Heilongjiang

Heilongjiang Province, referred to as "black", is the provincial administrative region at the northernmost and easternmost end of China, covering an area of 473000 square kilometers.
The geomorphic features of Heilongjiang Province are "five mountains, one water, one grass and three fields". The terrain is generally high in northwest, North and Southeast, low in Northeast and southwest, and consists of mountains, platforms, plains and water surface; it crosses four major water systems of Heilongjiang, Wusuli, Songhua and Suifen River, which are cold temperate and temperate continental monsoon climate. Heilongjiang Province is located in the hinterland of Northeast Asia, and is an important channel for land access to Russia and European continent in Asia and the Pacific region. China is an important window to open along the border.
As of August 2019, Heilongjiang Province has 12 prefecture level cities and 1 region; there are 54 municipal districts, 21 county-level cities, 45 counties and 1 Autonomous County. In 2018, the permanent population of Heilongjiang Province was 37.731 million, and the GDP of Heilongjiang Province was 1636.16 billion yuan, of which, the added value of the first industry was RMB 30.1 billion, the added value of the second industry was 40.39 billion yuan, the added value of the tertiary industry was 93.29 billion yuan, the tertiary industrial structure was 18.3:24.6:57.1, and the per capita regional GDP reached 43274 yuan.
Historical evolution
In the pre Qin period, some ancestors of the three ethnic groups, Su Shen, Donghu and Jianyi, had settled in Heilongjiang.
From the first 4 to the first three centuries, there were more than five regimes in the territory, which crossed the southern part of Heilongjiang Province.
After Qin Dynasty, the activities of living and living in Heilongjiang Province were yilou people, Fu Yu people, Xianbei people, Beji people and Wuxiang people.
In the first year of the Tang Dynasty (698), dazuorong, the leader of SuoYu, established Bohai State, which was the most prosperous state in the five Beijing, 15 and 62 States, which crossed the East and south of Heilongjiang Province. Ding Du went to Beijing (now Ningan). In Tang Dynasty, Huhan Prefecture, Bohai Dudu, Heishui Dudu (Heishui) and roomwei Dudu (West of Heilongjiang Province) were set up.
Liao Dynasty, when the Tokyo road jurisdiction.
In the Jin Dynasty, the first year of the country was collected (1115), and the capital Huining mansion (now a city) was determined by the king of Jin Taizu, Wanyan Agui, until the first year of Zhenyuan (1153) of the Hailing king. The Jin Dynasty belongs to the upper Beijing Road, which has three roads, namely, Jiupin Road, Huli road and Puyu road. Taizhou and Zhaozhou are set up in two areas.
In Yuan Dynasty, Kaiyuan Road and shuidada road were set up, which belonged to Liaoyang and other places in xingzhongshu province.
In Ming Dynasty, the Department of Nun Gan was set up.
In Qing Dynasty, Heilongjiang general and Jilin general were set up to govern Heilongjiang area. In the ninth year of Shunzhi (1652), the Qing Dynasty sent the troops of Meile Zhang Jing to the ningguta (now Hailin and Ningan) and was promoted to the Zhangjing of Anbang the following year. The northeast area is divided into two major military garrison areas. In the 10th year of Kangxi (1671), the Qing dynasty built a city along the Bank of Heilongjiang Province, which was named Heilongjiang city. After the late Qing Dynasty, it was changed to Heilongjiang Province. In December of the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683), the Qing government decided to assign the northwest area under the jurisdiction of general ningguta (general Jilin), and to establish local generals, such as Heilongjiang, who are also in charge of Heilongjiang Province. Kangxi 30 years (1691), the construction of Qiqihar city. In the 38th year of Kangxi (1699), Heilongjiang yamen was moved from mohergen to Qiqihar. Since then, Qiqihar became the capital of Heilongjiang Province, and it was the political, economic, cultural and military center of Heilongjiang Province in the past 300 years. The three general of Shengjing, Jilin and Heilongjiang were formed to guard the northeast. This is the beginning of Heilongjiang Province becoming a military and administrative region and named after Heilongjiang.
In the second Opium War, in the eighth year of Xianfeng (1858) and the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Saudi Arabia forcibly cut the land north of Heilongjiang Province and more than 1 million square kilometers east of Wusuli River through unequal Sino Russian Hunhe peace treaty and China Russia Beijing treaty, which made the Administrative Region of Heilongjiang Province and Jilin province greatly reduced.
Since the first year of tongzhi (1862), the Deputy capital system was cancelled in Heilongjiang general's jurisdiction, and local administrative buildings such as Dao, Fu, hall, state and county were successively established. In the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), the 64 Tun in the east of the river was occupied by the Tsar Russia. In April of the thirty third year of Guangxu (1907), the Qing Dynasty reformed the administrative system of Northeast China, and changed from the general originally set up to be the governor of a province. The system of provincial, government and county levels shall be implemented. Under the province, above the government to establish the road as a monitoring area.
In the first year of the Republic of China (1912), Heilongjiang Province followed the three levels of system of province, road and county in Qing Dynasty, which had jurisdiction over three roads, namely Longjiang, suilan and Heihe, and Qiqihar, the capital of the province. After that, Hulun road was added, which was divided into 4 roads, 21 counties and 6 districts. At that time, there were two Binjiang and Yilan counties and 18 counties in Heilongjiang Province.
