Kunming, Yunnan Province

Kunming, also known as Chuncheng, is the capital of Yunnan Province, the central city of central Yunnan Urban Agglomeration, and one of the important central cities in Western China approved by the State Council. As of 2019, the city has 7 districts, 3 counties, 1 county-level city and 3 autonomous counties under its jurisdiction, with a total area of 21473 square kilometers, built-up area of 483.52 square kilometers, permanent resident population of 6.95 million, urban population of 5.1152 million, and urbanization rate of 73.6%.

Kunming is located in Southwest China and the middle of Yunnan Guizhou Plateau. It has the unique location of "connecting Guizhou and Guangxi to the coast in the East, entering the Central Plains through Sichuan and Chongqing in the north, reaching Thailand and Cambodia in the south, and connecting Myanmar with India and Pakistan in the west". It is located at the intersection of the North-South International Corridor and the third East-West Asia Europe land bridge starting from Shenzhen. It is a gateway city for China to open up to Southeast Asia and South Asia. It is located in "1" of ASEAN 0 + 1 "free trade zone economic circle, Greater Mekong sub regional economic cooperation circle and Pan Pearl River Delta regional economic cooperation circle.

Kunming is a national famous historical and cultural city. As early as 30000 years ago, human beings lived and multiplied around Dianchi Lake. In 278 B.C., Yunnan was established and its capital was set here. In 765, Nanzhao built Tuodong City, which was the beginning of Kunming's construction. In the late Ming Dynasty, the Yongli regime of the Southern Ming Dynasty established its capital in Kunming. Kunming is located in the north subtropical low latitude plateau with mountain monsoon climate. It is surrounded by mountains on three sides and Dianchi Lake on the south. It has beautiful scenery along the lake. Due to its location in the low latitude plateau, Kunming enjoys the reputation of "Spring City" for its "four seasons like spring".

China Kunming Import and Export Fair, China International Tourism Fair and China Kunming International Tourism Festival make Kunming one of the major exhibition cities in China. 2018 the Chinese mainland ranked the best commercial city in twenty-third place, and reconfirmed the national health city (District). In December 2019, the State Commission for democracy and people's livelihood named Kunming as the "national demonstration city of national unity and progress".

Kunming has a long history and splendid culture. It is one of the first batch of 24 national historical and cultural cities announced by the State Council, with a history of more than 2200 years. Dianchi Lake area has a history of 3000 years of civilization. About 30000 years ago, people lived in Dianchi Lake area.

Tens of thousands of years ago, the ancestors of the Kunming people lived a primitive life in this area. About 4000 to 7000 years ago, there were settled agricultural peoples in Dianchi Lake area, engaged in primitive agriculture of slash and burn cultivation, hunting, raising livestock and poultry and other business activities, and were able to spin and weave. Dianchi Lake area and rice cultivation has a history of at least thousands of years.

During the Neolithic and bronze age, there were many clans and tribes in Dianchi area, mainly Baipu people. After the di and Qiang nomads crossed the Jinsha River from Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan into the Dianchi area, they merged with the local Pu people to form the Dian nationality, which promoted the development of the Dianchi area.

In the first three centuries (298-277 BC), Zhuang Qiao, a general of the state of Chu, led his people to Yunnan and arrived in the Dianchi Lake area. He allied with the local tribes and established the "Dian state", calling himself the "king of Yunnan". His hometown was Jincheng Town, Jinning County. "Zhuang Kai Dian" brought the advanced culture and technology of Chu state and the Central Plains, and played a positive role in promoting the political and economic development of Dianchi area, which was dominated by Dian tribes at that time. From the Warring States period to the early Eastern Han Dynasty, the "Dian people" around Dianchi Lake established the Dian state and created a unique "Dian culture".

After the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, it actively sought to develop the "Southwest Yi" area. In 109 B.C. (the second year of Yuanfeng in the Western Han Dynasty), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent soldiers from Bashu area, and the king of Yunnan was forced to surrender.

The Han Dynasty set up Yizhou county with Dianchi Lake area as the center. The county government and the residence of the king of Yunnan were near Jincheng. There are counties under the county: Kunming is Guchang County, Kunyang is Jianling County, Jinning is Dianchi County, Anning is Lianran County, Fumin is Qinzang County, and Yiliang is Kunze county. The centralized county system was carried out in the southwest frontier, marking the beginning of Yunnan's accepting the direct rule of the central dynasty in ancient times. The implementation of county system effectively promoted the disintegration of slavery society in Dianchi area. The Han immigrants and the spread of advanced technology and culture in the Central Plains make the economic development of Dianchi reach a new level. After Shuhan Zhuge Liang pacified nanzhong, he changed Yizhou county to Jianning County, "the county government is still the old Yizhou county", appointed "big surname" as local officials, and implemented the policy of promoting national unity.

In 271 (the seventh year of Taishi reign of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty), the Jin Dynasty divided the four counties of nanzhong (Jianning, Yunnan, Yongchang, Xinggu) from Yizhou (governing Chengdu) and established ningzhou, which was one of the 19 prefectures in China. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Cuan family, the "big surname of Fangtu", gradually became powerful and became the ruler of central Yunnan. In 339 (the fourteenth year of Xianhe reign of emperor Cheng), the Jin Dynasty granted him the title of governor of ningzhou and recognized his hereditary status.

