Haidong City, Qinghai Province

Haidonghaidong is a prefecture level city under the jurisdiction of Qinghai Province, named after its location in the east of Qinghai Lake. It belongs to the transitional mosaic zone from the Loess Plateau to the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, with a semi-arid continental climate. The total area of haidonghaidong is 13200 square kilometers, under the jurisdiction of two regions and four autonomous counties. In 2017, the permanent resident population was 1.4708 million.

Haidong has a long history. In the long historical evolution, Hehuang region has entered a more developed agricultural civilization from the primitive nomadic state of "living by water and grass". The people of all ethnic groups in Hehuang have jointly developed and constructed this land and created a splendid history and culture. In December 2016, it was listed as the third batch of national new urbanization comprehensive pilot areas.

In 2017, Haidong's GDP was 43.6 billion yuan, an increase of 8.4% over the previous year at comparable prices. Among them, the added value of the primary industry was 5.78 billion yuan, an increase of 5.2%; the added value of the secondary industry was 20.67 billion yuan, an increase of 10.8%; the added value of the tertiary industry was 17.15 billion yuan, an increase of 6.2%.

Historical evolution

Ancient times

According to archaeological excavation, people lived as early as the Neolithic age. Yangwapo, Minhe County, once excavated the same Yangshao cultural site as the Central Plains, and many other places found sites similar to Majiayao culture, Qijia culture, Xindian culture and kayo culture.

Before Qin and Han Dynasties, Qiang people lived here. According to legend, as far back as Emperor Shun, Shun "moved three Miao to three perils to become Xirong.". It is said that the Sanmiao tribe lived in the area from Nanyang, Henan to Shangluo, Shaanxi.

Han Dynasty

In the second year of Yuanshou (121 BC) of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Huo Qubing, a general of Hushi of the Han Dynasty, sent troops to defeat the Xiongnu in Hexi and entered the Huangshui River Valley. He set up lingju village in Yongdeng County of Gansu Province to prevent the invasion of Qiang people. In the sixth year of Yuanding (111 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent generals Li Xi and doctor Xu Zi to lead troops to attack the Hehuang Qiang people. They set up a "guard captain" in "Huangzhong", built Xiping Pavilion (now Xining City), and began to manage "Huangzhong".

In the first year of shenjue, Emperor Xuan (61 BC), General Zhao Chongguo was ordered to defeat Xianling Qiang people in Shuishui Valley, summon Qiang people along the Yellow River to surrender, and set up one county and three counties in Haidong city. They were Yunwu county (now Minhe County, xiachuankou), Anyi County (now Pingan District), poqiang county (now Ledu District) and Yunwu county (now Minhe county) These counties belong to Jincheng County, which was officially included in the county system of Han Dynasty. Anyi County used to be the place of Han Huqiang Xiaowei for a long time.

In 213, Xiping County was set up in the west of Jincheng county (where it is now located in Xining City), and Hehuang counties were changed to Xiping County.

Northern and Southern Dynasties

In the Wei, Jin and southern and Northern Dynasties, Hehuang area was ruled by the local separatist regimes of Qianliang, qianqin, Houliang, Nanliang, Xiqin and Beiliang. During this period, Cao Wei set up Baitu County in Zhongchuan and Guanting, Emperor Hui of Jin set up Jinxing County in Yunwu, abandoned Jinxing County, zuonan County, Baitu county and Yunwu County in Northern Wei, set up Jincheng County in Longzhi city (Modern and ancient part) and renamed Longzhi County in Western Wei; in Hualong and Xunhua counties, two counties, Shicheng County (governing in today's qunke) and Guangwei county (governing in today's gandu), were set up in Northern Wei, belonging to Taohe county and subordinate to Shanhe county State (in today's Ledu District).

Sui and Tang Dynasties

In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Haidong was once very prosperous, and its position was very important. Ledu was the administrative center of Xiping County, Buzhou county and Longyou County. It once became the political center and military center of Longyou and even the northwest region.

