Shangqiu City, Henan Province

Shangqiu is a prefecture level city in Henan Province. It lies between 114 ° 49 '- 116 ° 39' e and 33 ° 43 '- 34 ° 52' n. it spans 168 km from east to west and 128 km from north to south. It looks to Huaibei of Anhui Province and Xuzhou of Jiangsu Province in the East, Kaifeng of Henan Province in the west, Zhoukou of Henan Province and Bozhou of Anhui Province in the south, Heze and Jining of Shandong Province in the north. The total area of Shangqiu City accounts for about 6.4% of the total area of Henan Province, with a regional area of 10704 square kilometers.

According to its genesis and morphological characteristics, Shangqiu landform can be divided into three types: the Yellow River alluvial plain, the Huaihe River alluvial plain and the denuded residual hills, mainly the Yellow River alluvial plain. Shangqiu has a warm temperate continental monsoon climate. Shangqiu City belongs to the Huaihe River Basin, which is divided into three water systems: Hongze Lake, Wohe River and Nansi Lake.

Shangqiu is a national comprehensive transportation hub. Shangqiu is a famous historical and cultural city of China, one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization, the origin and settlement of the Shang tribe, the earliest capital of the Shang Dynasty, the birthplace of merchants' commodity business, and the birthplace of commercial civilization. It has the reputation of "the source of Chinese merchants".

Historical evolution

The origin of place names

According to historical records, Qi (Xi è) Zuoyu, the ancestor of the Shang nationality, had made great contributions to the flood control. He was granted the title of "Shangqiu" and later moved there. Later on, the ruins where the Shang people lived were called "Shangqiu".

Evolution of organizational system

In the 24th century BC, Emperor Zhuanxu built his capital in Shangqiu.

In the Shang Dynasty (about the 16th century BC), Tang Chengtang, the 13th sun of Qi, destroyed the Xia Dynasty and established the Shang Dynasty.

In the Zhou Dynasty (about the 11th century BC), King Cheng of Zhou granted Weizi, a descendant of yin and Shang Dynasty, to Shang Dynasty, which was called the state of song and the capital of song city.

In the 26th year of the first emperor of Qin Dynasty (221 BC), Qin unified six countries, abolished feudalism, and went to counties. Shangqiu belonged to Dang county (the county ruled Mangshan town).

In the fifth year of Gaozu (202 BC) of the Western Han Dynasty, it was renamed the state of Liang, belonging to Yuzhou.

The first year of Huangchu (220) in the Three Kingdoms was called Liangjun.

In the early years of emperor kaihuang of Sui Dynasty, Liang Jun was abolished and song Zhou was established in the 16th year of emperor kaihuang (596).

Tang Tianbao first year (742), home Suiyang County, Henan road.

Later Tang Dynasty, it was renamed Guide county.

At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, Songzhou was restored. In the third year of Jingde (1006), Songzhou was promoted to yingtianfu and became the capital of the Song Dynasty.

In 1130, the fourth year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty changed Nanjing (yingtianfu) to guidefu. The name of guide mansion began from then on.

In the Yuan Dynasty, it was guide's office, which belonged to the Department of political envoys in Henan Province.

Jin Chengan five years (1200), renamed guide house.

In the first year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1368), the Prefecture was demoted to Kaifeng Prefecture.

In June of the 24th year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1545), Dezhou was returned to the government and Shangqiu County was established. The first Prefecture was Suizhou, and the eighth county was Shangqiu County, Ningling County, Luyi County, Yongcheng County, Yucheng County, kaocheng County, Zhecheng county and Xiayi county.

Qing Dynasty, along the Ming system, is still guide house, belongs to Henan Province.

In the second year of the Republic of China (1913), he was dismissed to the German government and set up the East Road of Henan.

In 1928, it was called Shangqiu.

In 1938, the Communist Party of China led the people of Eastern Henan Province to establish the Shuidong Anti Japanese base. The west of Shangqiu is located in the Shuidong military area.

In November 1948, it became the first administrative region of Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu after liberation.

In March 1949, it was changed into Shangqiu District of Henan Province.

In May 1950, Chengguan District of Shangqiu County was transformed into Shangqiu City, and the original Shangqiu City was changed into Zhuji City.

In 1968, it was changed to Shangqiu area.

In June 1997, Shangqiu City was established.

administrative division

Division evolution

In February 1949, Yongcheng county was assigned to the Suxian special office of the administrative district of Northern Anhui.

In March 1949, Zhuji City was established.

In March 1949, Shangqiu district had jurisdiction over Shangqiu County, Yucheng County, Minquan County, Sui County, Ningling County, Xiayi county and Zhecheng county.

In 1950, Chengguan town of Shangqiu County was changed into Shangqiu City.

In August 1951, Zhuji City and Shangqiu City were merged into Shangqiu City, which governed Zhuji City.

In 1952, Yongcheng county was divided into Shangqiu District of Henan Province.

In 1953, Huaiyang district was abolished and Huaiyang, Taikang, Luyi, Dancheng, Shenqiu and Xiangcheng counties were assigned to Shangqiu District, with 14 counties under its jurisdiction.

In 1960, eight counties, Shangqiu County, Yucheng County, Xiayi County, Yongcheng County, Ningling County, Zhecheng County, Luyi County and Dancheng County, re established the Shangqiu district.

In June 1965, Luyi County and Dancheng county were divided into Shangqiu District, while Minquan county and Sui County were re divided into Shangqiu district.

In October 1977, Lankao County was divided into Shangqiu district.

In August 1980, Lankao County was designated as Kaifeng District.

