Zhungeer banner, Ordos City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

Zhungeer banner Zhungeer (Mongolian meaning "left wing, left hand") banner, formerly known as Ordos Left Wing Front Banner, is located in the southwest of Inner Mongolia and the east of Ordos City. It is surrounded by the Yellow River in the East and North, facing Shanxi Province, Hohhot City and Baotou city across the river; it borders Shaanxi Province on the ancient Great Wall in the South; it borders Dalate Banner, Dongsheng District and Yijinhuoluo banner in the West; it is known as "Jiming three provinces". In 2014, it was rated as the 10th among the top 100 counties in China and a strong economic banner of Ordos City. With a total area of 7692 square kilometers, the banner governs 9 townships and 1 Sumu, 159 Gacha villages and 23 communities, inhabiting 14 ethnic groups including Mongolia, Han, Hui, Manchu and Tibetan. By the end of 2019, the permanent resident population of the whole banner will be 377000.

In November 2015, it was listed as the second batch of national new urbanization comprehensive pilot areas. In October 2017, it was named National Garden County by the Ministry of housing and urban rural development.

In 2017, Zhungeer banner was selected as the fifth national civilized city. In December 2017, he was elected as one of the top 100 industrial counties in China. In October 2018, it was selected as one of the top 100 new urbanization quality counties in China. In November 2018, it was selected as one of the top 100 industrial counties (cities) in China. In November 2018, it was identified as the first batch of innovative counties (cities) by the Ministry of science and technology. In December 2018, it was selected as one of the top 100 comprehensive competitiveness of county economy in China. On October 8, 2019, it was rated as one of the top 100 counties and cities with comprehensive strength in China in 2019. It was selected as one of the top 100 new urbanization quality counties in China in 2019. Selected into the list of top 100 counties and cities in Western China in 2019. In December 2020, the Academy of Social Sciences released the "top 100 comprehensive competitiveness of national county economy", ranking 26th.

Historical evolution

As early as in ancient times, there were traces of ancient human activities in Zhungeer banner. Archaeologists have found many early Paleolithic stone relics along the banks of nalinchuan and the Yellow River in Zhungeer banner. It is proved that in the Paleolithic period, ancient human activities existed in ZHUNGEERQI area. They lived and multiplied here, living a group life with hunting as the main and gathering as the auxiliary.

During the Neolithic period (7000-4000 years ago), people of Yangshao culture moved from Shaanxi and Henan to Erdos to reclaim wasteland and cultivate fields, which turned it into an agricultural area. Human remains of this period are all over the Ordos Plateau. There are many sites in Zhungeer banner, such as fenma, yaoziliang, Guandi, Yangwan, hejiashabei, zhangjiagedan and so on. At the late stage of Longshan Culture (more than 4000 years ago), the descendants of Laohushan culture in Daihai settled down in Ordos. At the same time, the cultural groups of the same period in southern Shanxi and Guanzhong and the later Qijia cultural groups in Qinghai and Gansu moved eastward to Ordos. At that time, the ecological environment of Ordos Plateau was changing from forest grassland to grassland environment, and the climate gradually became cold, which promoted the development of agricultural economy to semi-agricultural economy. The most representative cultural sites of this period are yongxingdian, Erliban and Dakou. Until about 3500 years ago, Zhungeer banner, like other areas in Ordos, gradually changed into a social and economic state dominated by animal husbandry.

When the Central Plains entered the Bronze Age (i.e. Xia and Shang Dynasties), the Ordos Plateau also had bronzes almost at the same time. The use of bronze promoted the development of social economy, and the change of natural environment separated nomadic economy from agricultural economy. Since then, Ordos has become the hometown of nomads. At that time, the plateau was rich in forest and grass, and the forests were distributed in the north, East and south of the plateau, with a coverage of more than 50%.

During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, Zhungeer banner was mostly occupied by northern nomadic tribes, and sometimes had conflicts with the Central Plains.

In the early Warring States period, Han, Zhao and Wei were divided into Jin, and part of Zhungeer banner in the east of Ordos is under the jurisdiction of Shangjun County of Wei. And along the east of the Yellow River 10 to 20 kilometers as the boundary, build a great wall to prevent invasion. After being defeated by the state of Qin, the state of Wei was forced to cede 15 counties to seek peace, including the eastern part of Ordos (today's Zhungeer banner area), which was included in the territory of the state of Qin. In order to prevent the invasion of ethnic minorities in the north, the state of Qin built the Great Wall from the north of Longxi, Beidi and Shangjun to today's shierliancheng township of Zhungeer banner, and planted an elm forest belt along with the Great Wall, which was called "yuxisai". To the east of the Great Wall is the Shangjun area of the state of Qin, and to the west is the nomadic area of Linhu, Loufan and other nationalities.

In the middle of the Warring States period, the Huns rose and formed a powerful alliance group with the tribes such as Linhu and Loufan in Ordos. Taking the opportunity of Qin's annexation of six countries, they invaded the great wall and occupied the whole Ordos Plateau and parts of Shaanxi and Northern Shanxi. Zhao was a neighbor of Xiongnu and was often threatened by Xiongnu. During the reign of King Zhao Wuling, after the reform of "Hufu riding and shooting", his national strength greatly increased. In 306 BC, he conquered the Linhu and Loufan tribes and entered the Ordos Plateau. He set up Yunzhong County in today's Tuoketuo county and Jiuyuan County in the northwest of the plateau, which governed the northeast and northwest of Ordos. He implemented military garrison, developed agricultural production and enriched border defense. In 234 BC, the Qin army defeated Zhao Bing, and the Ordos Plateau was owned by Qin. Then the Huns crossed the Yellow River and occupied the Ordos Plateau.

