Naiman Banner, Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

Naiman Banner Naiman Banner is located in the southwest of Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia, the southern edge of Horqin sandy land. The landform features are generally summarized as "sand in the south mountain, river in the north, two mountains, six sand and two Plains". The southern part is the northern edge of the mountains in the west of Liaoning Province, with an altitude of 400-600 meters. The central part is dominated by wind erosion accumulation sand. The central North Plain is a part of the impact plain of the Xiliao River and Jiaolai River, with flat and open terrain. It was established in 1636. It is adjacent to Fuxin city and Beipiao City in Liaoning Province in the south, Kulun banner in the East, Aohan banner and Wengniute Banner in Chifeng City in the west, and Kailu County across the river in the north. The cultural division is similar to Northeast China, and the customs are similar to Northeast China. Naiman Banner is one of the core areas of Hongshan culture. There is the first city established by nomadic people in northern China - Ancient Qidan Longting Longhua Prefecture. The most complete and precious Tomb of Princess Chen of Liao Dynasty has been found so far. More than 3000 national first-class cultural relics have been unearthed in this tomb. Sixteen princes of Mongolian "Naiman" tribe have sealed the county here. There is a well preserved Mongolian palace in Qing Dynasty, which is beautiful Noanjiya is here to sing the world. Naiman Banner has the only vast desert in Northeast China, which is closest to Beijing. The intersection of Xilamulun River and Laoha River, the "grandmother River" of the Chinese nation, is the starting point of Xiliao River. There is the largest desert freshwater lake in China. Daqintala Town, the administrative headquarters, is the ecological city of desert in Northeast China. It has the unique landscape of desert and desert building new city. It is as famous as Populus euphratica in the West Naiman strange willow is the origin of Chinese Maifan stone and the hometown of Horqin prints.

On January 22, 2020, it was named National Garden County by the Ministry of housing and urban rural development. On March 4, 2020, the people's Government of the autonomous region agreed to withdraw from the poverty-stricken banner county sequence.

Evolution of organizational system

There are traces of human activities in the southern mountain area of Naiman Banner 8000 years ago, and they may have never been interrupted since ancient times.

Naiman used to be a nomadic place for Shang, Shanrong, Donghu, Xianbei, Wuhuan, Qidan and other nationalities, but it was not permanent. Therefore, it was not until the founding of Khitan that there appeared indigenous herdsmen in Naiman area in the true sense, and they basically lived in the plain and sand areas of Jiaolai River and Laoha River in the middle and north of Naiman.

Since the beginning of Longhua Prefecture, a Baoji, the Taizu of Liao Dynasty, set up the city according to the county of Tang Dynasty. Liao Dynasty began to implement the system of prefecture and county on a large scale. From then on, the northern grassland in the West Liaohe River Basin was no longer a pure nomadic pasture. The scattered towns and cities on the grassland changed the inherent appearance of the grassland, and the population increased dramatically. Grassland urbanization constitutes the most distinctive historical content and the most dynamic human landscape in the songmo grassland area from the 10th century to the 11th century.

The implementation of urbanization in Liao Dynasty was based on the ruling policy of "treating the Han people with the Han system". According to the geographical records of Liao Dynasty, Yelv abaoji moved a large number of war prisoners to three areas: most of them moved to the Huangshui River (now the West Lamulun River) and the lower reaches of the tuhe River (now the Laoha River), some moved to the middle and lower reaches of the Liao River, and a few moved to the tuhe river The middle and upper reaches and the Daling and Xiaoling river basins. According to the records of Liao history, Longhua was the first state set up in Liao Dynasty. In autumn and September of the second year of Tang Tianfu (902), abaoji "built KaiJiao temple in the south of Huanghe River.". Later, touxia Prefecture and ordinary prefectures and counties were quickly established in the lower reaches of tuhe river. At that time, the prefectures and counties were established based on the basic household of "capturing 95000 slaves from Hedong to beishengkou" in the second year of Tang Tianfu. After pacifying the Bohai State, a large number of Bohai people moved to the hinterland of Qidan to live together with Han people to establish prefectures and counties or set up settlements. In 903 A.D., they attacked nvzhi in the north and captured 300 families, all of which were settled in Longhua.

Since the establishment of the city, these former northern nomads have changed from nomadic to nomadic, and abaoji captured the population of other nationalities from all over the country and moved here to rule, which has expanded the scope and scale of farming economy since ancient times. We can generally learn that the indigenous nomads in Naiman originated from the Donghu adherents. Around the Liao Dynasty, they left Xianbei, Wuhuan, Qidan, nvzhi (Nvzhen), Shiwei and other nomads to engage in farming and grazing here, resulting in the production and life style of combining agriculture with animal husbandry, and these people gradually evolved into the original indigenous nomads in Naiman area. It was during this period that the ancient adherents who lived in the huaniu River Valley in the southern mountainous area of Naiman from the ancient Hongshan to the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties were preserved under the policy of "treating the Han people with the Han system" of Khitan. While they were assimilated in general, they also retained their regional cultural characteristics. In the Liao Dynasty, there were no less than 100000 to 120000 people who settled here.

