Kaifeng City, Henan Province

Kaifeng Kaifeng, referred to as "Bian", is a prefecture level city in Henan Province, one of the central cities in the core area of the Central Plains urban agglomeration approved by the State Council, and a cultural tourism city. As of 2018, the city has 5 districts and 4 counties with a total area of 6266 square kilometers and a built-up area of 151 square kilometers.

Kaifeng is located in Central China, the east of Henan Province, the hinterland of the Central Plains, the Bank of the Yellow River, and adjacent to Zhengzhou in the West. Kaifeng free trade zone is one of the three areas of China (Henan) pilot free trade zone. It is one of the first batch of national famous historical and cultural cities. Up to now, it has a history of more than 4100 years of city building and capital building, including Xia Dynasty, Wei state in Warring States period, Hou Liang, Hou Jin, Hou Han, Hou Zhou, Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty in Five Dynasties. It is known as the ancient capital of eight dynasties. It gave birth to the far-reaching "song culture" that inherited Han and Tang Dynasties and enlightened Ming and Qing Dynasties. Kaifeng is the only capital city whose central axis has never changed in the world. The chengduicheng site is rare in the world archaeological history and capital history. The capital of the Song Dynasty, Dongjing City, was the largest city in the world at that time. It was the creation place of Qingming River map.

Henan opera, the largest local opera in China, originated here, with 8 National 5A and 4A tourist attractions and 19 national key cultural relics protection units. China Kaifeng Qingming Cultural Festival and China Kaifeng Chrysanthemum Cultural Festival attract many tourists at home and abroad. In October 2020, it was rated as the national model city (county) of double support

In 2020, the GDP of Kaifeng is 237.183 billion yuan, which is 2.0% higher than that of the previous year in terms of comparable price, 0.7 percentage point higher than that of the whole province (1.3%), ranking 13th in the whole province.

The activities of Kaifeng ancestors can be traced back to the Neolithic age. At the wanlonggang site in Xiangfu District of Kaifeng City and the duantougang site in Jichuan town of Weishi County, several sites of early Neolithic Peiligang culture have been found. The excavation proves that human activities existed in Kaifeng City as early as 5000 or 6000 years ago.

Zhuan Xu, one of the five emperors, was granted the title of Gaoyang (now Gaoyang Town, Qi County, Kaifeng City, Henan Province) in his early years for his contribution to SHAOHAO.

In the Xia Dynasty, the capital of Kaifeng was established in 217 years from dizhu to DIHE. It is known as Laoqiu (today's Duli village in the northeast of Kaifeng City, Henan Province). This is the first time that Kaifeng established its capital with clear historical records.

Dayu lived in the east of Yangcheng (now Dengfeng City, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province) to avoid business.

In the Shang Dynasty, the capital of Kaifeng was established for 27 years.

In the early spring and Autumn period (8th century BC), Zheng zhuanggong built a grain storage city near Zhuxian Town in the south of today's Kaifeng City.

In the sixth year of Wei Huiwang in the Warring States period, Wei Huiwang (who ascended the throne in 369 BC and became king in 334 BC) moved his capital to Daliang (now Gulou District, Kaifeng City). After the state of Wei moved its capital to Daliang, the Yellow River was diverted into putianze (now Zhengzhou is in charge of the urban area), and the water from putianze was diverted into Huaihe River. With the development of water conservancy, agriculture and Commerce have been greatly developed and prospered. He also built the great wall of Wei Dynasty and linked with the vassals, which made Daliang one of the most prosperous cities at that time. In 225 BC, Wang Ben, the general of the state of Qin, blocked the Yellow River levee, led the Yellow River water into the gap, flooded the city of Daliang, destroyed the city and killed people.

Qin, set up Daliang County, belongs to Dang County, county governance Suiyang County (now Suiyang District of Shangqiu City).

In the Western Han Dynasty, Xunyi county was set up in the territory. As the name of Kaifeng, Xunyi has been used for about 800 years. In the early Western Han Dynasty, the name of Kaifeng County was changed to Kaifeng County because of avoiding the taboo of Liu Qi, the king of Han Dynasty.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Junyi county was still under the jurisdiction of Chenliu county. In the 15th year of Emperor Guangwu's founding (39th year), the Department of Sili was changed to the Department of Sili Xiaowei, and the county of Henan was changed to the county of Henan Yin.

In the first year of Tianping (534), Emperor Xiaojing established Liangzhou, which governed Chenliu, Kaifeng and Yangxia.

In 576, Emperor Wudi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty changed Liangzhou into bianzhou, which was the beginning of Kaifeng's name "bianzhou". Kaifeng, which had lost nearly a hundred years, gradually recovered its vitality. Kaifeng also became one of the eight important warehouses on the water transportation line of the Northern Wei Dynasty fighting against the Southern Dynasties.

In 555 and 559, Emperor Wenxuan of the Northern Qi Dynasty built the famous Jianguo Temple (daxiangguo Temple) and Duju Temple (today's Kaifeng City Tower area), respectively. The development of Buddhist culture laid a foundation for the vigorous rise of Bianliang culture in Tokyo, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty.

In the Sui Dynasty, Chenliu county was set up in Junyi county (now Xiangfu District of Kaifeng City), and then changed to bianzhou. The middle section of the Grand Canal, which was more than 2000 kilometers long, was the Bianhe River connecting the Yellow River and the Huaihe River and running through bianzhou. The section from the Yellow River to the Huaihe River of the Grand Canal is also called Tongji canal.

