Dong Qichang

Dong Qichang

Dong Qichang (February 10, 1555 - October 26, 1636) was born in Huating, Songjiang (today's Shanghai). In the late Ming Dynasty, he was a minister, calligrapher and painter. As Li Zhimin said, "he advocates learning from the past to change from the past, but he has more superstitious ideas about the charm of calligraphy than the ancients.".

Wanli seventeen years, examination Jinshi, granted Hanlin academy editor. He once served as a lecturer of Zhu Changluo, the eldest son of the emperor. He has successively served as deputy envoy of Huguang tixue, deputy envoy of Fujian tixue, and Henan Shenzheng. He resigned because of illness. In the first year of Taichang (1620), Zhu Changluo, the emperor of Mingguang, succeeded to the throne, granted Taichang Shaoqing and Guozi Siye, and took part in the revision of Mingshen Zongshi Lu. In the fifth year of Tianqi (1625), he served as the Minister of rites in Nanjing and resigned because of affairs. Chongzhen five years (1632), as Prince Zhan Shi. Chongzhen seven years (1634), return to the countryside. Chongzhen nine years, died, posthumous title "Wen Min".

Dong Qichang is good at landscape painting, learning from Dong Yuan, Juran, Huang Gongwang and Ni Zan. His strokes are delicate and neutral, quiet and broad-minded; his ink is bright and clear, warm and light; his green color is simple and elegant. He is an outstanding representative of Huating School of painting, and has the beauty of "face, bone and Zhaozi". The surviving works include Yanju, dongqichang's eight sceneries in autumn of Ming Dynasty, dayjintang, BaiJuyi's Pipa line, caoshu poetry, Yanjiang's overlapping peaks and postscripts, etc. Painting and painting theory had a great influence on the painting world in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Calligraphy came into being in Jin and Tang Dynasties. Work "xihongtang tie" (engraved). He is quite able to write poems and essays, and has written essays on painting Zen chamber, collected works of Rongtai, etc.

Life of the characters

begin to display one 's talent

Dong Qichang is a native of dongjiahui, Shanghai county, Songjiang Prefecture, nanzhili. Jiajing 34 years (February 10, 1555) was born.

When Dong Qichang was 17 years old, he took the Songjiangfu examination. At that time, he wrote a very proud eight part essay. He thought he would win the first prize. But when he published the list, he was inferior to his cousin Dong Yuanzheng. The reason is that zhongzhenji, the prefect of Songjiang, thinks that his handwriting on the examination paper is poor. Although the article is good, it can only be ranked second. Dong Qichang was deeply stimulated by this, and he was angry to learn calligraphy from then on. Taking the Tang Dynasty Yan Zhenqing's "duobaota tie" as an example, he later changed to study Wei and Jin Dynasties and copied Zhong Yao's and Wang Xizhi's sutras. After more than ten years of hard work, Dong Qichang's calligraphy has made great progress, and landscape painting has gradually entered the stage.

Advance and retreat appropriately

In the 17th year of Wanli (1589), Dong Qichang was selected as a Jinshi in the Imperial Academy for his excellent writing and calligraphy. Tian Yiyi, the academician of the Imperial Academy, died. He asked for leave to protect the coffin and went thousands of miles south to send his teacher back to Datian County, Fujian Province. He once served as a lecturer of Zhu Changluo, the eldest son of the emperor.

Soon, he returned to Songjiang. The dual status of Beijing official and calligrapher and painter makes his social status very different from the past. Later, he successively served as deputy envoy of Huguang tixue and Fujian, and was once appointed as the official post of Sanpin in Henan. A year later, he was ordered to edit the "family food" for more than 20 years. At that time, the Ming Dynasty was in the process of "the struggle for the foundation of the country" for more than ten years, during which the famous "demon book case" and "Chu Prince prison" also took place. Dong Qichang resigned on the pretext of going home to recuperate. In the first year of Taichang (1620), Zhu Changluo, Emperor Guangzong, succeeded to the throne. Dong Qi returned to the imperial court as an imperial teacher, conferred the title of Taichang Shaoqing, took charge of the state's affairs, and compiled the record of Shenzong. In 1625, Dong Qichang was appointed secretary of the Ministry of rites in Nanjing. In any year, he resigned and retired.

In 1632, Wei Zhongxian died, and the political situation tended to be clear and bright. At the age of 77, Dong Qichang became an official for the third time. In the following year, Wen Tiren pushed Zhou yanru out of the cabinet, stirred up a party struggle under Wei Zhongxian's instigation, and rejected Donglin. In 1634, Dong Qichang asked to return to his hometown.

When he was thirty-five years old, he began his official career. When he was eighty years old, he returned to his hometown. He was an official for eighteen years and retired for twenty-seven years. Compared with Lu Ji, a sage in his hometown of Songjiang, who worships "people die for their confidants", Dong Qichang uses his political wisdom to protect himself. He became an official in the imperial examination and entered the elite class. He not only made friends with Donglin school and Gongan School, but also sympathized with the anti Donglin Party. His posthumous title "Wenmin" came from Ruan Dacheng.

