Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County, Xining City, Qinghai Province

Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County is a county under the jurisdiction of Xining City, Qinghai Province. It is located in the Hehuang Valley in the east of Qinghai Province, the southern foot of Qilian Mountain and the Beichuan River Basin in the upper reaches of Huangshui River. It is a transitional zone between the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and the Loess Plateau. With an altitude of 2280-4622 meters, the terrain is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, belonging to the plateau continental climate. The county covers a total area of 3090 square kilometers, governs 9 towns and 11 townships, and has a total population of 453000 people (in 2012). There are 26 ethnic groups, including Han, Hui, Tu, Tibetan and Mongolian. It has been named "the hometown of Chinese folk culture and art" by the Ministry of culture twice.

In November 2019, Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County was named as the national demonstration county of "four good rural roads" and was selected as the second batch of counties (districts) meeting the standard of water-saving society construction. On December 6, 2019, it was selected as the pilot unit of promoting the quality improvement of farmers' cooperatives in the whole county. On December 31, 2019, it will be selected as a typical county of rural innovation and entrepreneurship in China. On July 29, 2020, it will be included in the National Health township (county) naming list of 2017-2019 cycle. In October 2020, it was rated as the national model city (county) of double support.

Evolution of organizational system

The unearthed cultural relics from shangsunjiazhai in Datong County are sufficient to prove that the ancestors began to live hunting and nomadic life here four or five thousand years ago.

According to historical records, Qinghai was a place where Qiang people lived in scattered places in ancient times. It is said that it was a different kind of ginger from Yan Emperor. Rong people have a wide range of activities, starting from Longdong in the East, reaching the source of the Yellow River in the west, West Sichuan in the south, and central Xinjiang in the northwest.

During the period of Xia Yu (early 21st century BC), it belonged to Yongzhou, which included Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu and Eastern Qinghai.

In the Western Han Dynasty, the Huns in the north and the Qiang people in Huangzhong (now the ancient Hehuang area in Xining is called Huangzhong area) united to capture the Hexi Corridor, blocking the traffic between the Central Plains and the western regions.

In the second year of Yuanshou (121 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent the cavalry general Huo Qubing out of Longxi to attack Qilian, break the right area of Xiongnu, and restore the traffic between East and West. In order to consolidate this new strategic area, the Han Dynasty opened up Hehuang and set up four counties in Hexi. In addition, Xiping pavilion was built at the present city site of Xining and garrisons were set up. At the same time, a castle was built in Changning, Datong, and small-scale reclamation was started nearby to make up for military supplies.

In the first year of shenjue (61 BC), Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty sent his troops to guhuangzhong (now the upper reaches of the Yellow River, Huangshui River and Datong River Basin, known as "Sanhejian" in ancient times), carrying out "military garrison" and opening the channel from Datong to Zhangye.

In the first year of Taikang (AD 280), Emperor Wu of the Western Jin Dynasty added Changning County, which was under the jurisdiction of Xiping County, and then under the jurisdiction of Xidu county (separated from Linqiang county).

In the late Western Jin Dynasty (around 310 A.D.), the Tuguhun family of Murong in Xianbei moved from Liaoning Province to Yinshan and Longshan, then gradually passed through the south of Gansu Province, entered the area around Qinghai Lake, annexed a large area of land such as Qiang people, and established the Tuguhun Kingdom, which governed the vast area of Qinghai for 350 years.

In 317 ad, after the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, the north and South split, and Qianliang and Houliang once controlled the eastern part of Qinghai successively.

In the Sixteen Kingdoms period, the bald Wugu of Xianbei nationality established the kingdom of Nanliang (397-414 AD), with Xiping (now Xining, later moved to Ledu) as its capital. Datong is under the jurisdiction of Nanliang.

After the death of Nanliang, the Northern Wei and the Northern Zhou had jurisdiction over it respectively.

In 608-609, Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty sent Pei Ju to manage the western regions, defeated Tuyuhun, and Khan led the people to escape to the snow mountain (Jishishan South). Since then, from the west of Xiping and linqiang, to the east of Qiemo (in today's Xinjiang), to the south of Qilian and to the north of Xueshan, they were all owned by the Sui Dynasty, and Datong area also returned to the unified jurisdiction of the central government.

In the third year of longshuo in Gaozong of Tang Dynasty (663 AD), Tubo destroyed Tuyuhun and controlled the whole Helong area. Datong was ruled by Tubo for 200 years.

In 960 ad, after the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, Tubo declined and Xixia rose. In 1004 ad, Xia state was established and Yinzhou was the capital. It gradually occupied Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang. Because the Song Dynasty was committed to defending against the threat of Xixia, Silao built Qingtang City, the capital of Xining, which replaced the rule of Tubo and controlled Qinghai. Danan city was also under the jurisdiction of Silao.

In the second year of Yuanfu (1099), the song army entered the Huangshui River Valley, occupied the Qingtang city and renamed Shanzhou.

In the second year of Chongning (1103), Emperor Huizong of Song Dynasty recovered Danan city and renamed Datong City.

In 1127 ad, after Jin conquered the Northern Song Dynasty, Jin and Xixia ruled the eastern part of Qinghai alternately in the Southern Song Dynasty.

At the beginning of the 13th century, Mongolian nobles rose and successively destroyed Xixia and Jin. In 1271 ad, the Yuan Dynasty was established, and then the Southern Song Dynasty (1279) was destroyed to unify China. Set Xining, guide two states and Tubo duogansi and other places. In Hezhou (today's Linxia, Gansu Province), the commander's office of the Tubo xuanweishi capital was set up. Today's Datong (including today's Menyuan County) is within its jurisdiction.

