City Park

City Park

This entry is compiled and applied by "popular science China" Science Encyclopedia

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Urban park is one of the main contents of urban construction and an important part of urban ecosystem and urban landscape. It is a place to meet the leisure needs of urban residents, provide rest, sightseeing, exercise, communication, and hold various collective cultural activities.

definition

Everything is always in a state of development, so the concept of urban park is different in different times. Even in the same era, different scholars have different definitions. Some emphasize the health, environmental protection and leisure significance of urban park, some focus on its aesthetic function, and some highlight its comprehensive function and political and cultural significance. There is no unified concept definition of urban park in academic circles, but through the analysis of Encyclopedia of China, classification standard of urban green space and the concept definition of domestic and foreign scholars, we can see that urban park contains the following aspects: firstly, urban park is a type of urban public green space; secondly, the main service object of urban park is the city However, with the development of urban tourism and the formation of urban tourism destination, urban parks will not only serve the citizens, but also tourists. Thirdly, the main functions of urban parks are leisure, recreation and entertainment. With the development of the city itself and the external demand of the citizens and tourists, urban parks will increase more leisure, recreation and entertainment Music and other theme products.

Urban parks not only affect the quality of life of citizens, but also have many ecological effects, such as beautifying the city, adjusting the urban small environment, improving urban air quality, maintaining urban ecological balance and disaster prevention and mitigation. High quality Park, with distinct image and diverse functions, can often become a symbol of a city, as well as a symbol of urban civilization and prosperity. As the main public open space of a city, park construction is not only the continuation of leisure tradition, but also the embodiment of urban culture. It represents the politics, economy, culture, style and spiritual temperament of a city, and also reflects the mentality, pursuit and taste of a city's citizens. Therefore, urban park is not only a place for people to visit and rest, but also a space for cultural communication; it is not only a garden for people to carry out spiritual civilization education and scientific knowledge popularization, but also an important resource for the government to promote social harmony and cultivate urban culture. Olmsted, the father of American landscape design, once said that the park is a work of art. With the accumulation of years, the park will be increasingly injected with cultural heritage. A park is a period of history. As soon as people enter the park, they will come up with warm pictures of the past, good memories of the past, an arch bridge, a sculpture and an old tree. These are precious things. Therefore, we need to carry out careful design and layout, so that the city park has a strong natural flavor and contains cultural heritage.

origin

In the middle ages and before, there was no city garden. At that time, the most important function of the city was defense. During the Renaissance, Alberti, an Italian, first proposed that gardens should be created for entertainment and leisure in the construction of urban public space. Since then, the importance of gardens in improving the quality of city and living has been recognized. As a product of the age of big industry, urban park has two origins

One is the publicity of noble private gardens, the so-called public gardens, which makes the park still have the characteristics of gardens. In the middle of the 17th century, the bourgeois revolution broke out in England, which overthrew the feudal dynasty, established the constitutional monarchy of the alliance between the land aristocracy and the big bourgeoisie, and declared the birth of the capitalist social system. Soon, the bourgeois revolution broke out in France, and then the wave of revolution swept across Europe. Under the slogan of "freedom, equality and fraternity", the newly rising bourgeoisie confiscated the property of feudal lords and royal families, and opened the large and small palaces and private gardens to the public, and collectively called them parks. In 1843, the city of Liverpool used tax to build burkenhead Park, which is free for the public, marking the birth of the first city park.

Another source of urban parks comes from the public places of communities or villages, especially the open grassland in front of churches. As early as 1643, British colonists bought 18.225km2 of land in Boston for public use. Since the establishment of the Central Park in New York in 1858, the major cities in the United States have established their own central park, forming a park construction movement.

Urban parks in the modern sense originated in the United States. Frederick Law Olmsted, the founder of American landscape architecture, proposed the great idea of building parks in the city. As early as more than 100 years ago, he and Walker jointly designed the New York Central Park. This event not only marks the beginning of modern landscape design, but also marks the arrival of urban public life landscape. The park is no longer a luxury enjoyed by a few people, but a pleasant space for the general public.

function

The traditional function of urban parks is to meet the leisure needs of urban residents, providing places for rest, sightseeing, exercise, communication, and holding various collective cultural activities.

ecology

Urban park is also an important carrier of urban greening and beautification, improving the ecological environment, especially the construction of a large number of garden green space, which makes urban park become the largest green ecological patch in the urban green space system, and the most abundant animal and plant resources in the city. It not only gives people the enjoyment of beauty visually, but also has obvious effect on the transformation of local microclimate, which makes dust, cars and so on Exhaust gas has been effectively suppressed, known as the "lung of the city" and "oxygen bar of the city". With the enhancement of environmental awareness, the functions of urban parks in improving ecology and preventing disasters have been strengthened. Urban parks play an active and effective role in improving urban ecological environment, living environment and protecting biodiversity.

Space landscape

The modern city is full of all kinds of buildings, overcrowded, lack of isolation space, rescue channel and other problems. The construction of city park is a solution with more than one stone. The deep development of urban land makes the urban landscape tend to be fragmented. In the process of Tangshan City from the industrialization stage to the post industrialization stage, the urban landscape is seriously broken. On the premise of proper measures, urban parks can reorganize the urban landscape, combine the elements of culture, history and leisure, and rejuvenate the city. With the rise of urban tourism, many well-known large-scale comprehensive parks have become important tourist attractions of the city with their unique taste. Urban parks also play the role of urban tourism center or landmark.

Disaster prevention

In many earthquake prone areas, urban parks also take on the function of disaster prevention and refuge, especially in the cities in the earthquake zone, the function of disaster prevention and refuge is particularly important. The Tangshan earthquake in 1976 and the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 have made us realize the importance of disaster prevention awareness and the construction of disaster prevention and refuge places in urban development, and urban parks have played a powerful role in disaster prevention and refuge functions.

aesthetic education

Since the birth of urban park, it has been endowed with aesthetic significance. Various schools of traditional art and modern art can be found more or less in urban parks. Urban parks integrate ecology, culture, science and art, and meet the ecological criteria of people's comprehensive requirements for the environment. They can better promote human physical and mental health, cultivate people's sentiment, improve people's cultural and artistic cultivation level, social behavior moral level and comprehensive quality level, and comprehensively improve people's quality of life.

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Chinese PinYin : Cheng Shi Gong Yuan