After more than 200 years in the southern and Northern Dynasties and the early Sui Dynasty, under the situation of political turmoil and ethnic disputes in the Central Plains, the Cuan family's rule over a corner of Kunchuan maintained a relatively stable social situation of "uniform service and quiet education", which led to new social and economic development in Dianchi area. By the end of Liang Dynasty and the beginning of Sui Dynasty, Dianchi had become a prosperous and prosperous area in Southwest China.

The Tang Dynasty was founded in 617, and 92 prefectures were set up in Yunnan. Dianchi Lake area is the main part of 92 states.

In 618, the Tang Dynasty appointed Cuan Hongda, a descendant of the Cuan family, as the governor of kunzhou. He governed the county and was still located in Yining City. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the Mongolian forces rose in Erhai area and established Nanzhao state.

In 697, Kunming was attached to Wu Zhou, and Wu Zetian placed it in Dou Zhou.

From 746 to 747, Meng's piroge sent troops to Anning to destroy Xun's family.

In 765, Luo Feng (King of Nanzhao state) ordered his eldest son Feng Jiayi (Feng Jiayi) to set up Tuodong city in Kunchuan and garrison it. Tuodong city became the eastern important town of Nanzhao state at that time. The opening up of Tuodong city laid the foundation for the urban development of ancient Kunming, and developed into the second political, economic, military and cultural center of Nanzhao. It was an important channel between Guangxi, Guizhou and Annan (today's Vietnam). It played an important role in the social and economic development of Southwest China and the international exchanges with Southeast Asia at that time.

In 765, Nanzhao state built Tuodong City, which was the beginning of Kunming. In Dali state, it was called Shanshan city. Tuodongcheng and shanshancheng were the cities of Nanzhao and Dali respectively.

In 937, the Duan family of Dali seized the Nanzhao regime, established Dali state, unified Yunnan, and established Shanshan prefecture (Shanshan prefecture) on the basis of Tuodong City, which was one of the eight prefectures of Dali state. The government followed tuodongcheng. Duan's regime experienced a drastic social change in its interior, releasing slaves and freeing corvee, which further disintegrated the aristocratic rule of Nanzhao and liberated the social productive forces. Shanshanfu city scale further expanded, the prosperous city center gradually moved to the west of Panlongjiang River (now Jinbi Road, Sanshi Street), Dali monarch also often stay here. By the end of Dali Kingdom, Shanshan city had developed into a prosperous city with a large number of business and industry in Central Yunnan.

In 1253 (the third year of Yuan Xianzong), the yuan army occupied Yunnan.

In 1276 (from emperor Shizu to the 13th year of the Yuan Dynasty), after saidianchi came to power in Yunnan, he changed the ten thousand, one thousand and one hundred households set up in the period of military rule into Lu, Fu, Zhou and Xian, and formally established xingzhongshu Province in Yunnan. Kunming county was established as Zhongqing Road (Kunming was named from here), and the administrative center was moved from Dali to Kunming. Since then, Kunming has officially become the political, economic and cultural center of the whole province. During the reign of the Yuan Dynasty, after the initial military plunder and national repression, it was gradually replaced by the policy of setting taxes and improving national relations, and prospering people's villages, renovating water conservancy, establishing rent and taxes, exempting corvee, "opening Yunnan Post Road", "driving the Road ban, connecting people". The officials of Yuan Dynasty dug Haikou River in Kunming area to dredge Mantis River, and lowered the water level of Dianchi Lake, which not only relieved the flood disaster of Kunming City, but also "got more than ten thousand hectares of soil, which are good farmland", and expanded the farmland area. In addition, jinzhihe River and Songhuaba were built, and Panlongjiang river was used to irrigate the farmland on the East Bank of Dianchi Lake; sericulture technology was introduced from the mainland to develop silk weaving industry, so that farmers and handicraftsmen "reaped ten times more profits than before", and the political economy of Dianchi Lake area had a new development in the middle of Yuan Dynasty.

In 1381 (the fourteenth year of Hongwu), after the Ming Dynasty entered Yunnan, the administrative division of "Lu" in the Yuan Dynasty was changed to Fu, imitating the inland system, and Yunnan Chengxuan political envoy and Du commanding envoy were set up. In the Ming Dynasty, a large number of immigrants came to Yunnan. For the first time, the Han population in Kunming surpassed that of the local aborigines. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Li Dingguo and other peasant uprising forces, Yongli emperor and Wu Sangui successively established political power or imperial palace in Kunming.

In the late Qing Dynasty, after the Opium War, especially the Sino French war in 1885 (the 11th year of Guangxu), the imperialist forces such as France and Britain invaded Yunnan rapidly. Yunnan Machinery Bureau, founded in 1884 (the 10th year of Guangxu), became the beginning of modern industry in Kunming. After that, mint, tannery, official seal office, telegraph office, post office and other official enterprises also came into being.

In 1900, commercial enterprises began to appear in Kunming.

In 1905 (the thirtieth year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), the Qing Dynasty opened Kunming as a commercial port.

In 1905, Kunming became a commercial port and the Yunnan Vietnam Railway was built in 1910, which made Kunming an open city.

In 1908 (the 34th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), a small fire wheel appeared in Dianchi Lake, and a "rickshaw company" was set up in the city.

In 1910 (the second year of Xuantong), Yunnan Vietnam Railway was built through Kunming. Kunming has further strengthened its economic status and transportation hub as a commercial and trade center of the whole province

Chinese PinYin : Yun Nan Sheng Kun Ming Shi