Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

Hulunbuir is a prefecture level city in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The city has jurisdiction over two municipal districts, five county-level cities, four banners and three autonomous banners, with a total area of 252777 square kilometers, a total population of 2.5341 million, an urban population of 1.8514 million, and a permanent population urbanization rate of 73.06%.

Hulunbuir is located in the northeast of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, named after Hulun Lake and Beier lake. It is connected with Xing'an League in the south, Nenjiang River in the East and Heilongjiang Province in the East, Erguna River in the north and northwest and Russia in the north, Mongolia in the West and southwest. It has a border of 1733.32 km with Russia and Mongolia, of which 1051.08 km is between China and Russia The Mongolian border is 682.24 km.

Hulunbuir has a three-dimensional transportation network of railway, highway and aviation. Binzhou railway and national highway 301 run through the whole city. It has two international airports, Hailar and Manzhouli. It has opened more than 50 international and domestic routes to Russia and Mongolia, as well as to Beijing, Hohhot, Harbin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, etc Border area, with Manzhouli, Heishantou and other eight state-level ports.

Hulunbuir city has 126000 square kilometers of forest, 100000 square kilometers of grassland, 20000 square kilometers of wetland, more than 500 lakes and more than 3000 rivers, which constitute the largest and most complete ecosystem in China. It is an excellent tourism city in China, the only key grassland tourism development area in China, and a national tourism reform and innovation pilot area. It was selected as the National Forest Park on July 9, 2012 Lincheng city was elected as China's top 10 ice and snow tourism city in December 2017, the national logistics hub bearing city in 2018, and the national double support model city (county) in October 2020.

Hulunbuir grassland is one of the four grasslands in the world, known as the best grassland in the world, and one of the 20 scenic spots in China.

Historical evolution

In ancient times, the ZALAINUOER people lived and multiplied in the area of Hulun Lake, creating the original culture of Hulun Buir.

In the first year of huhai (209bc), the Huns conquered the Donghu and unified the northern grassland. Hulunbuir area was under the jurisdiction of zuoxianwangting, one of its three territories.

In the first century, the Tuoba Xianbei people who lived in the area of Olunchun banner moved to Daze (Hulun Lake) to the south, replaced the rule of Huns and established Xianbei tribal alliance. From this, he entered the Central Plains and established the Northern Wei Dynasty. This is the first minority regime in Chinese history.

When the Yubu Shiwei tribe of Xianbei people and the Huihe, Tujue, xiajiasi, Qidan of Liao Dynasty and Nuzhen of Jin Dynasty fought and ruled Hulunbuir one after another, Mongolian tribes quietly rose in Hulunbuir.

In the eighth century, living in the East Bank of the Erguna River, Genghis Khan's ancestors moved to the Kent mountains, the birthplace of the Ornan River, the krulun River and the Tula river. In the 12th century, when Genghis Khan stepped on the political stage to unify the Mongolian grassland, he returned to Hulunbuir, where he carried out several major decisive battles, eliminated political enemies, broke the long-term balance of power among several big tribes, and finally unified the Mongolian Plateau. From then on, Mongolian, a nationality with common language, region and culture and many common characteristics in economic life, has formed in the northern grassland. After the establishment of the Mongol Empire, the system of "leading household enfeoffment" was carried out.

In 1214, Genghis Khan granted most of the Hulunbuir grassland to his eldest brother zhuochi hasar (the ancient city of heihantou in Erguna city is his old capital), the rest to his second brother hechiwen erlechi and his relatives, the xuechan family, and the Lingdong area to his younger brother timuge uchijin. After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, the provincial system was established.

In the 25th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1288), the fiefdoms of the kings were included in the administrative provinces, the Lingxi area was under the jurisdiction of Helin Road, the Lingdong area was under the jurisdiction of Taining Road, Zhongshu Province, and Shanbei Liaodong Road, Liaoyang province. After the death of the Yuan Dynasty, Genghis Khan's descendants retreated to the Mongolian grassland, and the descendants of emperor Yuanshun and Genghis Khan's eldest brother nomaded in Hulunbeier Grassland until they were attached to Houjin.

After the establishment of Qing Dynasty, it was controlled by Heilongjiang general. Composed of Ewenki, Daur, balhu Mongolians and Oroqen people, the eight banners of butha, Suolun and balhu are brave and good at fighting, guarding the frontier and contributing to the defense of the invasion of tsarist Russia, ensuring the smooth flow of the post station and maintaining the peace of the frontier.

From 1912 to 1920, Lingxi region was separated from Heilongjiang Province. After the ninth year of the Republic of China (1920), it returned to the control of Heilongjiang general, still set up the vice governor yamen, set up the office of aftermath supervisor and negotiator, and set up Hulun, Lubin, Shiwei and Qiqian counties, forming a situation of coexistence and separation of banner and county. Lingdong region also retains the general office of West butha, and sets up Yalu county and Buxi county directly under Heilongjiang Province.