In 1368, the Yuan Dynasty perished, and in 1370, the military forces of the Ming Dynasty entered Qinghai.

In the sixth year of Hongwu (1373), Xining Prefecture was changed to Xining Wei, which was under the command of the provincial capital of Shaanxi Province. Xining Wei had 16 chieftains. At that time, there was Chen Tusi (Ziming) in Datong area, who was in charge of 14 fortresses. Tusi mansion was built in Songjiazhuang, Changning township.

In 1386, marquis Geng Bingwen led the army to build Xining city. At the same time, they migrated from Hezhou, Liangzhou, Nanjing and other places. In Datong River area, they reclaimed wasteland, built ditches, irrigated fields with water, and planted grain and vegetables. From then on, Datong area gradually developed and prospered.

In 1536, the Hetao Mongolian aristocrat Jinang and his descendants repeatedly invaded Xining, Datong, Huzhu and other places. At the end of Ming Dynasty, Datong was founded by the Mongolian aristocrat Mai Ligan. In 1653, Mai Ligan lived in Daying palace of Datong City, where his eldest son nanlimu lived.

In 1723, the first year of Emperor Yongzheng, Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty, the Mongolian Prince luobuzangdanjin contacted the lamas of guomang (today's Guanghui temple in Datong) and Guolong (today's Huzhu Youning Temple) to rebel against the Qing Dynasty and attack Xining city and Beichuan (today's suburb of Xining and Waichuan in Datong).

In 1724, the Qing government transferred Nian gengyao, the governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, and Yue Zhongqi, the governor of Sichuan, to conduct military expeditions to eliminate border disasters and clear up Hehuang. At that time, Nian gengyao once sent troops to attack the two temples and "annihilate them and burn them.".

In the third year of Yongzheng (1725), in order to further strengthen the centralized rule of the Qing Dynasty, military and political facilities were added. Besides Xining Prefecture and Xining County, Datong garrison was set up. Datong (now Menyuan County), Yong'an (now Qilian county) and Baita (now Datong Chengguan town) were built and stationed separately. Datong City has a commander-in-chief and guerrillas. It has jurisdiction over Yongan and Baita battalions and is under the jurisdiction of Xining Prefecture.

In the ninth year of Qianlong (1744), Yang Yingju of Xining road and Sun Jie, the garrison officer of Datong garrison, invited him to move to Baita.

In 1761, datongwei was changed into Datong County. From then on, Baita city became the seat of Datong County.

In October 1957, the people's Government of Datong County moved from Chengguan town to Qiaotou town.

On November 6, 1985, the State Council approved the abolition of Datong County, and established Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County in its original administrative region on July 10, 1986.

On May 15, 2019, Qinghai Provincial People's government issued the announcement of Qinghai Provincial People's Government on withdrawing 12 counties (cities) including Datong from poverty-stricken counties. According to the opinions on establishing poverty withdrawal mechanism issued by the general office of the CPC Central Committee and the general office of the State Council and the Interim Measures for special evaluation and inspection of withdrawing poverty-stricken counties in Qinghai Province issued by the general office of the provincial Party committee and the general office of the provincial people's government, Qinghai Provincial People's government passed the county-level application and the municipal level approval Datong County meets the exit criteria of poverty-stricken counties through the procedures of preliminary verification, provincial verification and acceptance, special evaluation and inspection, exit publicity, etc. After research, 12 counties (cities) such as Datong were agreed to withdraw from the sequence of poverty-stricken counties.

administrative division

As of 2011, Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County has jurisdiction over 9 towns (Qiaotou town, Chengguan Town, Ta'er Town, Dongxia Town, huangjiazhai Town, Changning Town, Jingyang Town, Duolin Town, Xinzhuang Town), 11 townships (Qinglin Township, Qingshan Township, Xunjiang Township, Jile Township, Baoku Township, Xiegou Township, Liangjiao Township, Xianghua Tibetan Township, Hualin Township, shuobei Tibetan Township, Shishan township), a total of 289 village committees and 20 villages Community neighborhood committee.

geographical environment

Location context

Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County is located in the Hehuang Valley in the east of Qinghai Province, the southern foot of Qilian Mountain and the Beichuan River Basin in the upper reaches of Huangshui River. Qiaotou town is 35 kilometers away from Xining city and 60 kilometers away from Xining Airport. Its geographical coordinates are 100 ° 51 ′ - 101 ° 56 ′ E and 36 ° 43 ′ - 37 ° 23 ′ n, with a total area of 3093 square kilometers.

landforms

Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County is a transitional zone between the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and the Loess Plateau, with an altitude of 2280-4622 meters. The terrain is high in the northwest and low in the southeast.

climate

Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County has a plateau continental climate, with an average annual temperature of 4.9 degrees, an extreme maximum temperature of 35.6 degrees Celsius, an extreme minimum temperature of - 26.1 degrees Celsius, a maximum frozen soil depth of 114 cm, and a maximum snow thickness of 18 cm. The annual precipitation is 523.3 mm, the annual average evaporation is 1762.8 mm, the annual precipitation days are 168 days, the maximum precipitation is in August, the minimum precipitation is in December, and the annual average relative humidity is 56%. The frost free period is about 61-133 days, the annual average sunshine hours is 2553 hours, and the maximum wind speed is 18 m / s.

natural resources

Chinese PinYin : Qing Hai Sheng Xi Ning Shi Da Tong Hui Zu Tu Zu Zi Zhi Xian