Nuzhen was originally a member of the Liao Dynasty. In 1114, Wanyan AGU, Emperor Taizu of the Jin Dynasty, unified all the departments of Nuzhen, and fought against the Liao Dynasty. He founded Dajin and destroyed the Liao Dynasty in 1125. Naiman, which originally belonged to Khitan and the Central Plains, was ruled by the Jin people. In 1211, Genghis Khan led his troops to attack the northern border of Jin Dynasty; in 1217-1219, he ordered Muhuali to continue to attack Jin Dynasty; in 1234, Jin Dynasty was destroyed under the attack of Mongolia and southern and Northern Song Dynasty, and Naiman was ruled by Mongols.

After the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Liao Dynasty, the Khitans disappeared in several parts. At that time, among the main nomadic peoples in the grassland of Northeast China, Qidan had a close relationship with Shiwei (later Mongolia), who was adjacent to and originated from Xianbei nationality, on the southernmost side. In the middle of the area, Shi Wei was forced by the pressure and interest relationship between the southern patriarch Khitan and the Northeast Nuzhen. On one hand, he had a close relationship with the patriarch Khitan, and on the other hand, he had a close relationship with the growing northeast neighbor Nuzhen. Nuzhen (later Jin) was severely exploited and discriminated by the patriarch Khitan (according to historical records, Khitan nobles asked Nuzhen for a large number of Haidong green eagles and women every year), and had a deep hatred with Khitan, but formed a companion relationship with his southern neighbor, Shiwei, who was ruled and stripped by the patriarch. When Jin and Shiwei defeated Khitan, some of the Khitans who resisted were slaughtered by hateful women; some of them fled to the northwest to establish the "Western Liao" under the leadership of Yelv Dashi, and finally were conquered and disappeared by the Mongolian Empire; what's more, some of the Khitan civilians (including the ordinary Khitans and the plundered "southerners" who had been assimilated by Khitan) were killed When Jin (Nuzhen) came over, because of the same language, clothing and living habits, they either called themselves Mongols, or they were considered to be "good people" who were friendly with Nuzhen. They lived the life of ordinary Mongols (ordinary Mongols) and never left Naiman This area of life, and later all assimilated into the Mongols. Among these people, it is possible to retain the adherents who have lived here since the ancient Hongshan culture period, such as the "mangwu" and "wuluwu" people who have been living in the feniu River Basin, farming, grazing and military.

Mongolian and Khitan have the same origin as Shiwei, the descendant of Xianbei. It has been recorded in the Tang Dynasty and is called mengwushiwei. During the Liao and Jin Dynasties, the Mongolians lived in the middle and upper reaches of the Gunan River and the buerhan mountain (today's Kent mountain). They were the descendants of mengwushiwei in the Tang Dynasty. Historians divided Mongolia into two categories, one is Nilun Mongolia, the other is dieerleqin Mongolia. Nirun Mongol came from the waist of alenhoa, the tenth grandmother of Genghis Khan. The descendants of baldachar, the son of alenhoa, multiplied into many clans and tribes, forming the bolerzhijin tribe. Later, the Qiyan tribe and the taichiwu tribe of bolerzhijin tribe gradually developed into two powerful tribes, and the other tribes belonging to nirun Mongol were hedajin, sacchiwu, zadalan, mangwu, zhuerqi, etc; Dieerleqin Mongols refer to the "general Mongols", mainly including niegusi, Hongjila, wuliangha, iqilesi and shenite. Dieerleqin Mongolia and Nilun Mongolia are collectively referred to as "hemuhei Mongolia" (all Mongolia). In addition, there are many Tatar tribes near all the Mongols, such as zhalayier, Tatar, mieerqi, Waila, Baerhu and so on. They are all "original Mongols".

From the Jin Dynasty to the early Yuan Dynasty, this part of Naiman Banner was the site of five tribes, namely, zhalayier, wuluwu, Hongjila, mangwu and yiqileisi. They were nomadic in Jiaolai River and qiniu river. In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Naiman was still dominated by the "Mongols" and more or less retained the blood of the "original Mongols".

At the beginning of the 13th century, Genghis Khan unified all the tribes of the Mongolian Plateau, established a great Mongolian Empire, and enfeoffed the population with a new system of 1000 households. Genghis Khan enfeoffed Muhuali to roam in the area of faniu River and Chifeng, and led the left-wing ten thousand households including the five Mongolian tribes of zhalayier, wuluwu, mangwu, Hongjila and yiqileisi. Most of these people belonged to the original Mongols. Among the five books, wuluwu and mangwu should be the indigenous people in the southern part of Naiman. Among them were the "Mongols" who were directly transferred from Khitan at that time. They "occupied the northern part of Daning and guangningfu road from Yizhou to Laoha River, that is, the area north of the middle reaches of Daling River today", and may have descendants in Naiman. During this period, because of the long-term saw like war, and the baptism of the guerrilla and nomadic culture of Nuzhen and Mongolian rulers, a large number of cultivated land was abandoned or desertified or reduced to grassland, and a large number of civilians were recruited, or exiled, or with the army, or reduced to serfs. The population in Naiman area decreased sharply. According to the archaeological findings and relevant data, the residents in Naiman area should not be allowed to live in this period It's 20000 people.

In the Northern Yuan Dynasty, batumonkdayan Khan reunited the Monan Mongols

Chinese PinYin : Nei Meng Gu Zi Zhi Qu Tong Liao Shi Nai Man Qi