Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province

Ningbo, referred to as "Ningbo", is a vice provincial city and a city under separate planning in Zhejiang Province, an important port city along the southeast coast of China approved by the State Council, and an economic center in the south wing of the Yangtze River Delta. By 2019, the city has 6 districts, 2 counties and 2 county-level cities under its jurisdiction, with a total area of 9816 square kilometers, a built-up area of 453.33 square kilometers and a permanent resident population of 8.542 million.

Ningbo is located in East China, southeast coast, the middle part of the mainland coastline, the south wing of the Yangtze River Delta, and Zhoushan archipelago in the East as a natural barrier. Ningbo is a typical Jiangnan Water Town and harbor city. It is the sea port at the Henan end of the Chinese Universiade and the Oriental departure port of the maritime Silk Road. Ningbo Zhoushan port ranks first in the world in terms of annual cargo throughput and top three in terms of container volume. It is a multi-functional and comprehensive modern deep-water port integrating inland port, estuary port and seaport.

Ningbo is a famous historical and cultural city of China. In the Xia Dynasty (more than 2000 BC), Ningbo was named "Yin". In the spring and Autumn period, it was the border area of Vietnam. In the Qin Dynasty, it belonged to three counties of Kuaiji County, namely Yin, Zhen and jurzhang. In the Tang Dynasty, it was called Mingzhou. In 821, the first year of Changqing in Tang Dynasty, the government of Mingzhou moved to Sanjiangkou and built the inner city, marking the beginning of Ningbo. In the 14th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1381), Ningbo was renamed after the meaning of "Haiding is boning". It has been used up to now and is a famous hometown of academicians in China.

In August 2019, China Customs magazine sponsored by the General Administration of Customs of China announced the ranking of "China's top 100 foreign trade cities" in 2018, and Ningbo ranked 8th. In 2019, the GDP will reach 119851 billion yuan.

In June 2020, it was selected as the first batch of national demonstration areas and projects for the construction of rule of law government by the Central Committee of the rule of law; on July 29, it was selected as the list of national health cities (districts) to be reconfirmed in 2019.

Ningbo has Oriental University of Technology (temporary name), Ningbo University, Ningbo University of Nottingham, Ningbo Institute of technology of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Medical College and other colleges and universities.

As early as 7000 years ago, the ancestors of Ningbo lived here and created a splendid Hemudu culture. In the Xia Dynasty, more than 2000 BC, Ningbo was named "Yin". In the spring and Autumn period, it was the frontier of Yue State. In the Qin Dynasty, it belonged to three counties: Yin (county governance is Baidu village, now Xiwu street, Fenghua District), Wei (county governance is Tongao village, now five townships in Yinzhou District), and jurzhang (county governance is Wangjiaba village, now Cicheng Town, Jiangbei District). Mingzhou was established in the 26th year of Kaiyuan (738) of Tang Dynasty, which governed four counties, i.e. Wei, Cixi, Fenghua and wengshan. In the first year of Changqing of Tang Dynasty (821), Zhouzhi moved to Sanjiangkou (now Haishu District) and built Zicheng, which laid the foundation for the development of the city for more than a thousand years.

Sui kaihuang nine years (AD 589), known as the city of chapter, county home creek (now Haishu District Yinjiang town).

In the fourth year of Wude of Tang Dynasty (621 AD), the Prefecture was set up to govern Sanjiangkou.

Tang Wude eight years (AD 625), renamed Wei county.

In the 26th year of Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty (738 AD), Mingzhou was set up, with jurisdiction over Cixi, Fenghua, Zhenhai, Dinghai, Xiangshan and other five counties, and Yinxian county was governed by the prefecture, which is the east of Zhejiang Province.

In the first year of Changqing of Tang Dynasty (821 AD), Zhouzhi moved from Xiaoxi to Sanjiangkou and built Zicheng, which laid the foundation for the development of Ningbo City for more than 1000 years. According to records, the earliest city wall in the center of Ningbo was built by Liu Junzhi in the fourth year of Long'an in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 400), which is called Xiaoqiang. According to legend, the former site is in the area of Xiaoqiang Lane in today's Ximenkou.

The Five Dynasties and ten States belong to the state of Wu and Yue.

Jianlong first year of the Northern Song Dynasty (960 AD), known as the Ming state fengguojun, belongs to the two Zhejiang Road.

In the third year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1133 AD), it belonged to East Zhejiang Road.

In the first year of Qingyuan in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1195), it was promoted to Qingyuan mansion, belonging to liangzhedong road.

From the Yuan Dynasty to the 13th year of Kaiyuan (1276 AD), it was called Qingyuan Road.

In the seventh year of Dade in the Yuan Dynasty (AD 1303), there was a marshal's office in the eastern city of Zhejiang. It belongs to Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.

In the first year of Hongwu reign of Zhu Yuanzhang in the Ming Dynasty (1367 AD), China's coastal areas were forbidden to enter the sea, only Mingzhou was open to the outside world.

In 1381, Zhu Yuanzhang adopted the suggestion of Shan Zhongyou, a scholar in Yin County, and changed the name of Mingzhou prefecture to Ningbo Prefecture. The name of Ningbo is still used today.

In 1658, ningshaotai road was set up in Ningbo.

In 1927, Ningbo City was set up in Yinxian City, belonging to Zhejiang Province. In 1931, Ningbo City was withdrawn and Yinxian county was re established.

After the liberation of eastern Zhejiang in May 1949, Ningbo City was established in the urban area of Yinxian County, where Ningbo special office was located.

