Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province

Hangzhou, or "hang" for short, is the capital of Zhejiang Province, the vice provincial city and the core city of Hangzhou metropolitan area. It is also the capital of Zhejiang Province, the economic, cultural, scientific and educational center of Zhejiang Province and one of the central cities in the Yangtze River Delta approved by the State Council. By 2019, the city has 10 districts, 2 counties and 1 county-level city under its jurisdiction, with a total area of 16853.57 square kilometers, a built-up area of 648.46 square kilometers, a permanent resident population of 10.36 million and an urban population of 8.1326 million, with an urbanization rate of 78.5%.

Hangzhou is located in East China, the lower reaches of Qiantang River, the southeast coast, the north of Zhejiang Province, and the south end of Beijing Hangzhou Grand Canal. It is the core city of Dawan district around Hangzhou Bay, the center city of Shanghai Jiahang G60 science and technology innovation corridor, and an important international e-commerce center. There are many cultural relics in Hangzhou. There are a large number of natural and cultural landscape relics around the West Lake. The representative ones are the West Lake Culture, Liangzhu culture, silk culture, tea culture, and many stories and legends handed down.

Hangzhou has a history of more than 2200 years since it was established as a county in Qin Dynasty. It was the capital of Wu Yue State and Southern Song Dynasty. Because of its beautiful scenery, it is known as "paradise on earth". Thanks to the convenience of the Beijing Hangzhou canal and trade ports, as well as its developed silk and grain industries, Hangzhou used to be an important commercial distribution center in history. Later, relying on the opening of Shanghai Hangzhou railway and other railway lines as well as Shanghai's import and export trade, light industry developed rapidly. Since the new century, with the drive of Alibaba and other high-tech enterprises, the Internet economy has become a new economic growth point in Hangzhou.

The 2018 World Short pool Championships and the 2022 Asian Games will be held in Hangzhou. In 2020, China's top 100 cities ranked fifth. In June 2019, the future network test facilities will be put into operation. On November 29, the direct flight from Hangzhou to Cairo was officially opened. In December 2019, Hangzhou will be positioned as a mega city in the outline of the Yangtze River Delta regional integration development plan.

The discovery of ancient human fossils at the wuguidong site in Hangzhou confirms that ancient human beings lived in Hangzhou 50000 years ago. The excavation of the Xiaoshan Lake crossing bridge site confirms that modern human beings lived here as early as 8000 years ago. The Liangzhu culture of Yuhang 5000 years ago is known as the "dawn of civilization". The Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties in Hangzhou belong to Yangzhou. It is said that during the flood control by Xia Yu, the whole country was divided into nine states, and the vast area south of the Yangtze River was generally called Yangzhou. In the 21st century B.C., when Xiayu was on a tour to the south, the princes of the General Assembly sailed through Kuaiji (now Shaoxing) by boat, and gave up Qihang ("hang" is the ark) here, so it was named "Yuhang". It is said that Yu built a boat to ferry here, and Yue called this place "Yuhang". Later, oral legend has it that Yu was wrongly named "Yu" and "Yuhang". In the spring and Autumn period, the state of Wu and the state of Yue fought for hegemony. Hangzhou first belonged to the state of Yue, then to the state of Wu, and then to the state of Yue. During the Warring States period, the state of Chu destroyed the state of Yue, and Hangzhou returned to Chu.

After the unification of the six states, Qin set up a county at the foot of Lingyin mountain, which was called Qiantang and belonged to Kuaiji county. It is recorded in the historical records of the first emperor of Qin: "in October of the 37th year, the first emperor went on a trip From Danyang, to Qiantang, to Zhejiang, the water is evil... " This is the earliest record of "Qian Tang" in historical records. At that time, it was still a beach with the tide of the river, and the West Lake had not yet formed.