Zoning details

As of September 2017, Shangqiu City has jurisdiction over Xiayi County, Yucheng County, Zhecheng County, Ningling County, Sui County, Minquan County, Liangyuan District, Suiyang District, 6 counties and 2 districts, and Yongcheng City, a county-level city directly under the provincial administration; Shangqiu Municipal People's government is located at No. 1 Fuqian Road, Suiyang District, Shangqiu City.

geographical environment

Location context

Shangqiu lies between 114 ° 49 '- 116 ° 39' e and 33 ° 43 '- 34 ° 52' n. It spans 168 km from east to west, 128 km from north to south, and looks to Huaibei of Anhui Province and Xuzhou of Jiangsu Province in the East, Kaifeng of Henan Province in the west, Zhoukou of Henan Province and Bozhou of Anhui Province in the south, Heze and Jining of Shandong Province in the north. The area of Shangqiu City accounts for about 6.4% of the total area of Henan Province, with an area of 10704 square kilometers.

topographic features

The plain area of Shangqiu City is 10623 square kilometers, accounting for 99.24% of the city's total area. Shangqiu has an area of 81 square kilometers, accounting for about 0.76% of the total area. Except Yongcheng City, Shangqiu has a small area of isolated mountains and remnant hills, which are all plain, flat terrain, slightly inclined from northwest to Southeast, with an altitude of 30-70 meters and a slope of 1 / 5000-1 / 7000. Due to the flooding and diversion of the Yellow River for many times, and the influence of long-term rain, wind and other natural and human production activities, many plain landforms, such as sand dunes, beaches, back River depressions and lake depressions, were formed. According to the causes, they can be divided into two types: denuded residual hills and sedimentary accumulation. According to its genesis and morphological characteristics, Shangqiu landform can be divided into three types: the Yellow River alluvial plain, the Huaihe River alluvial plain and the denuded residual hills, mainly the Yellow River alluvial plain.

climate

Shangqiu has a warm temperate continental monsoon climate. In winter, it is cold and dry with northerly wind; in spring, it is dry and rainy with warm wind; in summer, affected by southerly wind, it is hot and rainy with good water and heat balance, which is suitable for crop growth, but it is also damaged by shower and hail; in autumn, it has less rainfall and sufficient sunshine. It is divided into four seasons according to the average temperature. Winter is below 10 ℃, summer is above 22 ℃, and spring and autumn are between 10-22 ℃. Shangqiu City has longer winter, followed by summer, and shorter spring and autumn.

The average annual precipitation in Shangqiu City for many years is 711.9 mm, corresponding to 59.13 million cubic meters. The annual average runoff depth is 76.8 mm, and the total runoff is 6.405 million cubic meters.

hydrology

Shangqiu City belongs to the Huaihe River Basin, which is divided into three water systems: Hongze Lake, Wohe River and Nansi Lake. The backbone rivers with a drainage area of more than 1000 square kilometers in the territory include Wohe River, Huiji River, Tuohe River, the old course of the Yellow River, Huihe River, Dasha River, Wangyin River, etc. Most of the rivers flow from northwest to Southeast, roughly parallel to each other, and most of them belong to seasonal rain source type. In flood season, in case of heavy rain and rainstorm, the river rises sharply, the flood peak is significant, and the water level and flow change greatly.

natural resources

water resource

The annual average total natural water resources of Shangqiu City is 2.284 billion cubic meters, 213400 cubic meters per square kilometer, 240 cubic meters per mu and 303.6 cubic meters per capita.

The underground palace and terracotta warriors and horses in the tombs of Liang state in Han Dynasty

The static reserve of groundwater in Shangqiu City is 214 million cubic meters. The shallow water buried within 60 meters is rich in water storage due to the recharge of atmospheric precipitation, surface water and field irrigation return water, with an annual allowable exploitation of 16.281 million cubic meters. There is a thick water bearing sand layer from 60m to 170m. The area of water rich area and medium water rich area below 170m (deep water layer) is wide. To the south of the railway, the depth is 350m to 420m. There is a relatively stable deep confined aquifer (Group). The thickness of fine sand and medium fine sand aquifer is 33m to 55m, and the unit water yield is 4.85-6.80t/h · M.

plant resources

Due to the influence of topography and climate, Shangqiu City has formed a relatively single vegetation type, but it is rich in plant resources. Shangqiu City is a kind of artificial vegetation composed of cultivated plant species, except for the scattered natural herbaceous plants. In the vegetation division of Henan Province, it belongs to the cultivated plant area of Huang Huai plain. Over the years, with the development of agriculture and urban greening, plant species and quantity have changed significantly. In the early days of the people's Republic of China, the autumn grain structure of crops was mainly soybean, millet, sorghum, etc., and gradually changed to corn, soybean, etc. after the 1970s. In terms of afforestation, due to the increase of fruit trees, ornamental trees, timber trees and other tree species, the urban and rural plant species are enriched. Shangqiu is rich in Paulownia resources. The storage capacity of Paulownia in Shangqiu is 80 million cubic meters, which is known as the hometown of Paulownia in China.

Animal resources

Shangqiu wild animals, mammals: rabbit, rat, hamster, weasel, hedgehog, bobcat, fox, badger, bat, etc. Birds: sparrow, grey magpie, swallow, red waist swallow, oriole, cuckoo (cuckoo), cuckoo, quail, pigeon, dove, woodpecker, reed warbler, magpie, lark, crow, black curly tail, owl, sparrow (harrier), kite (Eagle), goose, Canary, thrush, yellow Finch, etc. Reptiles: gecko, lizard, snake, turtle, etc. Amphibians: frogs, toads, etc. Insects: fruit and wood pests are mainly natural

Chinese PinYin : He Nan Sheng Shang Qiu Shi