Zhangjiajie City, Hunan Province

Zhangjiajie, formerly known as Dayong City, is a prefecture level city in Hunan Province. It has jurisdiction over two municipal districts (Yongding District and Wulingyuan District) and two counties (Cili County and Sangzhi County). Located in the northwest of Hunan Province, in the middle and upper reaches of Lishui River, it belongs to the hinterland of Wuling mountain area. Zhangjiajie is one of the most important tourist cities in China. It is the birthplace and central area of Hunan Hubei Chongqing Guizhou revolutionary base.

In September 1982, Zhangjiajie National Forest Park became the first National Forest Park in China.

In August 1988, Wulingyuan scenic spot in Zhangjiajie was listed as a national key scenic spot; in 1992, Wulingyuan scenic spot composed of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park and other three scenic spots was listed in the world natural heritage list by UNESCO; in February 2004, it was listed in the first batch of world geoparks in the world; in 2007, it was listed in the first batch of national 5A tourist attractions in China Tourist attractions. In 2017, it was awarded the honorary title of "National Forest City". On January 29, 2021, it was selected into the list of areas with remarkable achievements in real work in 2020 announced by Hunan Provincial People's government.

Historical evolution

The origin of the name

"Boundary" has two meanings in the city: one is the boundary of possession, the other is the high mountain. The Qing Dynasty Daoguang version of Yongding county annals states: "Wushi River originated in Zhangjiajie." According to the Republic of China Edition of Cili County annals, "Suoxi originated in Zhangjiajie." Here Zhangjiajie refers to the area of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park. The name of Zhangjiajie can be found in the preface of Zhang's genealogy in 1631. The author of the preface is Zhang Zaichang, the sixth grandson of Zhang wancong, the commander of Yongding Wei Dayong. In the Hongzhi period of Ming Dynasty (1488-1506), the Imperial Court saw Zhang wancong's contribution and awarded him the "land of mountains and forests" around Zhangjiajie National Forest Park. So his family went to the mountains to keep business.

In 1630, Zhang Zaihong, the sixth generation grandson of Zhang wancong, was granted the League official and set up the government office here. This area became the hereditary territory of Zhang family and was called "Zhangjiajie". By the end of the 20th century, Zhang's descendants had lived here for 17 generations, with a population of nearly 1000. Another way of saying is: it is said that Zhang Liang, the Marquis of the Western Han Dynasty, lived in seclusion here at that time and was buried in shuirao four gates after he died. Therefore, it was called Zhangjiajie very early.

In 1958, a state-owned forest farm was established here, which was named Zhangjiajie because it was located on the site of Zhangjiajie agricultural society. In 1978, Zhangjiajie Forest Farm opened the prelude of Hunan tourism development. In 1982, Zhangjiajie National Forest Park was established. Zhangjiajie village, where the surname Zhang lives together, is managed by the park. In view of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park's high popularity and reputation at home and abroad, Dayong city was renamed Zhangjiajie City in 1994 with the approval of the State Council.

Evolution of organizational system

In the Neolithic age, human activities began on both sides of the Lishui river. There is a record that "Shun put his joy in Chongshan" in the book of history. According to Yang Xiande's Yongding Weizhi compiled in 1685 (the year of the second Chou of the lunar calendar), Yongding county annals compiled in 1652 (the last year of the Kui of the lunar calendar), Cili County annals and Sangzhi County annals, Qin unified the six states and divided the whole country into 36 counties in 221 BC. At that time, Dayong and Cili belonged to Central Guizhou County, it is the first administrative region in Hunan, earlier than Changsha, the provincial capital. Qianzhong county includes Cigu county (located in Taiping Village, Jiangjiaping Township, Cili today), Sangzhi County and Dayong county (now Yongding District), Shimen County, Anxiang County, Li County, Jinshi county and linli County, as well as Gongan County, Hefeng County of Hubei Province and Taoyuan County of Hunan Province.

In the Western Han Dynasty, in addition to the local establishment of counties, there were also feudal states, which implemented the staggered system of counties and states. In the fifth year of emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty (202 BC, Yihai year of the lunar calendar), Liu Bang was in power. He ordered that Qianzhong county be divided into Wuling County, and Cigu county be divided into Fuling county and Chong county (including Yongding, Wulingyuan and Sangzhi County).

During the period of the Three Kingdoms, in the sixth year of Yong'an (263 A.D., the year of Guiwei in the lunar calendar), Emperor Wu Jingdi sun Xiu saw that the entrance of Songliang mountain was open as big as the door, which made it auspicious to change Songliang mountain into Tianmen Mountain and Wuling County into Tianmen County.

During the Tang Dynasty, the whole country was changed into ten roads. In the fourth year of Wude (621 A.D., the year of Xinsi in the lunar calendar), Li Yuan, the emperor of Gaozu, ordered the establishment of Lizhou and Liyang counties, which belong to Shannandao and govern six counties, with Cili and Chongyi counties (now Yongding, Wulingyuan and Sangzhi counties) under his jurisdiction.

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907-960 A.D.), the whole territory of Zhangjiajie is under the jurisdiction of the state of Chu.

During the Song Dynasty, in order to strengthen the centralization of power, the Song Dynasty adjusted the whole country to 23 roads, under which there were government, state and army. In the first year of Qiande (963 A.D., the year of Guihai in the lunar calendar), Zhao Kuangyin, the Taizu of the Song Dynasty, ordered that the whole territory of Zhangjiajie should be assigned to Liyang County, called Cili County. Anfu village should be set up in Sangzhi County, Wukou village in Dayong of Yongding District, and suokou village in Wulingyuan District.