The Western Han Dynasty inherited the system of Qin Dynasty, and Hangzhou was still called Qiantang. In Xinmang period, Qiantang county was changed to quanting County; in Eastern Han Dynasty, Qiantang county was restored to Wujun county. At this time, the construction of farmland and water conservancy in Hangzhou began to take shape, and the first seawall was built from Baoshi mountain to wansongling. The west lake began to be separated from the sea and became an inner lake. According to the geographical records of the Han Dynasty, the capital of Western China was Wei Zhi. Wulin mountain is the place where Wulin water comes out. It goes to the sea in the East and travels 830 Li. Mang is called the spring Pavilion.

The Three Kingdoms, the two Jin Dynasties and Hangzhou belong to Wujun and belong to ancient Yangzhou. In 326, the first year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Huili, an Indian monk, built Lingyin Temple under Feilai peak, which is the oldest jungle building in the West Lake. In the third year of Liang Taiqing (549), Hou Jingsheng Qiantang county was Linjiang county. In the first year of Chen Zhenming (587), Qiantang county was established, which governed Qiantang, Yuqian, Fuyang, Xincheng and Tonglu, belonging to Wuzhou.

After the establishment of Sui Dynasty, the name of "Hangzhou" appeared for the first time in 589. And Tonglu into Qiantang County, under the jurisdiction of Qiantang, Yuhang, Fuyang, Yanguan, Yuqian, Wukang six counties. At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, it was in Yuhang, and moved to the Tang Dynasty the next year. In the 11th year of kaihuang reign, the city was built on Fenghuang mountain, which is the earliest Hangzhou city. Daye three years (607), changed to Yuhang county. In six years, Yang Su opened the Jiangnan canal, starting from Zhenjiang in Jiangsu Province, passing through Suzhou, Jiaxing and other places to Hangzhou, with a total length of more than 400 kilometers. Since then, Gongchen bridge has become the starting and ending point of the Grand Canal. Hangzhou leaped to "the throat of Wuyue, the powerful river and the sea", and established its position as a transportation hub in the lower reaches of Qiantang River. "The water leads the flowers, the land controls the mountains.". This important geographical location has promoted the rapid development of Hangzhou's economy and culture. At this time, there were 15380 households in Yuhang County, and Hangzhou household registration statistics began.

In the Tang Dynasty, Hangzhou county was set up and Yuhang county was changed to govern the Qiantang Dynasty. In 621, it was changed from "Qiantang" to "Qiantang". Taizong is Jiangnan Road, Tianbao first year (742) renamed Yuhang County, Jiangnan Road. In the first year of Qianyuan Dynasty (758), it was changed to Hangzhou, which belonged to the West Road of Zhejiang Province. Qiantang was once ruled by the state, and it had jurisdiction over eight counties, including Qiantang, Yanguan, Fuyang, Xincheng, Yuhang, Lin'an, Yuqian and Tangshan. By the late Tang Dynasty, Hangzhou had become a prosperous city with "parallel masts for 20 Li and 40000 rooms". Every year, the business tax collected by the court from Hangzhou is as high as 500000 yuan, accounting for almost 4% of the national revenue. In 812, the central government appointed Lu Yuanfu as the governor of Hangzhou, which has been praised as "Jiangnan County, Yuhang is big".

During the period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Wuyue kingdom was located in the southeast, and its capital was Hangzhou. At that time, Hangzhou was governed in Qiantang, with jurisdiction over Qiantang, Qianjiang, Yanguan, Yuhang, Fuchun, Tonglu, Yuqian, Xindeng, Hengshan and Wukang counties. Under the rule of the three dynasties and five emperors of Wu and Yue for 85 years, Hangzhou has developed into a place of national economic prosperity and cultural gathering through the hard work of the working people. Ouyang Xiu has such a description in the story of youmeitang: "since the Five Dynasties, Qiantang did not bother to fight, and its people were happy and prosperous. There are more than 100000 families, surrounded by lakes and mountains, reflecting on the left and right, while the merchants in the Fujian sea, sailing in waves, passing in and out of the mists, can be said to be prosperous! " Qian Liu, the king of Wu and Yue, built a "sub city" in Fenghuang mountain of Hangzhou, built a palace inside as the rule of the country, and built a "Luocheng" on the periphery, 70 Li around as a defense. According to the history of Wu and Yue, the capital starts from qinwangshan in the west, along Qiantang River to Jianggan, near Qiantang Lake (West Lake) to Baoshi mountain, and to genshanmen in the northeast. It is similar to waist drum in shape, so it is also known as "waist drum city".

