Datong City, Shanxi Province

Datong, formerly known as Yunzhong and Pingcheng, is a prefecture level city in Shanxi Province, one of the central cities in the border area of Shanxi, Hebei and Inner Mongolia approved by the State Council, and an important comprehensive energy base. As of 2018, the city has four districts and six counties, with a total area of 14176 square kilometers, built-up area of 202.74 square kilometers, permanent resident population of 3.463 million, urban population of 2.2723 million, and urbanization rate of 65.62%.

Datong is located in North China, the north of Shanxi, the center of Datong Basin, the junction of Shanxi, Hebei and Inner Mongolia provinces, and the northeast edge of the Loess Plateau. In fact, it is the barrier of Shanxi Province, the gateway of the north, and the throat of Shanxi, Hebei and inner Mongolia. It borders Wulanchabu city of Inner Mongolia autonomous region across the Great Wall in the north. It is a vice central city of Shanxi Province and a place that must be contested by military strategists of all dynasties ”It's called "the best of the best". Datong is one of the first batch of national historical and cultural cities. It was the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the capital of Liao and Jin Dynasties. There are many historic sites in Datong. The famous cultural relics include Yungang Grottoes, Huayan Temple, Shanhua temple, Hengshan Xuankong Temple, Jiulongbi, etc. Datong is one of the first batch of 13 large cities in China, one of the nine ancient capitals in China, a national new energy demonstration city, an excellent tourist city in China, and a national garden city City, national double support model city, national transportation hub city, China's sculpture City, China's top ten sports and leisure cities.

Datong is one of the largest coal energy bases in China, the national heavy chemical energy base, the midpoint of Shenfu, Zhungeer emerging energy zone and Beijing Tianjin Tangshan developed industrial zone. It is known as "Phoenix City" and "coal capital of China". On August 13, 2019, it will be selected as a pilot city for the construction of national urban medical consortium.

In 2019, Datong's GDP will reach 131.88 billion yuan, an increase of 6.7% over the previous year at constant prices.

Historical evolution

Human fossils were found in the south of Xujiayao village, ancient town of Yanggao County. Xujiayao people are descendants of Beijingers. When they moved westward about 100000 years ago, they met with the barrier of Datong Lake and settled here. At the same time, a number of Paleolithic sites have been found in Qingciyao, Xiaozhan, zuoyunjiajia kiln, Ximazhuang, Guangling and other places in the west of Datong City, counting 1000 pieces of stone artifacts. Mammalian fossils associated with it. Typical Neolithic microliths and pottery pieces are found on both sides of wuzhouchuan River, Yuhe River and Sanggan River, in Gaoshan town of Datong, Nanliang of Yungang, Xicun of Zhenchuan, Nanliang of Zhenchuan, Gushan, shanglongmen, Liu anyao, jijiazhuang of Yunzhou District, jiugaoshan of Zuoyun County, louzituan of Tianzhen County, Huihua of Guangling County, fotangsi of Yunzhou District, Liyu of Hunyuan, etc., among which are skillfully made stone cones and stone tablets Cluster, stone, stone axe, stone pestle, etc. Pottery includes gray, red and painted pottery, with various patterns, shapes and mouth shapes. Experts believe that as long as 100000 years ago, human beings had been working and reproducing here.

During the spring and Autumn period, Datong was inhabited by Beidi. Beidi refers to the nomadic tribes of Linhu and Loufan who lived by hunting. According to the "Warring States policy · Shi Di", it is said that "today, to the north of Kelan Prefecture, Shanxi Province, the land of Loufan Hu is also there; to the north of Datong and Shuozhou, the land of Linhu is there." Datong to Inner Mongolia Hetao area, spring and autumn for Linhu activities. (Tang Dynasty) Emperor Yao granted Xihe's son the title of Beiyue elder, and his second son and uncle came to the house. In the book of mountains and seas, ancient Datong was the ancient Pingguo. Shang Tang was granted the same surname here and established the country on behalf of his son.

In the Warring States period, it was the state of Dai at the beginning, and later merged into Zhao. According to the records of the Zhao family, Zixi told Zhao Jianzi, "the son of the Lord will conquer the two countries in the north, and both have their surnames." And Jian zizu, Wu Xueli, was for Xiangzi. He went to xiawu in the north to make the Zaire fight with Tongdou to kill Daiwang, so he set up an army to level Daidi.

