Zhao Zhen
Zhao Zhen
Zhao Zhen, Emperor Renzong of Song Dynasty
(May 30, 1010 to April 30, 1063), initial name
Zhao Yingyi
The fourth emperor of the Song Dynasty (from March 23, 1022 to April 30, 1063), the sixth son of Zhao Heng, Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, whose mother was Li Chen's concubine.
In his early years, he was granted the title of Duke of Qingguo, Prince of Shouchun, and King Shengwang. In 1018, he was made the crown prince. In the first year of Qianxing (1022), Zhao Zhen ascended the throne at the age of 13. In the early days of his reign, Liu, the empress of Zhang Xianming and Su, listened to the government from behind the curtain until the second year of Ming Dynasty (1033). In the middle of his reign, the first "Song Xia war" broke out. After three years of fighting, the two sides signed the "Qingli peace treaty". During this period, Liao took advantage of the opportunity to force song tingzeng to lose Sui coin, which is known as "Chong Xi Zeng coin". In 1043, Zhao Zhen appointed Fan Zhongyan, a political adviser, to carry out the "Qingli New Deal" in an attempt to curb the increasingly serious land annexation and "three redundant" phenomenon. However, because of the huge opposition force, the reform was immediately suspended. In 1063, Zhao Zhen died in Funing hall in Tokyo at the age of 54. In 42 years, he was the longest emperor in the Song Dynasty. Posthumous title Ti Tian FA Dao Ji Gong Quan de Shen Wen Sheng Wu Rui zhe Ming Xiao emperor, temple name Ren Zong, buried in Yongzhao mausoleum.
During the reign of Zhao Zhen, the economy of the Northern Song Dynasty was prosperous, and science, technology and culture also got great development. The history of the Song Dynasty praises: "biography says:" to be a king is to be benevolent. " Emperor Cheng is worthy of it. " Historians summarized his ruling period as "benevolent rule". He is good at calligraphy, especially at flying white. There are 100 volumes of imperial collection. His poems are recorded in Quan Song Shi.
Source: Portrait axis of song Renzong
Life of the characters
Early experience
Zhao Yingyi
Zhao Zhen (later renamed Zhao Zhen) was born on April 14, the third year of Dazhong Xiangfu (May 30, 1010). He was the sixth son of Zhao Heng, Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty, and his mother was imperial concubine Li Chen. Because Zhao Heng's beloved beauty Liu (empress Zhang xianmingsu) has no son, Zhao Heng claims that Zhao Yi was born to Liu.
Zhao Yi is benevolent and filial in nature. He is kind and kind to people. His happiness and anger are not in appearance. In 1014, he was granted the title of Duke of Qing. In 1015, Dazhong Xiangfu was granted the title of Shouchun county king and taught in Zishan hall. In the first year of Tianxi (1017), an official was appointed.
In the second year of Tianxi (1018), Zhao Yingjin was appointed king. In September of the same year, on Ding Mao day (October 19, 1018), Zhao Yiyi was canonized as the crown prince, and was given the name
Zhao Zhen
. Li Di, a political advisor and guest of the crown prince, tutored Zhao Zhen.
Ascend to the throne
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< sub > Renzong Shengzhi
Zhao Heng died on February 19, the first year of Qianxing (March 23, 1022). Zhao Zhen, who was only 13 years old, was the emperor. The Empress Dowager Liu (empress Zhang xianmingsu) took charge of the military affairs on her behalf. She did not take charge of the government until the death of empress Liu in 1033.
Zhao Zhen was generous in disposition, not extravagant, but also able to restrain himself and treat his officials and servants leniently. Bao Zheng, the remonstrating minister, repeatedly criticized Yan Zhijian, and even spattered his saliva on Zhao Zhen's face. However, while wiping his face with his sleeve, Zhao Zhen accepted his suggestion and did not blame him. Once, Bao Zheng objected to the appointment of Zhang yaozuo, the uncle of Zhang's concubine, the empress Wen Cheng, as the third secretary. Zhao Zhen changed Zhang yaozuo's name to Jiedushi. Bao Zheng objected more and more fiercely and led seven famous officials to discuss with Zhao Zhen. Zhao Zhen said angrily, "do you want to talk about Zhang yaozuo? Jiedushi is a rough official. Why fight? " Yan Guan Tang Jie replied impolitely: "Jiedushi, Taizu (Zhao Kuangyin), Taizong (Zhao Guangyi) have done, I'm afraid it's not a crude official." Zhao Zhen finally adopted Yan Guan's suggestion. When he returned to the harem, he said to Zhang, "you only know how to declare the emblem. Don't you know that Bao Zheng is the censor?"
However, Wang Fuzhi, a thinker in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, thought that Zhao Zhen had no definite ambition. He believed that in the 30 years of Zhao Zhen's reign, more than 40 ministers of the two governments had changed, and they had been advancing and retreating repeatedly. Even if the sage was in power, because he could not be satisfied with his position, he could not exert his talents and make achievements. In this way, orders are constantly changed, one against the other, so that "the officials are not suitable to keep, and the people are not suitable to follow", which makes the people below feel at a loss. As a result, nothing can be done. Cai Xiang, a minister of remonstrance, once said that he was "lenient but not broken.". At the beginning of the Qingli reform, Cai Xiang and others once reminded Zhao Zhen that "it's difficult to be remonstrated, difficult to listen, difficult to listen, difficult to use May your majesty observe it, and not use it in the name of good remonstrance but not in fact. ".
