Tongde County, Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province

Tongde County Tongde County is located in the southeast of Qinghai Province, at the junction of Hainan, Huangnan and Guoluo three Tibetan autonomous prefectures, belonging to the people's Government of Hainan. Xijiu highway, the provincial highway, runs through the whole area from north to south, and the Yellow River circles the county in a half circle from east to west. The county seat is located in gasongduo Town, 3060 meters above sea level, 256 kilometers away from qiabuqia Town, the capital of the prefecture, and 282 kilometers away from Xining City, the provincial capital. The permanent resident population of the county seat is about 9000.

The climate is a typical plateau continental climate, with the highest altitude of 4671 meters, the lowest altitude of 2648 meters, the average altitude of 3660 meters, the average annual temperature of 0.4 ℃ - 0.6 ℃, the average annual precipitation of 440 mm, and no absolute frost free period. With a total area of 4758 square kilometers, the county governs 73 administrative villages in 2 towns and 3 townships. In 2009, the total population was 61000, living in Han, Tibetan, Hui, Mongolian, Tu, Salar and other ethnic groups. The Tibetan population accounted for 90.3% of the total population.

In 2004, Tongde County was listed as Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve by the state, involving 2886 households and 15900 people in 25 villages of 3 townships, with a total planning area of 3174400 mu, accounting for 56% of the grassland area. It plays an important role in the ecological environment management and protection of the upper reaches of the Yellow River.

In October 2017, the Qinghai government agreed to withdraw Tongde County from the province's poor counties.

Evolution of organizational system

Tongde County has a long history. It was the place of Western Qiang in the pre Qin Dynasty and the place of shaodang Qiang in the end of Han Dynasty.

In the late Yongjia period of the Western Jin Dynasty (313 AD), it was the site of Tuyuhun. Sui Daye five years (609), is a Heyuan County Chishui county (Governance of Xinghai County sangdang Township Xiatang ancient city).

In the third year of Tang longshuo (663), he entered Tubo and set up Dushan army to compete with Tang Dynasty.

From the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty, it was still under the jurisdiction of Tubo tuosima.

Yuan Shizu to Yuan 31 years (1294), under the Tubo Xuanwei situ Marshal's house (now Linxia city, Gansu Province), to be Liwei wanhu's house (now Guide) control.

In the sixth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1373), it was under the jurisdiction of tasima wanhu house, which was the fief of King szanshan, the commander of the capital of Gansu. In the eighth year of Hongwu (1375) of the Ming Dynasty, it belonged to Xining Wei, which was under the jurisdiction of Qianhu of guode Shouyu.

After the 48th year of Wanli reign of Ming Dynasty (1620), it became a pasturing land of hanshuote in Gushi.

In the third year of Yongzheng (1725) of the Qing Dynasty, the Mongolian tribes in Qinghai were divided into 29 ethnic groups. Today Tongde is Heshuote nanzuozhong banner, which is mainly composed of Mongolian herdsmen and inhabited by Mongolian and Tibetan. Later, some Mongolians moved to other places, some were Tibetanized, and then some Tibetan herdsmen came from Gannan, northern Sichuan and other places.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, some Tibetan herdsmen came from Jianzha and Hualong, and the nationality was mainly Tibetan.

In 1913, guide county was changed to Tongde County.

In the 24th year of the Republic of China (1935), Tongde County was set up by guide County, taking the meaning of "the border people serve the central Dehua together", and the county government was stationed in laga temple.

On October 6, 1949, Tongde County was peacefully liberated.

In July 1950, Tongde Tibetan Autonomous Region was established under the people's Government of Qinghai Province,

Tongde Tibetan Autonomous Region was established in 1951. In 1953, Tongde County was established as a prefecture of Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Region.

It was returned to Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Region in 1959 and Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in 1962.