In 221 BC, the first emperor of Qin unified the six countries, abolished the system of enfeoffment and established 36 counties. Today, Datong is the place of Yanmen county and Daijun county. The cities recorded at that time include Pingcheng, Dai, Shanwu, Yanling, Pingshu, wuzhousai, Xincheng, Banshi, Mayi, etc. Qin Shihuang sent General Meng Tian to lead 300000 troops to attack Xiongnu in the north, and collected people to build the Great Wall. In today's Valley East of Zuoyun mountain and west of Yungang, "build a city in Wuzhou fortress to prepare for Hu."

In the Western Han Dynasty, Qin county system was followed, and Yanmen county and Daijun county were still in its place. Yanmen county belongs to the History Department of Bingzhou. It has jurisdiction over 14 counties: Shanwu, Woyang, Fanshi, Zhongling, yinguan, Loufan, Wuzhou, Wangtao, Guyang, Cuan, Cuan, Mayi, Jiangyin and Pingcheng. Pingcheng is the eastern capital of Weizhi. Daijun is under the control of Sanggan, the governor of Youzhou, and has jurisdiction over 18 counties. In today's Datong, there are 10 counties: Taoren, Gaoliu, Banshi, Shishi, Pingshu, Yanling, Lingqiu, Qieru, Pingyi and Shenhe.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhou Mu was set up in each state, and later changed to CI Shi. It is located in Yanmen and Daijun. Yanmen county belongs to the Department of history of the governor of Bingzhou, Zhiyin hall, belonging to county 14. Today, there are four counties in Datong City: Fanshi, Wuzhou, Gu and Pingcheng. Dai county belongs to the Department of governor of Youzhou, which governs Gaoliu. It belongs to the 11th county. In today's Datong City, there are six counties: Gaoliu, daoren, Banshi, Shishi, beipingyi and Pingshu. During the period of Jianwu, Lu Fang's rebellion led to the abolition of the eight tribes along the border, and the migration of Yanmen and Daijun people to Changshan pass and Juyong Pass. Jianwu 27 years (51) restoration of the county, since the good no move, Yanmen County Zhiyin hall, the county is still. He ruled Gaoliu on behalf of the county. "The five counties of Yunzhong and Dingxiang in Jian'an Province set up Xinxing County in the boundary of Taiyuan, and the county was subordinate to it. Pingcheng county was not set up in Gouzhu Xingnan, but belonged to Yan." At the end of the Han Dynasty, the world was in chaos, and the land of Xingbei was abandoned. In 215, the 20th year of Jian'an, Cao Cao attacked Wuhuan and pacified Daidi. Anji county people in the north, in today's generation County East five miles home Pingcheng County, Jizhou Xinxing County. In the first year of Huangchu (220), Pingcheng was restored to Bingzhou, which belonged to Yanmen county. Pingcheng, which belongs to Xinxing County in Jizhou, or Yanmen County in Bingzhou, is a different place with the same name, not Datong today.

During the Three Kingdoms period, the land was occupied by Wuhuan and Xianbei. During the reign of Emperor Ming of Han Dynasty (58-75), Tongguang temple was built in Pingcheng, which was the earliest Buddhist temple in Datong.

In the Jin Dynasty, the northern part of Datong was the territory of Xianbei nationality, and the southern part was Yanmen county. At that time, the county had moved to Guangwu, including Guangwu, Gu, Wangtao, Pingcheng, Junren, Fanshi, Yuanping and Mayi. In the fourth year of Yongjia period (310), Liu Kun, a herdsman in Bingzhou of Jin Dynasty, wrote to Emperor Huai of Jin Dynasty to grant Xianbei tuobayilu the title of Daigong. In the first year of Jianxing (313), tuobayi Luding was the northern capital of Shengle, and Pingcheng was the southern capital of the Qin and Han Dynasties. Pingcheng was restored to the former government and belonged to the state of Dai.