In 621, the fourth year of Wude, Emperor Gaozu of Tang Dynasty, there was bianzhou general manager's office under the jurisdiction of bianzhou, Jizhou, Qizhou and Chenzhou. In the seventh year of Wude (624), bianzhou governor's office was changed to bianzhou governor's office. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty set up Henan Road, which ruled Junyi county (now Xiangfu District, Kaifeng City). In 742, bianzhou was changed to Chenliu county. In the second year of emperor Dezong's Jianzhong reign (781), Li Mian, a relative of Tang Dynasty, went to bianzhou to serve as a governor. The city of bianzhou (now Xiangfu District of Kaifeng City) was built for 22 Li.

In the first year of Xingyuan (784), Li xilie occupied bianzhou City, which was regarded as the emperor. He called himself "Chu" and "Wucheng" as the national name, and took bianzhou as Daliang Prefecture.

During the Five Dynasties, Kaifeng was the capital of Houliang, later Jin, later Han and later Zhou, which was called "east capital" or "Tokyo". During this period, Kaifeng officially replaced Luoyang and became the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of the whole country. Although the capital of Houliang was set up in Kaifeng for 17 years, the rent of the country was relatively light, and the people were able to recuperate. At the same time, the capital of Houliang was set up in Kaifeng, which made the political, economic, cultural and military center of China shift from Luoyang in Heluo area to Kaifeng in Eastern Henan Plain, which is of great epoch-making significance to the transfer of capital and political center in ancient China.

In 923, Houliang perished. Luoyang, the capital of the later Tang Dynasty, was established in Kaifeng.

In 936, Shi Jingtang destroyed the Tang Dynasty, established the later Jin Dynasty, and moved the capital from Luoyang to Kaifeng. On January 10, 947, the Khitan army conquered Kaifeng, the capital of the later Jin Dynasty.

In February 947, Yelu Deguang ascended the throne in Kaifeng, changed Kaifeng to Nanjing, changed Khan to emperor, and named the country "Daliao".

After the northern withdrawal of the Liao army, Kaifeng was still the capital of the Han Dynasty. In 951, Guo Wei launched the Tanzhou mutiny to destroy the later Han Dynasty and build the Later Zhou Dynasty. Guo Weiqin loved the people and made great efforts to reform, which brought about a new atmosphere in the Later Zhou Dynasty.

In 954, Chai Rong ascended the throne. On the basis of Guo Wei, Chai Rong rectified the imperial program and reformed the corrupt system, and made great progress in internal affairs, foreign affairs and military affairs. He conquered the Southern Tang Dynasty three times, won the land of "Huainan fourteen states", and restored the Jianghuai water transport, which further promoted the economy of Kaifeng. In 955, he launched another 100000 people to build the outer city outside the former bianzhou city (today's Gulou District of Kaifeng City).

In 960, Zhao Kuangyin, the governor of the imperial palace of the Later Zhou Dynasty and the governor of the German army in Song Zhou, launched the "Chenqiao mutiny" in chenqiaoyi (now Fengqiu County, Xinxiang City) 40 miles north of Kaifeng City. He established the Song Dynasty with the name of "song" and the capital of Kaifeng Prefecture in Tokyo. It took nine emperors and 168 years. The great Song Dynasty is the most glorious era in the history of Kaifeng and in the feudal history of China, with developed economy and culture, prosperous social life, and a population of 1.5 million. (according to the geographical records of song history, there were 261117 households and 442940 people in Kaifeng during the reign of Chongning.) In the Song Dynasty, Tokyo was the most prosperous city in the world. It became the political, economic and cultural center of the whole country at that time, and also the most prosperous metropolis in the world. The historical books describe the prosperity of Kaifeng, the capital of the Song Dynasty, with the words "eight wasteland contend, all nations communicate with each other". Zhang Zeduan, a painter of the Northern Song Dynasty, vividly depicts the prosperous, lively scene and beautiful natural scenery on both sides of the Bianhe River in Kaifeng City of the Northern Song Dynasty during the Qingming Festival.

In 1127, after the Jin Kingdom destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, Tokyo was renamed Bianjing. In the first year of Jin Zhenyuan (1153), Wan Yanliang moved his capital to Daxing mansion, the capital of China, and changed Bianjing into Kaifeng mansion of Nanjing, becoming the capital of Jin. At the beginning of the sixth year of Zhenglong (1161), Wan Yanliang invaded the Song Dynasty to the south, once taking "Kaifeng house in Nanjing" as the base. In the second year of Zhenyou (1214), wanyanzhen moved his capital to Kaifeng, Nanjing, in order to avoid the Mongolian army. In 1233, under the siege of Kaifeng by the Mongolian army, Wan Yanzhen escaped from Kaifeng and moved his capital to guide prefecture (now Shangqiu).

In the early Yuan Dynasty, it was still called Nanjing Road, following the name of the state of Jin. In the 25th year of Zhiyuan (1288), Nanjing road was changed to Bianliang Road, which was the provincial administration of Jiangbei in Henan Province. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the red scarf uprising led by Han lin'er, the king of the Ming Dynasty, established the "dragon and phoenix" peasant regime in the Song Dynasty. In 1358, the red scarf army occupied Bianliang and moved its capital from Bozhou. In 1359, Kaifeng City was conquered by the yuan army, and Han lin'er fled to Anfeng.

In March of 1368, the first year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, Xu Da led the Northern Expedition army to capture Henan. At this time, many people suggested to Zhu Yuanzhang that Bianliang should be the capital. In April, Zhu Yuanzhang visited Bianliang city. In May, Bianliang road was changed into Kaifeng Prefecture, and Kaifeng County was merged into Xiangfu county. At this point, the two counties became one, and Zhongshu of Henan Province was set up to govern Kaifeng Prefecture. In August of the same year, Kaifeng Prefecture was upgraded to Beijing, ranking as the second capital. Kaifeng City was rebuilt and the earth city was changed into a brick city. In the second year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1369), Henan Zhongshu was divided into Henan xingzhongshu province. The ninth year of Hongwu