In 2000, Tongde County had jurisdiction over 6 townships, and the county government was stationed in gabasongduo (in bashui township). Among them, villages and towns: bashui Township, BAGOU Township, gumang Township, Tanggan Township, xiuma Township, Hebei Township, gabasongduo Township, virtual township of provincial forage seed farm.

On January 9, 2001, the Qinghai Provincial People's government issued the reply of qingzhenghan No.6 document: abolishing bashui Township, establishing and naming it GA BA Songduo town. After the adjustment, Tongde County has jurisdiction over one town and five townships: gasongduo Town, BAGOU Township, gumang Township, Tanggan Township, xiuma Township and Hebei Township. The county government is located in gabasongduo town.

At the end of 2001, Tongde County had jurisdiction over one town, five townships and 72 Village (animal husbandry) committees. Gabasongduo town is located in gabasongduo. It has 15 Village (animal husbandry) committees, including deshituan, Kejia, Gongma, xiuma, guashize, ouhouza, ougou, beiza, xiaricang, Wanke, Saijia, dehouyan, kerigan, meirike and zhihoumai. BAGOU Township in Chin, jurisdiction Songduo, digan, torch, qunaihai, Shangba, chin, gawama, tuotou, shanggamaoqi, xiagamaoqi, shangagg, xiaagg, Banduo, Tuanjie, Kaligang, shangcainaihai, xiacainaihai, Xincun, Zhide, benlong, jiarihai, Jubu 22 Village (animal husbandry) committees. Gumang Township, located in gumang, has nine village (animal husbandry) committees, namely, achue, meirike, Youlong, Naren, Tuotu, Dongwu, zhachue, Yuanzhuang and breeding stock farm. Tanggan Township, located in Tanggan, has jurisdiction over eight village (Pastoral) committees, including lilun, haxia, hetuhu, Jiawu, Dongge, saitang, Qingmai and Gala. Xiuma Township, located in jiangqun, has eight village (animal husbandry) committees, namely douhesuo, Muhe, Dawa, Ninglong, Doulong, dege, Laohu and Sanba. Hebei Township is located in Saishitang, which governs 10 village (animal husbandry) committees including saide, Jinke, shangzhimai, saiqian, Saiyang, saitang, Sailuo, geshige, Huanghe and xiazhimai. Forage breeding ground.

In August 2006, with the approval of Qinghai provincial government, Tanggan and gumang townships were abolished and Tanggu town was merged. The town government was located in gumang, where the former gumang township government was stationed, and the system of town managing village was implemented. After the adjustment, Tongde County has jurisdiction over two towns and three townships: gasongduo Town, Tanggu Town, BAGOU Township, xiuma Township and Hebei Township.

administrative division

In 2009, Tongde County has jurisdiction over two towns and three townships: GA basongduo Town, Tanggu Town, BAGOU Township, xiuma Township and Hebei Township.

geographical environment

Location context

Tongde County is located in the east of Qinghai Province, bordered by five counties, namely Guinan County, Zeku County, Henan County, Maqin county and Xinghai County. It is subordinate to Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. It is located at the junction of Hainan, Huangnan and Guoluo Tibetan autonomous prefectures, with a total area of 4758 square kilometers. Xijiu highway runs through the whole county from north to south, and the Yellow River encircles the county from east to west. It is 256 kilometers away from qiabuqia Town, the capital of the prefecture, and 282 kilometers away from Xining City, the provincial capital.

Geology and geomorphology

Located in the northeast of Qinghai Plateau, the second bend of the Yellow River is high in the southeast, low in the northwest, and flat in the middle. It is a beach grassland. The highest altitude of the county is 4671 meters, the lowest is 2648 meters, and the average altitude is 3660 meters. The altitude of the town where the county is located is 3060 meters.

climate

Tongde is subordinate to Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province. It is located in the second part of the Yellow River in the southeast of Qinghai Province. The atmosphere is thin, dry and rainless, the illumination time is long, the solar radiation is strong, the climate is cool and cold, the annual temperature range is small, and the daily temperature range is large. It is dry and windy in spring, short and cool in summer, wet and rainy in autumn and long and dry in winter. The annual average temperature is 0.4 ℃, and the annual precipitation is about 430mm.