In general, Zhao Zhen made good use of people. During his reign, there were many famous officials, the country was relatively stable, the economy was prosperous, and science, technology and culture were greatly developed. Historians praised it as the "sage master". In history, it is known as "the rule of Qingli and Jiayou", especially "the rule of Jiayou".
Inspirational change
Zhao Zhen was not satisfied with the current situation of keeping success. In view of the outbreak of peasant uprising and mutiny in various places during the Qingli period, and the increasingly serious phenomenon of land annexation and "three redundant" (redundant officials, redundant soldiers, redundant expenses), he was also determined to carry out innovation. He used to be "responsible for the affairs of the world" many times with the intention of making a difference.
In the third year of Qingli (1043), Zhao Zhen appointed Fan Zhongyan as a political advisor, and promoted Ouyang Xiu, Yu Jing, Wang Su and Cai Xiang as remonstrators (known as "four remonstrators") to forge ahead. In September, under the order of Zhao Zhen, Fan Zhongyan and Fu Bi put forward ten reform proposals, which were "dethroning Zhi in Ming Dynasty, restraining fluke, paying tribute, selecting officials, jungongtian, enriching agriculture and mulberry, repairing military equipment, reducing corvee, Qin Enxin, and valuing orders". Ouyang Xiu and others also talked about it one after another, and Zhao Zhenda adopted them, and gradually promulgated and implemented them, and awarded them to the whole country.
Because the new deal violated the interests of aristocratic bureaucrats, it was obstructed by them. At the beginning of 1045, Fan Zhongyan, Han Qi, Fu Bi, ou Yangxiu and others were excluded from the imperial court one after another, all kinds of reforms were abolished, and the new deal completely failed. However, Wang Anshi's reform failed later.
Li Chu and his illness
Because Zhao Zhen had no son under his knees, he brought Zhao Zongshi, the 13th son of Zhao yunrang (later renamed zhao shu, that is, song Yingzong) into the Imperial Palace in 1035 and gave it to empress Cao to raise. But in 1039, Zhao Zhen sent Zhao Zongshi out of the palace.
In the first month of 1056, when Zhao Zhen was worshipped by the civil and military officials, he suddenly danced and salivated. On the same day, the envoys of Liao Dynasty met Zhao Zhen in Zichen hall. Zhao Zhen was incoherent. Wen Yanbo, the prime minister, had no choice but to explain to the Liao envoy that it was caused by excessive drinking. After a few days, Zhao Zhen's illness became more and more serious, and he cried out all day long such absurd words as "empress and Zhang Mao conspire against each other". He gradually recovered in February and began to deal with political affairs.
Zhao Zhen was in poor health and lost three sons (Zhao Xin, Zhao Fang, king of Yang, Zhao Xi, king of Jing). He was very worried about the issue of the emperor's heir. After repeated admonition by Prime Minister Han Qi and ministers Bao Zheng, fan Zhen and Sima Guang, Zhao Zhen officially established Zhao Zongshi as the prince in August 1062.
The collapse of Bianliang
Since February 1063, Zhao Zhen was seriously ill. On March 29 (April 30), Zhao Zhen died at Funing palace in Tokyo at the age of 54. His posthumous title is Shenwen Shengwu, Emperor Mingxiao, and his temple title is Renzong. In October, he was buried in yongzhaoling.
After the news of Zhao Zhen's death came out, "the capital (Kaifeng) went on strike and cried in the streets for several days. Although beggars and children burned paper money and cried before the University.". When the news of Zhao Zhen's death came to Luoyang, the citizens also stopped the city to mourn. The smoke of burning paper money filled the sky of Luoyang, so that "the sky was dark". His death even affected the remote mountainous areas. At that time, an official went to Sichuan on a business trip. When he passed by Jiange, he saw that the women in the valley were wearing paper caps to mourn the death of the emperor.
It is said that after the obituary of Zhao Zhen's death was sent to the Liao Dynasty, "people in Yanjing cry everywhere." Liao daozongye Lu Hongji also held the hand of song envoys and lamented: "I didn't know the military revolution for 42 years." He said, "I'm going to build a burial mound for him to express my sorrow." Since then, the emperors of the Liao Dynasty "worshipped their royal appearance as their ancestors".
Political initiatives
Politics
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< sub > Qingli New Deal
Zhao Zhen appointed Fan Zhongyan in 1043 to carry out the "Qingli New Deal" in view of the increasingly serious land annexation, redundant officials, redundant soldiers and redundant expenses in the mid Song Dynasty.
Fan Zhongyan and Fu Bi put forward ten reform proposals focusing on rectifying the administration of officials, such as "dethroning Zhi in the Ming Dynasty, restraining fluke, paying tribute to the government, selecting officials, unifying public lands, enriching agriculture and mulberry, repairing military equipment, reducing corvee, Qin Enxin and valuing orders". Ouyang Xiu and others have also talked about things.
According to Zhao Zhen's opinions, the imperial edict and the Privy Council chose different routes to transfer envoys and put up some prisons, and stipulated that officials must assess their political achievements on time and rise or fall according to their political achievements. According to the Gengyin Bufa, except for the eldest son, the rest of the descendants must be at least 15 years old, and their younger brothers and nephews must be at least 20 years old before they can be granted an official title. It also stipulates the number of land for local officials. In March of 1044, the imperial examination law was changed. In addition, it also issued decrees to reduce corvee, abolish and merge counties, and reduce corvee.
Because the new deal violated the interests of aristocratic bureaucrats, it was obstructed by them. At the beginning of 1045, Fan Zhongyan, Han Qi, Fu Bi, ou Yangxiu and others were excluded from the court one after another, and all kinds of reforms were abolished
Chinese PinYin : Zhao Zhen
Zhao Zhen