In the fifth year of Daye (609) of Sui Dynasty, Emperor Yang led his troops to Tuyuhun. In April, he crossed the Yellow River to linjinguan (now Minhe Guanting), and arrived at Xiping County through Gushan. In May, he went hunting in Bayan mountain (now mayin mountain of Laji mountain). He "ordered the Yubu to measure Bayan mountain, and set up a record in the north and south of the mountain.".

In the first year of Tang Zhenguan (627), the whole country was divided into ten administrative regions, of which Longyou road governs parts of Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang. The road set up Longyou Jiedushi and Hexi Jiedushi. Longyou Jiedushi was in charge of 75000 soldiers and 16000 horses in libuzhou; Hexi Jiedushi was in charge of 73000 soldiers and 8800 horses in liliangzhou. After the Anshi rebellion, the Tang army had no time to go west. Tubo took the opportunity to move eastward to Gansu and Shaanxi, and Hehuang area was controlled for nearly a hundred years. In the late Tang Dynasty, Hehuang was once under control.

Song and Yuan Dynasties

In the song and Yuan Dynasties, Haidong city was ruled by jiaosilou, song, Jin, Xixia and Yuan Dynasties. At the beginning of Song Dynasty, jiaosilou, a member of Hehuang Tubo, who was born at the end of Pei Dynasty, first established the jiaosilou regime with Zongge city (now Ping'an County), then miaochuan city (now Ledu District), and then Qingtang city (now Xining City) as the ruling center, which lasted nearly 100 years.

In the fourth year of Shaosheng in the Northern Song Dynasty (1097), the power of jiaosilou regime declined day by day, so the song army occupied Hehuang area, changed miaochuan city into Huangzhou, and changed kuozhou into ningsai city. In the third year of Chongning (1104), the jiaosiruo regime perished, and Shanzhou was changed into Xining in Song Dynasty. In the first year of Xuanhe (1119), Huangzhou was changed into lezhou. After the death of the Northern Song Dynasty, Jin and Xixia occupied Hehuang area for about a century. In the spring of 1227, the third year of Baoqing in the Southern Song Dynasty, Genghis Khan marched into Taohe and Xining, and Hehuang area was incorporated into the Mongolian Khanate.

In the first year of Baoyou in the Southern Song Dynasty (1253), the Mongol Khanate set up the "commander's office of the governor of Tibet and other places" in Hezhou to govern the Tibetan tribes in Gansu and Qinghai. In the second year of Mongolian central unification (1261), lezhou and kuozhou were abolished and changed to Xining. In the 18th year of the Zhiyuan Dynasty (1281), Gansu xingzhongshu province (governing Ganzhou, now Zhangye) was set up in the Yuan Dynasty, which governed Xining Prefecture.

In 1291 (the 28th year of the Yuan Dynasty), the Yuan Dynasty ordered that "the open land in Gansu should be given back to xisaichi, Hasan and other places for farming". The Hui ancestors then entered Qinghai, and some of them settled down in (today's Haidong city) to cultivate wasteland.

Ming and Qing Dynasties

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, except Xunhua County, Haidong city was under the jurisdiction of Hezhou for a long time, the rest was under the jurisdiction of Xining Wei and Fu.

In May 1368, the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, Qi Gong, Ge Xingji, a local official of Gansu Liwen Institute in the Yuan Dynasty, attached himself to the Ming Dynasty on the way to Jining Dadu. He was given the post of deputy Qianhu and ordered to be the Minister of Nianbo. In the fourth year of Hongwu Period (1371), DOR, the governor of Gansu Province in Yuan Dynasty, lost his relationship with Li Nange, the Tongzhi of Xining Prefecture, and a group of officials of Yuan Dynasty surrendered to the Ming Dynasty one after another, and the rule of Yuan Dynasty in Qinghai came to an end. In the sixth year of Hongwu (1373), Xining Prefecture was changed into Xining Wei, which has six thousand households. Today, there are two thousand households in Haidong City, Nianbo (Ledu) and Gushan (Minhe). In 1644 (the 17th year of Chongzhen), the peasant uprising army Li Zicheng captured Xining by He Jin, captured Wei commander Qi ting and Wei commander Li Tianyu, and escorted them to Xi'an.