During the period of northeast occupation, Lingdong was the eastern province of Xing'an, and Lingxi was the northern province of Xing'an.

In August 1945, Japan surrendered. In October, Hulunbuir autonomous provincial government was established in Lingxi region, and Nawen Muren province was established in Lingdong region. In June 1946, Nawen Muren province was renamed as Nawen Muren League, under the leadership of the government of Xing'an province led by the Communist Party of China. In October, Hulunbuir autonomous provincial government was renamed Hulunbuir autonomous government. In May 1947, the Nawen Muren League was led by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government. On January 1, 1948, Hulunbuir autonomous government changed its name to Hulunbuir League, which belonged to the government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

In April 1949, Hulunbuir League and Nawen Muren League were merged, which was called Hulunbuir Nawen Muren League, or Huna League for short. The area of Huna League roughly coincides with that of Hulunbuir City, which was established in 2001.

On April 1, 1953, the eastern administrative office of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was established in Ulanhot. At the same time, the former three leagues of Zhelimu, Xing'an and Huna were abolished. Hailaer, Manzhouli and Ulanhot of Huna became the municipalities directly under the central government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and their work was entrusted to the eastern administrative office.

On April 30, 1954, the administrative office of the eastern region was abolished, the original areas under the jurisdiction of Xing'an League and Huna League were merged and renamed Hulunbeier League, and the people's Government of Hulunbeier League was established, which was directly under the leadership of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as a first-class political power. The League government is located in Hailar City.

On February 21, 1957, the Hulunbuir League people's government was renamed the Hulunbuir League people's Committee. On June 1, 1958, the people's Committee of Hulunbuir League was abolished and changed into an agency of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. An administrative office was set up in Hailar City and renamed Hulunbuir League administrative office.

On August 20, 1958, the Inner Mongolia Party committee approved that Ulanhot city of Hulunbuir League was merged into Horqin Right Wing Front Banner of Hulunbuir League, which is still known as Ulanhot city. It was changed to Ulanhot (town level) on July 20, 1964 and belonged to Horqin Right Wing Front Banner of Hulunbeier League.

In August 1965, Horqin Right Wing central banner of Hulunbeier League was transferred to Zhelimu League.

On December 20, 1967, the Revolutionary Committee of Hulunbeier League was established as a temporary authority to exercise the functions and powers of the former Hulunbeier League administrative office.

On July 5, 1969, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council decided to put Hulunbuir League of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region under the jurisdiction of Heilongjiang Province, but Tuquan county and Horqin Right Wing Front Banner of Hulunbuir League were under the jurisdiction of Baicheng area of Jilin Province. Hulunbeier League of Heilongjiang Province governs 2 cities and 12 banners.

In April 1970, the Oroqen Autonomous Banner and the Molidawa Daur Autonomous Banner of Hulunbeier League in Heilongjiang Province were put under the jurisdiction of the greater Khingan mountains region.

On May 30, 1979, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council decided to restore the original administrative divisions of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in July 1969, and officially changed the former Hulunbuir League of Heilongjiang Province, Olunchun Autonomous Banner and Molidawa Daur Autonomous Banner of Daxinganling region, Tuquan county and Horqin Right Wing Front Banner of Baicheng region of Jilin Province to Hulunbuir League of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from July 1.

In July 1980, the organizational system of Xing'an League was restored: Horqin Right Wing Front Banner was separated from Ulanhot city; Horqin Right Wing Front Banner, zalait banner, Tuquan County, Ulanhot city of Hulunbeier League and Horqin Right Wing Middle Banner of Zhelimu League were transferred to Xing'an League. In the same year, the Revolutionary Committee of Hulunbuir League was abolished and the Hulunbuir League administrative office was established until 2001.

On October 10, 2001, Hulunbuir League was abolished and prefecture level Hulunbuir city was established; Hailar City at county level was abolished and Hailar District was established.

On March 6, 2013, Zhalainoer mining area in Manzhouli City of Hulunbuir city was put on record in Zhalainoer District of Hulunbuir city and managed by Manzhouli City.

administrative division

Hulunbuir has 14 county-level administrative regions, including 2 municipal districts, 5 county-level cities, 4 banners and 3 autonomous banners, namely Hailar District, ZALAINUOER District, Manzhouli City, Zalantun City, Yakeshi City, Genhe City, Erguna City, Arong Banner, xinbalhu Left Banner, xinbalhu Right Banner, chenbalhu banner, Molidawa Daur Autonomous Banner and Olunchun Autonomous Banner It is a national flag and an Ewenki Autonomous Banner. Hulunbuir Municipal People's government is located in Youhao 6th Street, Hailar District.

Note: Jiagedaqi district and Songling district under the jurisdiction of Daxinganling region of Heilongjiang Province are located in Oroqen Autonomous Banner, so the area statistics in the data include Jiagedaqi district and Songling district