Manzhouli City, Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

Manzhouli, managed by Hulunbuir city of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is a city under separate planning in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. It is the largest land transportation port city in China. It is a national key development and opening experimental area and a border tourism experimental area determined by the State Council. Manzhouli Port is the largest land port in China.

Manchuria is the largest land port city in China, with Mongolia in the West and Russia in the north. The total area is 453 square kilometers, registered residence population is 172371 people (2018), living in Mongolia, Han, Hui, Korea, Russia and other more than 20 nations. There are five management areas: Border Economic Cooperation Zone, Sino Russian Trade Zone, Donghu District, international logistics industrial park and aoerjin district.

Manzhouli was originally called "holejin Prague", which means "exuberant spring" in Mongolian. In 1901, because of the construction of Dongqing railway, it was named "manzhouliya" in Russian and transliterated into "Manzhouli" in Chinese. Manzhouli is a port city with a hundred years of history, which integrates the customs of China, Russia and Mongolia. It is known as the "window of East Asia".

In 2019, the Gross Regional Product (GDP) of Manzhouli City will reach 14.86 billion yuan, with a year-on-year growth of 3.9% at comparable prices. The per capita GDP of Manzhouli City will reach 65568 yuan, with a year-on-year growth of 3.6% at comparable prices.

Manzhouli has won the title of "national civilized port" for three times in a row and the honor of "national model city of double support" for six times. It is a national civilized city, an excellent tourism city in China, a national science popularization demonstration city, a national ecological demonstration area and one of the top ten charming cities of CCTV. In September 2019, it will be selected as one of the first batch of national global tourism demonstration zones. Top 100 counties and cities in Western China in 2019.

Historical evolution

In the first year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1644 AD), the Qing army took Shengjing as the remaining capital, and set up the remaining Shengjing, angbang Zhangjing, vice Dutong and eight banners army.

In the ninth year of Shunzhi (1652 AD), "meilezhang jingsha'erhuda, jialazhang Jinghai pagoda and nigalitong officers and soldiers were ordered to garrison Ninggu pagoda."

Shunzhi ten years (AD 1653), split Shengjing angbang Zhangjing area, set ningguta angbang Zhangjing.

In the first year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi (1662 AD), the name of ningguta angbang Zhangjing was changed to the general guarding ningguta.

In the 15th year of Kangxi (1676 AD), general ningguta moved to Wula, Jilin Province.

In the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683 A.D.), the Qing government split the general area guarding ningguta and other places, and set the general area guarding Heilongjiang and other places.

In the Qing Dynasty, it was under the jurisdiction of Heilongjiang general Hulunbeier's deputy general (later Hulunbeier's deputy general).

In 1901 (the 27th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty), the western line of the Middle East Railway (Dongqing railway) was built. It was the first station from Russia to enter Northeast China (commonly known as "Manchuria" at that time), so it was named "Manchuria station". In Russian, it was called "Manchuria Asia" and transliterated into "Manchuria" in Chinese.

In 1903 (the 29th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty), Manzhouli railway negotiation branch was set up.

In October 1909 (September of the first year of Xuantong in Qing Dynasty), Heilongjiang Province officially set up Lubin Prefecture in Manzhouli, which was abolished in January 1912. In February 1920, Lubin county was reestablished. During the period of the Republic of China, in April 1923, Manzhouli railway negotiation sub Bureau was changed into Manzhouli municipal sub Bureau, which was under the jurisdiction of the eastern province special region. After the fall of Northeast China, in January 1933, the puppet Manchu government abolished Lubin county and set up Manzhouli office.

In January 1936, it was changed into Manzhouli Municipal Administration Office, and in 1940 it was changed into Manzhouli street. In January 1941, it was changed into Manzhouli City, under the jurisdiction of northern Xing'an province. In October 1943, it was transferred to Xingan province. After the victory of the "93" Anti Japanese war in 1945, it was subordinate to Hulunbuir local autonomous government.

In April 1949, it belonged to Huna League of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. In April 1953, it was transferred to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. In May 1954, it was transferred to Hulunbeier League.

In July 1969, it was under the jurisdiction of Heilongjiang Province together with Hulunbeier League, and still under the jurisdiction of Hulunbeier League. In July 1979, it was under the jurisdiction of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and still under the Hulunbeier League.

On October 10, 2001, Hulunbuir League was abolished and prefecture level Hulunbuir city was established. On behalf of the people's Government of the autonomous region, Hulunbuir city governed Manzhouli City.

In 2012, it was listed as one of the first batch of national economic development and opening-up experimental areas, which belongs to the government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

In 2013, the Zhalainoer mining area in Manzhouli City was put on record in Zhalainoer District of Hulunbuir city and managed by Manzhouli City.

administrative division

Manzhouli City governs six township administrative districts, including five streets and one town, namely Dongshan street, Daonan street, Daobei street, Xinghua street, aoerjin street and Xinkaihe town. In addition, Manzhouli City is in charge of ZALAINUOER District of Hulunbei city. Manzhouli Municipal People's government is located in Xijiao Road, Dongshan street.

natural environment

Location context

Manzhouli City is located in the west of Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, with longitude 117 ° 12 ′ to 117 ° 53 ′ E and latitude 49 ° 19 ′ to 49 ° 41 ′ n. It is adjacent to xinbalhu Left Banner in the East, xinbalhu Right Banner in the South and West, and the Russian Federation in the north. The city is 50 km long from east to west and 34 km wide from north to south. It is an irregular strip with a total area of 453 square kilometers. The Manzhouli section of the Sino Russian border is 101.1 km in length, of which the border line within the jurisdiction of Manzhouli is 54 km in length (including 12.7 km of water boundary).