hydrology

Tongde County has many rivers except the Yellow River. According to its basin distribution, it can be roughly divided into 11 water systems, such as juburi River, Baqu River, Jiangqian River, jiangqun River, cihahe River, Erduo River, deheso River, wawo River, saiqian River, Guoshou River and duoergen river. There are 48 main and tributaries, 4 entry water and 3 exit water, with a total length of 1618.8 km. Taking the Yellow River as the main trunk, it is like dense branches, spreading all over the county, with a drainage area of 7.502 million mu.

natural resources

water resource

Due to the influence of topography, geology, climate and other factors, the distribution of groundwater resources in Tongde is very uneven. The southern mountainous area is rich in groundwater resources, accounting for 62.01% of the total amount of the county. Due to deep gullies, vertical and horizontal cliffs, bedrock fissure water or spring water are mostly exposed, forming the birthplace or tributaries of many rivers. The central basin and valley only account for 31.42% of the total groundwater in the county. Its potential depth is generally less than 50 meters in beach area, and is basically less than 20 meters in Baqu River and garigan River Valley. Because of the strong cutting of Baqu River and garigan River, some of them are destroyed and open, overflowing the surface in the form of swamp and spring.

plant resources

Tongde County is rich in plant resources, according to incomplete statistics, there are 38 families, 98 genera and 182 species of common plants. They are mainly woody family, Cyperaceae, Liliaceae, Compositae, Leguminosae, Cupressaceae, Salicaceae, Cruciferae, Rosaceae, Ranunculaceae, Gentianaceae, ephedra, Polygonaceae, Primulaceae, etc.

Excellent forages: Stipa purpurea, Stipa krylovii, Stipa grandis, Festuca arundinacea, Roegneria, Agropyron compressa, Poa pratensis, Elymus nutans, Festuca bifurcata, Avena tibetana, Achnatherum splendens, Qinghai Sedum, Kobresia lineata, Kobresia alpina, Kobresia humilis, Carex heterostachys, Carex tenuifolia, Carex nigra, Kobresia FRIGIDA, yinchencao, Kobresia breviflora, Saussurea Formosa, Leymus chinensis, xuebaiwei Lingcai, multi stem Potentilla, huanghuasong, Huangqi, huabiancao, Polygonum viviparum, dandelion, tianlanjiu, etc.

Poisonous herbs: Stellera chamaejasme, equisetaria inebriate, Oxytropis kansuensis, Oxytropis flavescens, Aconitum lucidum, Aconitum fumosum, delphinium, Ligularia virgaurea, Euonymus japonicum, Song Ma xiansong, gentian, Ranunculus hybridus, Thalictrum altiplanum, etc.

Medicinal materials: Cordyceps sinensis, Codonopsis pilosula, Gentiana macrophylla, astragalus, rhubarb, Fritillaria, Saussurea involucrata, notopterygium, Rhododendron flavescens, Rubia Rubia, Huanglian, Polygonum wilfordii, asparagus brevifolia, Angelica sinensis, Gentiana, Lycium barbarum, Stellera chamaejasme, polygonatum, Plantago, Cynomorium songaricum, liquorice, etc.; medicinal trees: shrubs: rose, Sabina vulgaris, Ulmus pumila, Populus, clematis, Caragana brevifolia, Golden Lotus Coral thorn, Spiraea, Aquilaria, etc.

Animal resources

There are mammals in Tongde County: roe deer, badger, yellow goat, stone sheep, musk deer, brown bear, wolf, red deer, white lipped deer, wild boar, jackal, marmot, leopard, snow leopard, lynx and Sumen antelope

Chinese PinYin : Qing Hai Sheng Hai Nan Cang Zu Zi Zhi Zhou Tong De Xian