It is located between 78 ° 7 ′ - 82 ° 4 ′ E and 32 ° 7 ′ - 35 ° 4 ′ n. The Karakorum mountain and Gangdise mountain branches cross the whole territory, known as "the roof of the roof of the world". The average altitude of the whole county is about 4500 meters, and the highest altitude is 6800 meters.

The county people's government is located in Nitu Town, which has jurisdiction over four townships and one town, covering an area of 80300 square kilometers, accounting for about 1 / 15 of the total land area of the autonomous region. The existing cultivated land area is 8614.9 mu, grassland area is 70724000 mu, water area is 7940000 mu, and cultivated land area is 7300 mu. It is a border county with animal husbandry as the main industry and half farming and half animal husbandry. According to the sixth census in 2010, there are 9738 permanent residents in the county.

Nitu county is a semi agricultural and semi pastoral county. The proportion of animal husbandry is large, and agricultural production has great limitations. Local products mainly include ghee, leather, wool, cashmere, Schizothorax and naked carp. On February 6, 2019, the people's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region decided to withdraw Nitu county from poverty-stricken county. In October 2020, it was rated as the national model city (county) of double support.

Historical evolution

The origin of the name

Ritu, in Tibetan, means "spear fork like mountain bottom" and "spear like bracket".

Ancient times

As early as the stone age, there were sites of human activities in Ritu, which was one of the places where early human beings formed in Tibet. According to the archaeological findings, the types of stone tools include chopper, scraper, pointed tool and so on, and most of them are Neolithic. The rock paintings and stone tools of Ritu county are well-known in Tibet. According to archaeological findings, there are 13 rock painting sites, 10 stone relics, 3 Mound Tombs and 3 cave murals in Japan and Turkey. As Ritu county is located on the chain of Yecheng Ritu Altay rock paintings, it has great archaeological value for the study of Chinese ancient culture and understanding of human resources.

Ancient times

In the 3rd century, Japan and Turkey were under the rule of Xiangxiong, one of the three tribes at that time.

In the 7th century, Songzanganbu conquered Yangtong and brought Japan and Turkey into the scope of Tubo.

In 895, a civilian uprising occurred in Tibet, and bekezan, a descendant of the Tubo royal family, was killed. His son jidnimagon was forced to flee West to aripulan. He got the courtesy of the local people, married his daughter, and promoted her to be king. He established a separate monarchy system under his rule. In his later years, jidnimagon enfeoffed his three sons everywhere, which later called "sangun occupied Sanwei", namely "Ali Sanwei" ”。 Among them, beidegun, the eldest son, manages the land surrounded by lakes (now around Japan and Turkey).

In the 10th century, the Guge Dynasty was established and Japan and Turkey were under the rule.

In 1635, senglanga, king of Ladak, captured the castle of gugzarangka, killed the city of juewoda, king of gugzarangka, and Ladak occupied the Japanese territory.

In 1681, the Khan king of Heshuote Khan sent troops to Ali. After three years of fighting, he defeated Ladakh, recovered the lost territory and ruled Ali. (it shows that these things were done by the Khan king of Heshuote Khan and basically had nothing to do with the Gadan government of the fifth Dalai Lama rosanggatso.).

In 1751, the central government of the Qing Dynasty established the gaxia system of local political power in Tibet. Japan and Turkey were a clan under the rule of Ali garben, and implemented the feudal farming and animal husbandry system of integrating politics and religion.

Before liberation, Japan and Turkey were administrative units at the county level under the jurisdiction of the local government of Tibet. They were under the leadership of garben and were known as the Japan and Turkey sect. The successive clans were appointed by gaxia, and they were generally appointed for three years. There are 4 cuoben and 14 TouRen districts under the jurisdiction of Japanese tuzong. The Japanese tuzong was divided into two organizations: the suzerain government and the larang government. The officials of the suzerain government were directly appointed by the gaxia government from Lhasa. Kaempu is set up in Lhasa and appointed by the Sera Monastery in Lhasa.

After liberation

In July 1951, he Jingfu, commander of the 1st Battalion of the 1st regiment of the independent cavalry division of the Xinjiang Military Region of the Chinese people's Liberation Army, led his troops to the Japanese tuzong school to cooperate with an Zhiming's troops in suppressing and annihilating the bandit forces fleeing in the Japanese tuzong area.

In November 1956, the Japanese tuzong office and its Party committee were established.

In April 1959, Ali sub working committee and military control committee sent military representatives and working groups to Japan and tuzong, took over the government of Japan and tuzong, centralized management and training of Japan and tuzongben, larang Kanbu and some of the leaders. Since then, the feudal serfdom with the unity of politics and religion was completely overthrown, and all duties and exorbitant taxes were abolished. The people of Japan and tuzong really got rid of the exploitation, oppression and oppression of the three Lords Enslaved and liberated.