Climatic characteristics

The climate of Manzhouli middle temperate continental grassland is semi-arid in dry and wet area. The winter is cold and long, the summer is cool and short, the spring is dry and windy, the autumn temperature drops suddenly, and the frost is early. The annual average temperature is 0.7 ℃, and the average annual precipitation is about 300 mm. The precipitation is concentrated in the peak period of plant growth from July to August.

topographic features

Manzhouli City is located in the transitional zone between Hulunbuir high plain and the edge of Daxinganling Mountains. The main terrain is undulating hills. The horjin mountains run from northeast to southwest and lie in the middle of the urban area, resulting in high central area, gentle western area and swamp depression in the East. The terrain inclines from northwest to Southeast, with gentle slope. The geomorphic features are divided into two geomorphic units: hills and depressions.

The intermountain depression is located in the low-lying area in the east of the city, with an altitude of 545-634 meters, a ground slope of 3 ‰ - 4 ‰, and thick Quaternary strata. The groundwater level is shallow, and a large marsh wetland is formed due to low-lying, which belongs to accumulation landform.

The altitude of hilly area is between 624 and 700 meters, the ground slope height is generally between 2 ‰ and 3 ‰, and the maximum slope can reach more than 7 ‰. After long-term weathering and denudation, the top of the mausoleum has become round; the bedrock is shallowly buried, and some of them are directly exposed to Jurassic tuff, which is seriously weathered into gravel. There are thick Cenozoic quaternary proluvial deposits at the bottom of the hill.

hydrology

The city belongs to Heilongjiang Basin.

1、 Major lakes

（1） Hulun Lake

（2） Haranor: it is located in the west of Manzhouli City, with a lake area of 3.15 square kilometers and a catchment area of 1084.8 square kilometers. The lake is in a closed flow area and cannot overflow. The water quality of the lake is alkaline water.

（3） Chagan Lake: located in the west of Manzhouli City, the lake covers an area of 0.25 square kilometers and a catchment area of 35.18 square kilometers. When there is a flood, it can overflow and flow to the North River of Manzhouli, which belongs to Dalan elumu River Basin.

（4） Nameless Lake: located in the west of Manzhouli City, the lake covers an area of 0.48 square kilometers and a catchment area of 89.96 square kilometers. When there is a flood, it can overflow and flow to the North River of Manzhouli, which belongs to Dalan elumu River Basin.

（5） Xiaobei Lake: located in the northern suburb of Manzhouli City, with a water area of 0.4 square kilometers and a catchment area of 276.4 square kilometers, it belongs to the Dalan Oromu River Basin.

2、 Main rivers

（1） Hailaer River: it is 12 kilometers long in Manzhouli, with average horizontal runoff of 3.04 billion cubic meters. In the north of Donghu District of Manzhouli City, the south of abagetu mountain is divided into two branches. The main stream turns northeast at the foot of abagetu mountain and is renamed Erguna river.

（2） Dalan'elumu River · Xinkai River: located in the northeast of Hulun Lake, the river is 25 km long, and its flow direction is restricted by the changes of Hulun Lake and Hailaer river. It is a huff and puff river of Hulun Lake.

（3） The main ditch in closed flow area: there are several main ditches in the halanoer lake group belt in the west of Manzhouli City, which flow into the lake in season and are located in the lake flow area.

natural resources

water resource

The surface water resources of Manzhouli City are mainly distributed in the East, and the total amount of surface water resources is 15.548 billion cubic meters (including the storage capacity of Hulun Lake). Among them, the average annual runoff of Hailaer river is 3.04 billion cubic meters; the water volume of Hulun Lake, which belongs to Erguna river system, is 13 billion cubic meters; the runoff of Xinkai River is about 1.1 million cubic meters according to the designed discharge volume of 510 million cubic meters.

The groundwater in Manzhouli City is mainly composed of Quaternary pore water, bedrock fissure water and deep structure fissure water, which are mainly distributed in inter mountain depressions, the bottom of hills and river valleys.

Groundwater and surface water in Manzhouli City are weakly alkaline with pH value between 7.5 and 8.9. The fluorine content is also higher, F2 mg / L, higher in the West than in the East, and higher in the groundwater than in the surface water. Hulun Lake water is also weakly alkaline with pH value of 8.9 and fluorine content of 1.9-3.5 mg / L.

plant resources

In 1983, 284 species of wild seed plants belonging to 202 genera and 57 families were found in Manzhouli City. There are 19 families of single genus and single species, accounting for 33.3% of the total families. Among them, 275 species belong to 52 families

Chinese PinYin : Nei Meng Gu Zi Zhi Qu Hu Lun Bei Er Shi Man Zhou Li Shi