Pei Xiu

Pei Xiu

Pei Xiu (224-271, April 3) was named Ji Yan. Wenxi County, Hedong county (now Wenxi County, Shanxi Province) people. He was a famous official and cartographer in Wei and Jin Dynasties. He was the grandson of Pei Mao and the son of Pei Qian.

He was born into a famous family named "Pei family in Hedong". When he was young, he was well-known. Later, he was appointed by the general Cao Shuang as his family member. He was a Marquis of Qingyang Pavilion and moved to Huangmen. After the change of Gaoping mausoleum, Cao Shuang was dismissed as an official. After that, he successively served as general tingweizheng, general Anton and general Sima of Wei. He participated in the planning of the military and state affairs, and in the pacification of Zhuge's rebellion. Because of the merit, he was transferred to be the minister and became the Marquis of Luyang township. After Wei Yuan emperor succeeded to the throne, he entered Luyang County as Marquis and served as minister. In the first year of Xianxi (264), he was appointed to revise the official system and proposed to restore the five rank system. After the restoration of the fifth class system, he was granted the title of Marquis of Sichuan. He suggested that Sima Yan should be the son of the world, and Sima Yan should succeed to the queen of Jin Dynasty, and pay homage to Pei Xiu as the official of shangshuling and youguanglu. After the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, Jiazuo Guanglu was granted the title of Julu Duke. In 267, he was promoted to Sikong. Pei Xiu died in 271 after taking cold food powder and drinking cold wine. He was 48 years old and was posthumously named "Yuan". There are three volumes of essays.

Pei Xiu's map of Yugong region initiated the cartography of ancient China. Needham called him "the father of scientific Cartography in China", as well as Ptolemy, a famous cartographer in ancient Greece, and two brilliant stars in the history of ancient Cartography in the world.

The "Pei Xiu Award", established in memory of the founder of Chinese cartography, is the highest award in the field of Cartography in China.

Life of the characters

Backward leader

Pei Xiu was born in the famous aristocratic family of Hedong Pei family in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. His grandfather Pei Mao and father Pei Qian came to shangshuling respectively in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Wei official of Cao Dynasty.

When Pei Xiu was eight years old, he would write well. His uncle Pei Hui was very famous at that time, and there were many guests at home. After visiting Pei Hui, some guests would go to Pei Xiu to talk and listen to his ideas. Pei Xiu was only a teenager at that time. But Pei Xiu's biological mother's family background is humble, Pei Xiu's direct mother Xuan Shi is rude to her, once asked her to serve the meal to the guest, after the guest saw her, all stood up to salute. Pei Xiu's mother said, "I'm so humble. It's for children's sake that guests give gifts." When Xuan knew about it, he no longer despised her. At that time, people praised Pei Xiu as a proverb: "Pei Xiu is the leader of the late comer."

A new official career

Later, Wu Qiujian, general of Du Liao, recommended Pei Xiu to general Cao Shuang, praising him: "he was born intelligent. When he grew up, he worshipped nature. He was quiet and true. He had a profound nature. He was erudite and had a strong memory. He was not literate. He was filial to his elders and friendly to his brothers. He was famous in the countryside and was widely known. Indeed, he should be the Assistant Minister of emperor Shengming, ascend the position of Sangong, counsellor in Dafu, and make the world famous. It is not only Zi Qi and Gan Luo, but also Yan Hui, ran Qiu, Zi you and Zi Xia. " So Cao Shuang called Pei Xiu to be the general's family.

In 244, Pei Qian died. Pei Xiu's hereditary father, the Marquis of Qingyang Pavilion, was transferred to be the Minister of Huangmen.

give counsel

In 249, Sima Yi launched the change of Gaoping mausoleum. Cao Shuang was killed, and Pei Xiu was removed because he was Cao Shuang's official. Soon afterwards, he was appointed as Ting Weizheng. When Sima Zhao was appointed as general Anton and general Wei, he served as his Sima. He participated in the planning of the military and state affairs. Most of them were trusted and adopted. Later, he moved to be a regular official.

At that time, Cao Mao, the emperor of Wei, was eager to learn and had literary talent. He invited Pei Xiu and Wang Shen to Dongtang for many times to explain and discuss knowledge together, and to compare articles. He called Wang Shen a scholar and Pei Xiu a scholar.

In the second year of Ganlu (257), Zhuge launched a rebellion according to Shouchun (the last rebellion of Huainan's three rebellions). Sima Zhao personally led the army to attack. Pei Xiu, together with Chen Tai, the Minister of Shangshu, and Zhong Hui, the Minister of Huangmen, joined the army and participated in the strategy planning.

In the third year of Ganlu (258), after the rebellion was put down, Pei Xiu was transferred to minister, and was granted the title of Marquis of Luyang Township, adding 1000 households to the city.

In the fifth year of Ganlu (260), Sima Zhao established Cao Huan, the Duke of Changdao Township, as emperor of the Wei and Yuan Dynasties. Pei Xiuyin took part in the establishment of the policy and became the Marquis of Luyang county. He increased the number of households in the city by 700 and moved to be a minister.

In the first year of Xianxi (264), the court issued an imperial edict to review and reform various legal systems. At that time, Xun Yi was responsible for making etiquette, Jia Chong was responsible for revising the law, and Pei Xiu was responsible for revising the official system. Pei Xiu suggested the restoration of the five rank system, so more than 600 people above the rank of governor were granted the title. Pei Xiu was granted the title of Marquis of Jichuan, with a fiefdom of 60 Li and 1400 households. The Marquis was located at Jichuan market in Gaoyuan county.