In January 1960, the Committee of Nitu county was established and the people's Government of Nitu county was established. Under the leadership of Nitu county Party committee, the democratic reform work was carried out in the agricultural and pastoral areas, that is, in the rural areas, the "three evils" and "double reductions" (anti rebellion, anti ulah, anti slavery; reducing resistance and interest rates) and land distribution were carried out; in the pastoral areas, the "three evils" and "two benefits" (anti rebellion, anti ulah, anti slavery; two benefits for herdsmen and herdsmen) and the "three evils" and "three calculations" (anti rebellion, anti slavery, anti feudalism) were carried out in the temples It is a democratic reform movement whose main contents are political oppression, hierarchical oppression and economic exploitation.

In March 1961, Ritu county was officially established under the jurisdiction of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

From the end of 1964 to the beginning of 1965, universal suffrage was conducted in the agricultural and pastoral areas of Japan and Turkey, and nine township level people's government agencies were elected.

In June 1965, the first people's Congress of Nitu county was held, and the leading body of the county people's Committee was elected.

In July 1965, Nitu county developed four members of the first group of farmers and herdsmen in Nitu Township, and established the first rural Party branch, Nitu Township Party branch.

The period from May 1966 to October 1976 was a turbulent period in the ten years of the cultural revolution. The party, political organizations and the masses of Nitu County, located on the plateau, were not immune from the destruction and catastrophe.

In March 1967, the Ali military control committee sent military and political cadres to carry out the tasks of "three branches" (supporting agriculture, supporting workers and supporting the left) and "two armies" (military control and military training) together with the Japanese and Turkish garrison.

In 1978, Nitu county was transferred from Xinjiang to Tibet Autonomous Region, under the jurisdiction of Ali Region, and the people's Government of Nitu county was stationed in Japan.

In October 1983, Nitu county government moved to derukunzi.

administrative division

Division evolution

From April 1961 to February 1962, Nitu County successively established four district offices and district committees in Nitu, Nisong, rebang and DOMA.

Nitu district was established in December 1960 and has jurisdiction over three townships, including two villages in Wujiang Township, three villages in rejiao Township and two villages in Nitu township. There is the site of rituzong, which is a key cultural relic protection unit in the autonomous region. There is a bird island in Bangong Lake.

Nisong district was set up in December 1960. It is located in the southeast of the county government, 30 kilometers away from the county government, with a population of 17000. 219 national highway. It governs three townships, including three villages in Deru Township, three villages in Jiagang Township and three villages in Guoba township. In rimudong, lurilangji and other places, there are ancient rock paintings reflecting the early human society, and there are ancient Japanese tombs in the territory.

DOMA district was set up in December 1960. Located in the middle of the county, 125 kilometers away from the county government. The population is 10000. 219 national highway. It governs three townships, including three villages in Duoma Township, three villages in dongdang Township and two villages in Songxi township. Ancient rock paintings were found in chaksan, xiaqulong and alonggou.

The hot side zone was set up in February 1961. Located in the southeast of the county, 93 kilometers away from the county government, with a population of 1700. It governs three townships, among which Longmen Township governs two villages, ZAPU Township governs three villages, and dingze Township governs dingze village.

In 1996, Nitu County governed 4 districts, 12 townships and 30 administrative villages. The county government is stationed in derukunzi.

Zoning details

In 2000, Nitu County governed one town and four townships: Nitu Town, Duoma Township, risong Township, rebang Township and Dongru township. The county government is located in jieguosang community, Nitu town.

geographical environment

Location context

Located in the west of Tibet Autonomous Region and the northwest of Ali Region, Ritu county is one of the border counties of Tibet Autonomous Region. It is located at 78 ° 7 ′ - 82 ° 4 ′, 32 ° 7 ′ - 35 ° 4 ′, 1800 km from Lhasa in the East and 120 km from Shiquan River in the south. It is the north gate for Xinjiang to enter Tibet. It is adjacent to Hotan area of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the north, Gaize County in the East, Geji county and Gar County in the south, and Ladakh in the Indian Kashmir region in the West. In this section, the traditional boundary between Tibet and Ladakh starts from kongkashan pass, turns southwest and goes along the mountains, passes through the intersection of qiangchenmo River and xilonggebalma River, passes through gogela, then rises to the mountains, passes through tamat mountain, along qiangchenmo mountain, passes through 6107 highland, follows the mountains to Aini mountain pass, goes south from Aini mountain pass, follows the mountains through 6127 highland, and goes south to Bangong Hubei bank, after passing through Bangong Lake, reaches the South Bank of the lake, then goes southeast, passes near chushule, reaches longjushan, passes through sengezangbo River (Indus River) to pukeqi, and reaches the junction of Gar County, Ritu county and Ladak County in the south. The border line is 350 km long, connecting 25 outer mountain passes, and there are three traditional border trade points. It is a border county with animal husbandry as the main industry and half farming and half animal husbandry.

landforms

The landform of Ritu county belongs to the plateau lake basin area. The high mountains of Karakorum and the branches of Gangdese mountain cross the whole area, with an average altitude of 4300 meters. Due to the dry climate and weak water flow, the plateau is well preserved. The general terrain is high in the north and south, and low in the middle. Along the Bangongcuo Nujiang fault zone, a huge catchment depression with the lowest plateau terrain is formed, which is along the fault line between the surrounding mountains crack

Chinese PinYin : Xi Cang Zi Zhi Qu A Li Di Qu Ri Tu Xian