Concentrate on painting and calligraphy

In addition to studying the classics and history, Dong Qichang and his colleagues discussed the art of painting and calligraphy, discussed the past and the present, and commented on them. He borrowed from Han Shineng the calligraphy and paintings of Jin, Tang, song and Yuan Dynasties. He imitated his hand and sometimes forgot to eat and sleep. As a result, he gained a lot of knowledge and became famous in Beijing. In his hometown, Dong Qichang built "laizhonglou", "baodingzhai", "xihongtang", "huachanshi" and "xiangguangshi" and so on.

He spared no effort to collect Wang Xizhi, Wang Xianzhi, xie'an, Huan Wen, Zhao Ji, Mi Fu and other famous family law books, and published xihongtang Sutra in 1603.

During his sick rest in Songjiang, he was more than 40 years old. He was well-informed, collected many experts, lived in Linquan, and was familiar with his work. He created many famous landscape paintings depicting the scenery of the south of the Yangtze River, such as the painting of Fengjing visiting ancient times, the painting of Helin spring society, the painting of warm green floating haze, the painting of shenlou, the painting of eight sceneries of West Lake, the painting of river circuit and so on.

The people copied Dong Huan

In the autumn of 1615, Dong Qichang, who was in his early sixties, resigned from office. His two sons, Dong Zuchang, often led people to rob the tenant's daughter, lvying. Not long after, Dong Qichang used it to bribe storyteller Qian Er because he was not selfish when he was an examiner. The story was told everywhere, and the rumor soon got fermented. After Dong Qichang knew, he was traced to fan Chang, but fan Chang did not admit it. He also went to Town God's Temple and swore to defend himself.

Maybe it was the City God who punished fan Chang, or maybe it was fan Chang who had done something wrong. Soon fan Chang died of a violent illness. Fan's mother thought that it was forced by the Dong family anyway, so she took her daughter-in-law Gong, granddaughter-in-law Dong and other maids to the Dong family's door to cry in filial piety. Of course, the Dong family has a reason not to let it go. You also swore to offend the City God and fight back against the fan family's invasion of the house. Unable to bear the humiliation, the fan family's son risked his life to sue the Dong family to the government with a petition of "stripping and destroying Yin". It was the spring of 1616, the 44th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty. The scholars who were agitated surrounded Dong Fu, and the two sides had a big fight. The scene was chaotic. At last, hundreds of pavilions and pavilions with painted pillars and carved beams and curved sills were burned. On the 19th, villagers burned Dong Qichang's calligraphy house in Bailongtan, and sank the plaque with the words "Baozhu Pavilion" in the river. This is the so-called "people copying Dong officials".

Dong Qichang took refuge in Suzhou, Zhenjiang, Danyang, Wuxing and other places, and the incident did not subside until half a year later.

Officials and hermits

Ming Taichang first year (1620), the death of Shenzong, Zhu Changluo ascended the throne, is for Guangzong. Guangzong ascended the throne and appointed Dong Qichang as Shaoqing of Taichang, who was in charge of the state's affairs. During this period, he was ordered to revise the record of Shenzong. In 1625, Dong was appointed as the Ministry of rites in Nanjing.

In 1629, Wei Zhongxian died, and the political situation began to clarify. Dong Qichang was seventy-seven years old when he was in charge of government affairs. In the sixth year of Chongzhen (1633), Zhou yanru was pushed out of the cabinet by Wen Tiren. Wen Tiren, inspired by Wei Zhongxian's remaining evils, set off a party struggle and rejected Donglin. In the seventh year (1634), Dong Qichang begged to become an official.

Mourning after death

On September 28, 1636 (October 26, 1636), Dong Qichang died at his residence in Songjiang at the age of 82. (it was 12 days before the third anniversary of Yuan Keli, Dong Qichang's best friend), and was later buried in the tombs of Dong family in Yuyang Bay, Wu county (now Jiangsu Province).

In 1644, the Fuwang regime of Nanming Dynasty in Nanjing granted Dong Qichang the same posthumous title of "Wenmin" as Zhao Mengfu. Therefore, later generations also called him "Dong Wenmin".

Artistic achievements

overview

Dong Qichang is known as "Xing Zhang Midong" in calligraphy, that is to say, he is juxtaposed with Xing Dong in Linyi, Zhang ruitu in Jinjiang and Xu Tianmi bell; in painting, he is said to be "South Dong and North Mi". Mo Shilong and Chen Jiru advocated the theory of "southern and Northern schools", that is, they divided "courtyard style" landscape painting and "literati painting" into two schools. Dong Qichang's calligraphy and painting works are innumerable in his life, among which the paintings and poems imitating the ancients are an important part.

"Reading ten thousand volumes of books" he said in his essays on painting Zen chamber means that if one wants to become an artist, he must learn from tradition and the ancients. When he began to study calligraphy at the age of 17, he wrote Yan Zhenqing's duobaota. When he studied painting at the age of 22, he learned from Huang Gongwang. Later, he learned from other schools all over the world. He extensively absorbed the advantages of Tang, song and Yuan Dynasties, and made his calligraphy and painting surpass the ancients.

painting

Dong Qichang emphasized taking the ancients as the teacher, but opposed simply mechanically simulating the attack. With the increase of experience and the maturity of thought, when inheriting the techniques of his predecessors, he did not rely on others to "make a heavy platform", but chose to choose and integrate his own creativity. He believes that without his own creativity, the spirit of the ancients can hardly be expressed

Chinese PinYin : Dong Qi Chang