After the unification of China, the first emperor of Qin established prefectures and counties in Ordos area. The eastern and northern parts of Zhungeer banner belong to Yunzhong county and Jiuyuan county respectively, while the southwestern part governs Meiji county and Pingding County. The ancient city discovered in wutugou, narisong Town, Zhungeer banner, is Guangyan County, which was set up by the Qin Dynasty. At the end of the Qin Dynasty, "the princes rebelled against the Qin Dynasty, China was disturbed, the Qin Dynasty moved, and the frontier guards went back.". Erdos Plateau was occupied by Xiongnu and was designated as Youxian King's pastoral area.

In the first year of Yuanshuo (128 BC), Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty launched the battle of Monan, and sent General Wei Qing to beat away the suijia king and Baiyang king who were stationed in the Ordos Plateau. They occupied the Ordos Plateau and set up counties here. Most of Zhungeer banner belonged to Yunzhong county.

During the Sui Dynasty, Zhungeer banner first belonged to Yulin County, and then to Shengzhou. According to historical records, Yulin pass was set up in the third year of kaihuang (583) and Songlin County in the seventh year, under the jurisdiction of Yunzhou. In the 20th year, Yulin (the ancient city of shiliancheng in Zhungeer banner), Fuchang (the ancient city of Geliang in Tianshun in Zhungeer banner) and Jinhe (the ancient city of halabanshen in Tuoketuo county) were divided into Shengzhou. In 609, Emperor Yang changed Shengzhou into Yulin County. He still led Yulin County, Fuchang county and Jinhe County, with 2230 households, and took charge of Yulin County. His jurisdiction included parts of today's Zhungeer banner, Tuoketuo county and Helingeer County in Hohhot. In the third year of Daye's reign, Emperor Yang toured the north and hosted a banquet in Yulin County, Shengzhou (the ancient city of shierlian City, Jungar banner) to entertain 3500 heads of various Turkic ministries and Khitan, Xi and other ministries.

In the third year of Zhenguan reign of Tang Dynasty, Shengzhou (Yulin County in Sui Dynasty) was established. The first year of Tianbao was changed to Yulin County, and the first year of Qianyuan was renamed Shengzhou. Lingyulin (now the ancient city of shierlian in Jungar banner) and Hebin (now the ancient city of Geliang in Tianshun in Jungar banner) are two counties. There are 1187 households and 20952 people in Yulin County.

During the period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, a small vassal called zangcalar in Northwest China took the opportunity of war and entered the territory of Jungar banner in the east of Ordos Plateau. During the Liao Dynasty's expedition to the Western Xia Dynasty, Wang Chengmei, the leader of the Tibetan people, led his troops to the Liao Dynasty. Liao gave him the rank of left hand Niuwei general and helped him build a city and a village in erchangqu village, narisong Town, today's Jungar banner. In the second year of Kaibao (969), Wang Chengmei returned to the Song Dynasty, and the city was named Fengzhou by the Song Dynasty. At that time, the Northern Song Dynasty called Fengzhou (the ancient city of erchangqu village, narisong Town, Jungar banner), Fuzhou (now Fugu County, Shaanxi Province) and Linzhou (now beiyangjiacheng, Shenmu county, Shaanxi Province) the "three states beyond the river". The distribution of the three states is in the form of Pinzi, which refers to each other and sticks to the northern gateway of the Northern Song Dynasty. Therefore, the Northern Song Dynasty attached great importance to Fengzhou City, and appointed Wang Chengmei as the commander of Fengzhou Yamei. Later, he was promoted to the defense envoy, and his descendants inherited it from generation to generation. In 1126, when the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, the Xixia people took the opportunity to occupy Fengzhou City, which was once occupied by the Jin people, but later returned to the Xixia.

After Genghis Khan unified the Mongolian tribes in Mobei, he gradually went south and destroyed Jin and Xixia, and Jungar banner was occupied by Yuan Dynasty. During the song and Yuan Dynasties, there was a forest area with Pinus tabulaeformis and Pinus elliottii as the main tree species in the southeast of Ordos Plateau, which was connected with northwest Shanxi in the northeast and Yulin in Shaanxi in the southwest. However, due to the impact of climate change and man-made logging and war damage, the forest is weakening year by year. The famous "king of Pinus tabulaeformis" in Jungar banner today is born from natural seed dropping in the reign of emperor Yingzong of Northern Song Dynasty.

In 1371, the Ming army conquered Dongsheng prefecture (now the ancient city of Tuoketuo county) and set up a garrison. In the same year, the yuan Zhiyuan was attached by tiemur and others. In the Ming Dynasty, five thousand houses were set up near Dongsheng Garrison and in the northeast of Ordos Plateau, including shibaochi, wuhuacheng, uluhunu, Yanzhi and wengjici. In the 25th year, Dongsheng Wei was divided into five parts: Dongsheng left, right, middle, front and back. In the next year, Dongsheng middle, front and back. Dongsheng Youwei Zhisuo is the ancient city of shierlian city in Zhungeer banner. In the first year of Yongle (1403), Dongsheng left and right guards moved to the mainland. In the third year of Zhengtong (1438), it was restored again, but soon it was abolished.

During the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty (1426-1435), the forces of various Mongolian tribes gradually expanded southward, threatening the security of the northern part of the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty also began to set up border towns and build border walls in the northern part of the Ming Dynasty, among which the Yansui border wall was built in the southern part of the Ordos Plateau. This wall starts from zichengyan, Dazhan village, Longkou Town, Zhungeer banner in the East, and ends in the northeast of Yanchi, Ningxia in the West. From then on, it has become Ordos City in Inner Mongolia (formerly YIKEZHAO League) and Shaanxi Province

Chinese PinYin : Nei Meng Gu Zi Zhi Qu E Er Duo Si Shi Zhun Ge Er Qi