In the sixth year of the Republic of China (1917), after the October Revolution in Russia, the Chinese government gradually regained the administrative sovereignty of the "affiliated places" of the East China road. In the ninth year of the Republic of China (1920), the region was designated as the "special area of East Province". In the eleventh year of the Republic of China (1922), the Northeast authorities established the chief executive of the East special region to supervise and control the military, police, diplomatic and judicial organs in the region.
In May, the 13th year of the Republic of China (1924), the Beijing government approved that the special area of East Province was independent of Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces, and became a special administrative region parallel to the province. In nineteen years of the Republic of China (1930), Heilongjiang province had 42 counties and 11 bureaus. At that time, there were 22 counties belonging to Jilin Province, which now belong to Heilongjiang Province.
During the period of the fall of Northeast China, the Japanese puppet regime implemented the second level system of province, county (city). Since the twenty third year of the Republic of China (1934), the policy of "dividing and governing" was implemented in Northeast China. The number of provinces increased and the regional division was small. Before the fall of the pseudo Manchuria, the northeast area is divided into 15 provinces and 1 special cities. Currently, Heilongjiang Province has six provinces, namely Longjiang, Binjiang, Sanjiang, Heihe, Bei'an and Dong'an, and has jurisdiction over Harbin, Qiqihar, Mudanjiang, Jiamusi and Dong'an, 74 counties and 3 flags.
From November, 1945 to may, 1946, five provinces and one municipality directly under the central government were established in Heilongjiang Province, namely Heilongjiang Province, Nenjiang Province, Hejiang Province, Suining Province, Songjiang province and Harbin Municipality.
In August, the thirty-five years of the Republic of China (1946), the joint administrative offices of northeast provinces and cities were established in Harbin, which is the highest administrative organ in Northeast China. Harbin is called Beiman in the northeast. Later, it was renamed the Northeast administrative committee. Under the leadership of the Northeast administrative committee, the provincial (special city) and county (city) secondary administrative system shall be implemented.
In October, the thirty-five years of the Republic of China (1946), Suining province was changed into Mudanjiang special area, which was directly under the Northeast administrative committee. In November of the same year, Harbin was renamed special city.
From February to September, the thirty sixth year of the Republic of China (1947), Heilongjiang and Nenjiang provinces were merged into Heilongjiang Nenjiang union Province, referred to as heinen province and the capital of Qiqihar. In August of the same year, Mudanjiang special area was cancelled, Mudanjiang province was established, and in July 1947, the province was revoked. The areas under its jurisdiction were respectively incorporated into Hejiang and Songjiang provinces.
In May, the Republic of China (1949) merged Nenjiang province with Heilongjiang Province to establish a new Heilongjiang Province, Qiqihar, the capital of the province. Hejiang province and Songjiang province merged to establish a new Songjiang Province, the capital of Harbin. At the same time, Harbin city was changed to Songjiang province. Heilongjiang and Songjiang provinces have five cities (Harbin, Qiqihar, Jiamusi, Mudanjiang and Xingshan), 71 counties, 2 mining areas (Jixi and Shuangyashan), and 2 flags. During the period of the liberation war, the administrative area at the first level of the special district was established in Heilongjiang Province. Except for the Heihe special area, the existence time was not long.
In 1949, after the founding of the people's Republic of China, the system of provincial, municipal (local) and county levels was implemented. At the beginning of the founding of the people's Republic of China, Heilongjiang province still has Songjiang and Heilongjiang provinces, and the cities (places) and counties (flags) under its jurisdiction remain unchanged.
In October 1950, Qiqihar, the capital of Heilongjiang Province, established the administrative structure of the municipal area. Harbin, the capital of Songjiang Province, has also begun to establish municipal districts equivalent to county level, with 14 municipal districts in total.
In August 1953, Harbin was changed to a municipality directly under the central government and was entrusted by the Northeast administrative committee.
In August 1954, Songjiang province was abolished and merged with Heilongjiang Province into a new Heilongjiang Province. The capital of the province was moved from Qiqihar to Harbin. Harbin was changed to a city under the jurisdiction of Heilongjiang Province and the capital of Heilongjiang Province. At the same time, the seven counties of Baicheng area under the jurisdiction of Heilongjiang Province are assigned to Jilin Province. Since then, there is no big change in the administrative region of Heilongjiang Province. After the province was merged, Heilongjiang Province has 98 administrative units above county level, including Harbin, Qiqihar, Mudanjiang, Jiamusi and Hegang, Heihe, Nenjiang and Hejiang, 66 counties and flags, 2 county-level mining areas (Jixi and Shuangyashan) with administrative functions, and 22 municipal districts.
On July 5th, 1969, the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council decided to assign Hulunbuir League (2 cities and 12 flags) belonging to Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region under the jurisdiction of Heilongjiang Province.
On May 30th, 1979, the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council decided to classify the Hulunbuir League, the ellenchun Autonomous Banner and the mulidavadaur autonomous flag of Daxinganling area, which belong to Heilongjiang Province, into Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from July 1.
In 2011, Suifenhe City and Fuyuan County (now Fuyuan city) were separated from Mudanjiang City and Jiamusi City respectively, and became county-level and provincial counties under provincial jurisdiction.
In January 2016, Fuyuan was withdrawn from the county and established a city with the approval of the State Council and the approval of the Ministry of civil affairs.