In 398 ad, tuobayu moved his capital from Shengle to Pingcheng, changed his name to emperor, changed his name to Tianxing, and set up Sizhou and daiyin to govern Pingcheng. He moved 22 prefectures of six prefectures to Daijun. A series of large-scale construction of the capital was carried out. The next month, "the imperial edict of Yousi is surpassing the planned capital and making suburbia", delimiting the scope of the capital: "to Daijun in the East, to Shanwu in the west, to yinguan in the south, and to join forces in the north. West to the river (Yellow River), South to Zhongshan aimensai, north to Wuyuan, the place thousands of miles In addition, eight commanders were set up to guard the four directions.

In the first year of Tianbao (550) of the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Eastern Wei Dynasty was replaced by the Northern Qi Dynasty. Datong was the place of beihengzhou and beishuozhou, and there was no big change in the county. In 556, northern Hengzhou was changed into HengAn town (today's Datong), also known as Dongzhou city. It was subordinate to Taiping County of Hengzhou, and 3000 heroes were resettled. The next year, the town was abandoned, and it was still beihengzhou. During the Zhou and Qi dynasties, Turks became stronger and stronger. In order to defend Turks, Rouran and Qidan, they built the Great Wall from Xihe to Qin in the third year of Tianbao (552) and more than 200 kilometers to the Bohai Sea in the East. In the sixth year of Tianbao (555), 1.8 million people built the Great Wall, 450 kilometers from Xiakou in Youzhou to Hengzhou in the West. Tianbao seven years (556) first from Xihe general Qin garrison to build the Great Wall, east to the sea. Before and after the construction of things where more than 1000 kilometers.

In 557 ad, the Western Wei Dynasty was replaced by the Northern Zhou Dynasty. After the destruction of Qi in the sixth year of Jiande (577), the prefectures and counties were abolished, HengAn town was restored, and Shuozhou was changed to beishuozhou governor's office. Change Taiping County to Yunzhong county (this Datong is called the beginning of Yunzhong). Lingqiu belongs to Weizhou, which is governed by Lingqiu County.

In 581, the first year of emperor kaihuang of Sui Dynasty, when China was reunified, the prefectures were changed into counties, which were located in Mayi county and Yanmen county. Mayi County governs Shanyang, governs Shanyang, Shenwu, Yunnei and Kaiyang. Yanmen County governs Yanmen and governs Yanmen, Fanshi, Gu County, Wutai and Lingqiu. Heng'an town is subordinate to Yunnei County of Mayi county. Kaihuang five years (585) on behalf of the state office. In order to defend against Turkic invasion in the Sui Dynasty, in the third year of Daye (607), "more than a million men built the Great Wall, which was from Yulin in the west to Zihe River in the East. In August 615, Yang Guang toured the northern part of the Great Wall. Turks learned that he led 100000 troops into the Great Wall. Yang Guang was forced to retreat to Yanmen. With the reinforcement of the army and the people from all over the country, Yang Guang broke away. The next year, the Turks committed another crime and were repulsed by Li Yuan.

In the early Tang Dynasty, the system of prefectures and counties was implemented according to the Sui Dynasty. In the fourth year of Wude (621), Liu Wuzhou was pacified, so HengAn town was established in beihengzhou. Wude six years (623) in Yanmen County Lingqiu do not set up Weizhou. In 624, beihengzhou was abolished. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), there were 13 roads in the world, and the states of Yun, Wei and Shuo belonged to Hedong road. Yunzhou governs Yunzhong and governs Yunzhong county. Weizhou governed the prosperous Tang Dynasty and governed the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Feihu and Lingqiu. Shuozhou governs Shanyang and Mayi. At the end of Tang Dynasty, Hunyuan Prefecture was established under the name of Hunyuan River, and Yingzhou was established under the name of Yanmen mountain and Longshou mountain. In the 14th year of Zhenguan (640), Dingxiang County was established in Yunnei County, and it was also governed by Yunzhou. In the third year of longshuo (663), yunzhongdu was set up to protect the mansion. The first year of Yongchun (682) was broken by the East Turks, and all the counties and prefectures were abolished. The people moved to Shuozhou. In the 18th year of Kaiyuan (730), the county was restored and Dingxiang was changed into Yunzhong county. Beihengzhou was abandoned as Dongzhou city and Yunzhou was restored. In the first year of Tianbao (742), Yunzhou was changed into Yunzhong county. In the first year of Qianyuan (758), Yunzhong county was changed to Yunzhou

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