In the second year of Shunzhi reign of Qing Dynasty (1645), the British Prince azig led his troops to defeat Li Zicheng's army and entered Xi'an. He released Qi Tingjian, Li Tianyu and others who were in prison. They were still given their original posts and ordered to return to Xining to appease all ethnic groups and return to Qing Dynasty. At the same time, Meng qiaofang's army of Qing Dynasty entered Qinghai. Today Haidong city belongs to Qing Dynasty. In 1725 (the third year of Yongzheng), Xining Wei was changed into Xining Prefecture, Xining county was newly established, and Nianbo county was established by abandoned Nianbo and Qianhu of ancient ministry. Today Haidong city is under the jurisdiction of Xining county and Nianbo County of Xining Prefecture. Qianlong nine years (1774), in (today's Hualong county) set up "Bayan Rongge Fufan hall", subordinate to Xining house.

In the 27th year of Qianlong (1762), He Zhou moved to know Xunhua and set up Xunhua hall. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the chieftain system was established in Qinghai, which became a formal local political system. It was attacked by the Qing Dynasty and was abolished in 1931.

Republic of China

In the first year of the Republic of China (1912), the Beiyang government appointed the brigands as the commander in chief of Xining. Since then, Ma Lin and Ma Bufang occupied Qinghai for nearly 40 years.

In the second year of the Republic of China (1913), Xunhua hall was changed to Xunhua County, and Bayan Rongge Fufan hall was changed to Huarong County (later Bayan County and Hualong county).

In 1929, Qinghai Province was officially established. Nianbo county was changed into Ledu County, Minhe county was established, and Huzhu county was added.

After liberation

In August 1949, the Chinese people's Liberation Army won the Lanzhou campaign and marched into Qinghai. From September 1 to 4, Xunhua, Minhe, Ledu, Hualong and other counties were liberated, Xining city was entered on the 5th, and Huzhu county was liberated on the 12th.

On October 19, 1978, with the approval of the State Council, Pingan County was set up from Huangzhong County, and Haidong area was set up. It has jurisdiction over Minhe, Ledu, Huangzhong, Huangyuan, Pingan County, Huzhu Tu Autonomous County, Hualong Hui Autonomous County and Xunhua Salar Autonomous County.

In 1986, Minhe county was renamed Minhe Hui and Tu Autonomous County.

In December 1999, Huangzhong County and Huangyuan county were under the jurisdiction of Xining city.

In February 2013, Haidong city government moved from Ping'an County (now Ping'an District) to the newly established Ledu district.

On February 16, 2015, the State Council approved the withdrawal of Ping'an County into districts.

administrative division

By the end of 2016, Haidong city had jurisdiction over two districts and four counties, namely Ledu District, Ping'an District, Huzhu Tu Autonomous County, Minhe Hui Tu Autonomous County, Hualong Hui Autonomous County and Xunhua Salar Autonomous County. There are 96 townships (towns). The Municipal People's government is located at 208 Ping'an Avenue, Ledu district.

geographical environment

Location context

Haidong city is located in the northeast of Qinghai Province, with a total length of 124.5 km from east to west, ranging from 100 ° 41.5 'e to 103 ° 04' e, and a width of 180 km from north to south, ranging from 35 ° 25.9 'n to 37 ° 05' n. The total area of the region is 13200 square kilometers. The eastern part of Gansu Province is adjacent to Tianzhu, Yongdeng, Lanzhou, Yongjing, Linxia, Gannan and other prefectures (cities) and counties, and the other three sides are adjacent to Haibei, Huangzhong, Huangnan and other prefectures and counties of Gansu Province.

topographic features

Haidong