During the Yuan Dynasty, eleven provinces were set up in the whole country. Kublai Khan, the emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty, ordered that in the 14th year of Zhiyuan (1277 ad, the year of Dingchou in the lunar calendar), four counties under the jurisdiction of the general manager's office of Lizhou Road (Cili is one of them, that is, the whole territory of today's Zhangjiajie City) should be set up, and Marshal's office of maogangdu should be set up in Maogang, Yongding District.

During the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty abolished the xingzhongshu province of the Yuan Dynasty, and set up 13 Chengshi departments in the whole country to implement civil affairs and financial management at the provincial level. In the second year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1369 A.D., the first year of the lunar calendar), Dali Prefecture was transformed into Dayong County, belonging to Lizhou.

During the Qing Dynasty, twenty-three provinces were set up in the whole country, under which there were prefectures, prefectures and counties. In the eighth year of Yongzheng reign (1730 A.D., gengxu of the lunar calendar), Sangzhi and Maogang Tusi changed their land to Liuliu one after another, promoted Lizhou to be a state directly under the central government, and governed Anxiang, Shimen, Cili and other four counties. At the same time, Yongding and Jiuxi were abolished, and Anfu county was established (now Yongding and Wulingyuan districts and Cili and Sangzhi counties were Anfu counties at that time).

During the period of the Republic of China, three roads and 60 counties were set up in the province, and then the "Office of the Commissioner of administrative supervision" was set up. In the fifth year of the Republic of China (1916, the third year of the lunar calendar), Wuling road was abolished in Hunan Province, and Dayong, Sangzhi and Cili counties were assigned to Chenyuan road. Hunan Province is divided into 10 administrative supervision districts, Dayong and Sangzhi are the fourth, and the Commissioner's office is located in Changde.

In 1949, the people's Republic of China was founded and Zhangjiajie City was liberated. From A.D. to 1988, Cili County was under the jurisdiction of Changde special region, while Dayong and Sangzhi counties were under the jurisdiction of Yongshun special region from October 16, 1949 to August 1952, and later under the jurisdiction of Xiangxi Miao Autonomous Region and Xiangxi Tujia Miao Autonomous Prefecture. From 1988 to 1990, Dayong, a prefecture level city, was established with the approval of the State Council.

On April 4, 1994, with the approval of the State Council, Dayong city was renamed Zhangjiajie City, which governs Yongding and Wulingyuan districts and Cili and Sangzhi counties. The specific evolution is as follows: from October 16, 1949 to August 1952, Dayong and Sangzhi counties were under the jurisdiction of Yongshun special region, and then under the jurisdiction of Xiangxi Miao Autonomous Region and Xiangxi Tujia Miao Autonomous Prefecture.

In 1982, the first National Forest Park in China was established, which filled the gap that there was no national park in China. On May 24, 1985, the State Council approved the abolition of Dayong county and the establishment of Dayong city (county level), with the former administrative region of Dayong County as the administrative region of Dayong city. In 1988, the State Council approved the promotion of Dayong city to prefecture level, the establishment of Yongding District and Wulingyuan District, and the division of Cili County, which originally belonged to Changde City, and Sangzhi County, which originally belonged to Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Western Hunan Province, into Dayong city.

On April 4, 1994, the State Council approved the renaming of Dayong city as Zhangjiajie City, which was named after Zhangjiajie National Forest Park.

administrative division

As of December 2005, Zhangjiajie has jurisdiction over two municipal districts (Yongding District and Wulingyuan District), two counties (Cili County and Sangzhi County), seven streets, 32 towns, 47 townships and 15 ethnic townships.

Yongding District, Wulingyuan District and Sangzhi County enjoy the policy treatment of ethnic autonomous areas, while Cili County enjoys the treatment of more than half of the Ethnic Minority Counties designated by the province.

geographical environment

Location context

Zhangjiajie City, located between 28 ° 52 ′ - 29 ° 48 ′ N and 109 ° 40 ′ - 111 ° 20 ′ e, is a newly developed prefecture level city in Northwest Hunan Province, which is under development and construction, and is characterized by the development of Zhangjiajie tourism. It is adjacent to Hubei Province in the North.

Zhangjiajie City is located in the northwest of Hunan Province, at the junction of the uplift of Yunnan Guizhou Plateau and the subsidence area of Dongting Lake. It is between 109 ° 40 to 111 ° 20 E and 28 ° 52 to 29 ° 48 n. It is adjacent to Shimen and Taoyuan counties in the East, Yuanling County in the South and Hefeng and Xuanen counties in Hubei Province in the north. The longest city boundary is 167 km from east to west and 96 km from north to south. Zhangjiajie covers a total area of 9653 square kilometers, accounting for 4.5% of the area of Hunan Province.

topographic features

The stratum of Zhangjiajie City is complex and diverse, which creates the local characteristic landscape. There are mainly mountains, karst, hills, hills and plains. The mountainous area accounts for 76% of the total area, and the most characteristic is the quartz sandstone peak forest landform, which is rare in the world. The terrain of the city is high in the northwest and inclines southeast along the Lishui river.

Another outstanding performance in the city area is that due to the rising of the earth's crust, the downward cutting of streams is increased, and there is no time to widen the rivers, resulting in the formation of valleys and valleys. The valley bottom of the river is linear, the two walls are steep, the beaches are numerous, and the water is fast. The source of Lishui River in Zhangjiajie City, the upper reaches of loushui River and the MaoYan river reach are such Valley landforms.

climate

Zhangjiajie is located in the north

Chinese PinYin : Hu Nan Sheng Zhang Jia Jie Shi