The king of Wuyue attached great importance to the construction of water conservancy, diverting the water from the West Lake to the canal in the city; along the Qiantang River, he built more than 100 Li seawalls with the method of stone piles; along the Qiantang River, he also built Longshan and Zhejiang sluice gates to prevent the backflow of salt water, reduce the tide and expand the flat land. The use of migrant workers to level the stone beach in the river has made the waterway smooth and promoted the water transportation with coastal areas.

In the Northern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou was ruled by two Zhejiang roads. In the fifth year of Chunhua (1994), it was changed to ninghaijun. Daguan first year (1107) promoted to Shuai Fu, jurisdiction of Qiantang, Renhe, Yuhang, Lin'an, Yuqian, Changhua, Fuyang, Xindeng, Yanguan nine counties. At that time, the population had reached more than 200000 households, which was one of the most populous counties in Jiangnan. Economic prosperity, textile, printing, liquor making, paper industry are more developed, further development of foreign trade, is one of the country's four major commercial ports. Successive local officials in Hangzhou attached great importance to the renovation of the West Lake. In 1089, the famous poet Su Dongpo was appointed as the governor of Hangzhou. He dredged the West Lake again. He used the fennel mud to build a long dike (Su dike) across the north and south. There are six bridges on the dike. Peach, willow and hibiscus are planted on the dike, which makes the West Lake more beautiful. Maoshan and Yanqiao rivers were opened up, and six wells were dredged, so that brine could not enter the market and people could drink easily. According to the records of Geography in Volume 88 of the history of the Song Dynasty, the number of household registration in the Chongning period (1101-1106) of the Northern Song Dynasty is roughly equal to that in the Yuanfeng period, with 203574 households and 296615 households. Song Renzong wrote a poem to Mei Zhizhi and praised Hangzhou as the first state in Southeast China.

It can be seen that before the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty was established, Hangzhou was the most populous city in the south of the Yangtze River.

After 150 years of development in the Northern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou began its heyday in the Southern Song Dynasty. In the third year of Jianyan (1129) of the Southern Song Dynasty, it was promoted to Lin'an Prefecture, where Qiantang was ruled. It governs nine counties, Qiantang, Renhe, Lin'an, Yuhang, Yuqian, Changhua, Fuyang, Xincheng, and Yangong, roughly the same area as the Tang Dynasty. In 1138, the capital of Shaoxing was established here, and the city walls of Hangzhou expanded greatly. At that time, it was divided into inner city and outer city. The inner city, that is, the Imperial City, has a radius of nine Li and is surrounded by Fenghuang mountain. It starts from Fengshan gate in the north, reaches Jianggan in the south, reaches wansongling in the west, and reaches houchaomen in the East. Within the Imperial City, there are halls, halls, buildings, pavilions, and many palaces and royal gardens. The outer city crosses Wushan mountain in the south, Wulin gate in the north, West Lake on the right and Qiantang River on the left. There are 13 gates and a moat outside the city. Because many people in the North moved south with the imperial court, the population of Lin'an Prefecture increased sharply. During the Xianchun period (1265-1274), the number of residents increased to more than 1.24 million (including their counties). As far as Qiantang and Renhe counties, where Hangzhou is located, have a population of more than 430000.

Photos of Hangzhou urban construction

The 13th year of yuanzhiyuan (12 years)

Chinese PinYin : Zhe Jiang Sheng Hang Zhou Shi