A minister of life

At the beginning, when Sima Zhao didn't decide the choice of his son, he intended to make Sima you, the Marquis of Wuyang, his son. Sima Yan was afraid that he could not be established as a son of the world, so he asked Pei Xiu, "do people have noble and humble faces?" And the strange mark on his body to Pei Xiu to see, in order to attract Pei Xiu. Pei Xiu later said to Sima Zhao, "the Zhongfu Army (referring to Sima Yan) has a good reputation in the world, and has such a natural mark. It must not be the appearance of a minister!" Since then, Sima Yan was appointed the son of the world.

In 265, Sima Yan, who was the king of Jin Dynasty, worshipped Pei Xiu as the official of shangshuling and youguanglu. Together with Wang Shen, the imperial historian, and Jia Chong, the general of Wei, Sima Yan opened his office and established his family, and added his position to Shizhong.

In the first year of Taishi (266), Sima Yan established the Western Jin Dynasty on behalf of Wei, that is, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty. After the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, Pei Xiu was appointed as Zuo Guanglu's official, and was granted the title of Julu Jun Gong, with 3000 households of food.

At that time, Hao Xu, the guard of Anyuan, wrote a letter to his old friend, saying, "I made friends with Pei Xiu to get benefits from him." When the relevant departments asked Pei Xiu to be removed, Sima Yan issued an imperial edict to cover up Pei Xiu, saying: "ordinary people can't make others not accuse and frame up themselves, and the ancients can't do that either. Hao Xu is at fault in personnel communication. How can shangshuling be prevented? Don't hold him responsible. " Li Zhen, the commander of Sili school, said: "Liu Shang, the commander of the riding capital, ordered Pei Xiu to occupy the paddy fields of the official family. Pei Xiu's practice should be prohibited." Sima Yan also issued an imperial edict, believing that Pei Xiu had helped the imperial government and contributed to the royal family. He could not cover up his contribution because of his minor faults, so he ordered the relevant departments to investigate and convict Liu Shang, and the matter was banned.

Third division

In 268, Pei Xiusheng was appointed Sikong. Pei Xiu was well versed in Confucianism, knowledgeable, and attentive to political affairs. When Sima Yan received Zen Buddhism, he gathered together the main points of his ministers' advice. What he ruled did not violate etiquette. Pei Xiu created court etiquette and displayed criminal law, most of which were adopted and applied as examples. He reigned for four years and was known as Minggong.

Unfortunate death

In 271, on the seventh day of March (April 3), Pei Xiu mistakenly drank cold wine after taking hanshisan (i.e. wushisan) and died at the age of 48. After his death, Sima Yan issued an imperial edict, saying: "Sikong is intelligent and virtuous, his manners are elegant, and he has made great contributions to assist the royal family and assist the government. I am going to rely on him to explain and implement various legal systems and set a good example for the world, but I regret his unfortunate death. Now I've given you a coffin, a court robe, a suit of clothes, 300000 yuan and 100 pieces of cloth

At the beginning, Pei Xiu thought that the thirty-six CAOS under the Secretary of the Shang Dynasty and the regulations governing the affairs of various departments were not clear, so they should be allowed to assume their respective posts. However, he died before his plan was made. When Pei Xiu's friends were sorting out his notes, they got a copy of the chapter and table that was played to Emperor Wu. Pei Xiu suggested that Sima Yan attack Wu as soon as possible. A friend sealed the watch and presented it to Sima Yan. Sima Yan issued an imperial edict and said, "I mourn for the death of Sikong. I also saw the watch. Although Sikong was in danger, he still kept the royal family and devoted himself to his country. I feel even more sad when I see it. I should discuss it with you immediately. "

In the first year of Xianning (275), Pei Xiu and Shi Bao were listed as sacrificial objects.

Main impact

Pei Xiu's main contribution to cartography is that he established the theory of ancient Chinese cartography for the first time. He summed up the experience of ancient Chinese map drawing, and put forward the famous epoch-making cartographic theory "cartographic six body" in the preface of Yugong regional map.

The so-called "six aspects of Cartography" refers to the six principles that must be abided by when drawing a map, namely: dividing ratio (scale), accurate looking (orientation), road interior (distance), high and low (undulating terrain), fangxie (inclined angle) and roundabout (straight and crooked rivers and roads). The first three are about scale, orientation and distance, which are the most important general principles of cartography; the last three are Problems to be considered due to topographic changes. These six principles are interrelated and restrict each other. They touch all the main problems in cartography. Pei Xiu's six body cartography had a profound influence on later cartography. It was not until the Western map projection method was introduced into China in the late Ming Dynasty that Chinese cartography was innovated again.

When Pei Xiu was appointed as Sikong, because he was a local official, he thought that the place names of mountains and rivers in Yugong had been used for a long time and had been changed in later generations. The commentators were far fetched and confused gradually. Therefore, we collected and screened the old articles, and no matter where there were doubts, we also annotated the places that had their names in ancient times but are not used today. We made 18 pieces of Yugong region map, which was played on Emperor Wu and collected in the secret mansion. It is not only the most complete and detailed map at that time, but also the most important thing is that it adopts scientific drawing method. Pei Xiu wrote a preface in front of the map and talked in detail about the method he used to draw the map. This is a very scientific article

Chinese PinYin : Pei Xiu