In 1983, the special office was abolished and the system of city governing county was implemented. With the development and construction of Beilun deep-water port, Ningbo has gradually evolved from an inland city to a seaport city, and formed a relatively independent coastal riverside development spatial pattern of Sanjiang, Zhenhai and Beilun. In 1986, Ningbo was listed as the second batch of famous historical and cultural cities in China. In 1987, it was approved by the State Council and became a city under separate planning.

In 1984, Ningbo was listed as one of the 14 coastal open cities.

In March 1988, it was approved as a larger city with the authority to formulate local laws and regulations.

In 1994, Ningbo was designated as a vice provincial city.

On November 1, 2015, Ningbo was elected as the "cultural capital of East Asia" in 2016.

In 2016, Jiangdong District of Ningbo City was abolished, and the former administrative region under the jurisdiction of Jiangdong District was put under the jurisdiction of Yinzhou District of Ningbo City. Jishigang Town, Gulin Town, Gaoqiao Town, Hengjie Town, Yinjiang Town, Dongqiao Town, zhangshui Town, Longguan Township and Shiqi street of Yinzhou District are under the jurisdiction of Haishu District of Ningbo City. Fenghua City at the county level was abolished and Fenghua District of Ningbo City was established.

administrative division

By 2018, Ningbo has jurisdiction over 6 districts, 2 counties, 2 county-level cities, 75 towns, 10 townships, 69 streets, 704 communities and 2519 villages.

Ningbo has eight administrative zones, namely, Ningbo Hangzhou Bay New Area, Ningbo Free Trade Zone, Daxie Development Zone, Ningbo national high tech Zone, Dongqianhu tourist resort, Meishan free trade port area, Ningbo Petrochemical Economic and Technological Development Zone, and Ningbo airport economic demonstration zone.

A glimpse of districts and counties

geographical environment

Location context

Ningbo is located in the middle part of China's coastline and the south wing of the Yangtze River Delta. It is located at 120 ° 55 'to 122 ° 16' e, 28 ° 51 'to 30 ° 33' n, with Zhoushan Archipelago as the natural barrier in the East, Hangzhou Bay in the north, Shengzhou, Xinchang and Shangyu in Shaoxing City in the west, Sanmen Bay in the south, and Sanmen and Tiantai in Taizhou city. The total land area of Ningbo is 9816 square kilometers (the land area published in the statistical yearbook is calculated from the 0 meter isobath), of which the urban area is 3730 square kilometers. The total area of the city's sea area is 8355.8 square kilometers, with a total coastline of 1594.4 kilometers, accounting for about 24% of the province's coastline. There are 614 islands in the city, covering an area of 255.9 square kilometers.

landforms

Ningbo is high in the southwest and low in the northeast. The altitude of urban area is 4-5.8 meters, and that of suburb is 3.6-4 meters. Landform is divided into mountains, hills, basins and plains. The area of mountains, hills, basins and plains account for 24.9%, 25.2%, 8.1% and 40.3%, respectively.

climate

Ningbo is located in Ningbo plain, with moderate latitude, subtropical monsoon climate, mild and humid, four distinct seasons. The annual average temperature in Ningbo is 16.4 ℃, the highest in July is 28.0 ℃, and the lowest in January is 4.7 ℃. The frost free period in Ningbo is generally 230 to 240 days. The annual average precipitation is about 1480 mm, accounting for 60% of the annual precipitation from May to September. The annual average sunshine hours are 1850 hours.

Ningbo has four distinct seasons, four months in winter and summer, and only two months in spring and autumn. If the average temperature > 22 ℃ is taken as summer, the average temperature < 10 ℃ is taken as winter, and 10 ~ 22 ℃ is taken as spring and autumn, the standard division is generally the sixth time in March, the first time in June, the sixth time in September and the sixth time in November.

The growing period of crops is 300 days. The average annual precipitation is 1480mm. The rainfall in mountainous and hilly areas is 30% more than that in plain areas. The main rainy seasons are spring rain and plum rain from March to June, typhoon rain and autumn rain from August to September. The precipitation in May to September accounts for 60% of the whole year.

hydrology

Ningbo is one of the eight major water systems in Zhejiang Province. There are Yuyao River, Fenghua River and Yongjiang river. Yuyao river originates from Lianghu Lake in Shangyu District, and Fenghua river originates from Banzhu in Fenghua district. Yuyao River and Fenghua River converge into Yongjiang River at the mouth of the three rivers in the urban area, flow to the northeast, and enter the East China Sea through Zhaobao mountain.

natural resources

mineral resources

There are 85 kinds of proven mineral resources in Ningbo, mainly non-metallic minerals, including fluorite, alunite, pyrophyllite, gypsum, silica, fluorspar, granite, etc., while metallic minerals include lead-zinc ore and iron ore, none of which has formed a deposit, or although it has formed a deposit, its grade is not high.

Chunxiao oil and gas field is located in the Xihu Sag of the East China Sea, about 350 kilometers southeast of Ningbo City, with a total area of 22000 square kilometers and proved natural gas reserves of more than 70 billion cubic meters. The East China Sea has always been known as the "Persian Gulf of East Asia". The sea area is rich in natural resources. Only 5 trillion cubic meters of natural gas reserves are on the Chinese mainland shelf, and the crude oil reserves are about 100 billion barrels.

plant resources

There is little difference in vegetation distribution between North and south, but obvious difference between East and West. The main forest vegetation is Pinus massoniana, which is distributed in the north and south of the city.

From west to East, there are coniferous forest, broad-leaved forest, cultivated plants and coastal forest

Chinese PinYin : Zhe Jiang Sheng Ning Bo Shi