Dege printing school

Dege Yinjing academy is known as "Encyclopedia of Tibetan culture", "bright pearl of Tibetan culture" and "treasure house under snow mountain". Its full name is "Xizang cultural treasure" and it is located in the cultural street of dege county (Gengqing town). It was founded in 1729, with a total area of 5000 square meters, a building area of nearly 3000 square meters and a total construction area of more than 9000 square meters. It was listed as a national key cultural relic protection unit by the State Council of the people's Republic of China in 1996 .

Dege County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, is one of the three major cultural centers in Tibetan areas of China (Lhasa, Tibet, Labrang, Gansu, and dege, Sichuan). Dege Scripture Printing Institute, in particular, has the broadest collection of Tibetan cultural classics, the most complete categories, complete and strict management, exquisite raw material system, exquisite craftsmanship, high-quality printing, as well as architectural murals, engraving and other works The comprehensive protection of cultural relics ranks first among the three major printing academies in Tibet (Lhasa, Labrang and dege).

Since its establishment, dege Scripture Printing Institute has a history of more than 270 years. It has collected more than 830 ancient books, more than 290000 woodcut plates and 500 million words, which is unique in the world today. The vast number of printing plates and ancient books in the volume is of great academic value for the study of Tibetan history, politics, economy, religion, medicine, science and technology, literature and art, and has attracted the attention of Tibetan experts at home and abroad. Dege is not only a treasure of Chinese culture, but also a bright pearl of world cultural heritage.

It was founded in 1729 by Keji dengbazeren, the 12th chieftain of dege and the sixth king of Dharma. It has a history of more than 270 years. According to the dege version of the general catalogue of ganzhur and the general catalogue of danzhur and other Tibetan historical records, after succeeding as the chieftain, Keji dengbazeren began to choose the base for the selection and printing of scriptures. After many investigations, he decided to build the selection and printing of scriptures institute there, believing that there was a auspicious omen in niganpulong at lunzhuding on the Bank of Gengqing Oupu river. At the beginning of the seventh year of Yongzheng reign (1729) of the Qing Dynasty, the ground of the printing house was broken. After the efforts of the 12th, 13th and 14th dege chieftains, it took 27 years to form the scale and architectural style of the later dege printing house.

Dege printing school

Dege Yinjing academy is known as "Encyclopedia of Tibetan culture", "bright pearl of Tibetan culture" and "treasure house under the snow mountain". Its full name is "Tibet cultural treasure". Dege Yinjing Academy dafaku Jixiang Duomen ", also known as" dege Jixiang Juhui academy ". It was founded in 1729, covering a total area of about 5000 square meters, with a building area of nearly 3 square meters, It is located in the cultural street of dege county (Gengqing town).

Dege Printing Institute was listed as a national key cultural relic protection unit by the State Council of the people's Republic of China in 1996. In 2009, as a traditional technology, dege engraving printing technology was listed in the list of representatives of human intangible cultural industry by UNESCO.

historical origin

In dege, Northwest Sichuan Province, there is a Buddhist Sakya temple, Gengqing temple. There is a sutra printing house in Gengqing temple, which is called dege Sutra printing house one. Its full name is "Tibetan cultural treasure house dege Zhaxi guomang magic treasure house Sutra printing house", also known as "dege Jixiang Juhui Sutra printing house". According to the Tibetan record of dege Shide song, the Department of Yinjing was founded by Keji danbazeren (1689-1750), the chieftain of dege 42nd. It was built in 1729, the seventh year of Yongzheng reign of Qing Dynasty, and has a history of more than 260 years.

In 1729, with the encouragement of situ Keji qiongnai (1700-1774), the great Lama of babang temple, Keji danbazeren decided to build the dege printing academy when he was 52 years old. When he died at the age of 61, the printing academy had not yet been built. After his death, his sons, pengcuodengba soranggongbu and luozhujiacuo, inherited their father's ambition and continued to expand the school. It took 16 years to complete the expansion. Later, after the expansion of the chieftain, they finally reached the later scale.

Unique structure

Yinjingyuan has a unique structure, with towering red walls and green trees. On one side of the gate is the first floor and the first floor, while the main room is the second floor and the third floor. In the hospital, there are plate storehouse, paper storehouse, sutra drying building, plate washing platform, paper cutting library, Buddhist hall and Sutra hall. There are six storehouses in total, accounting for half of the total construction area, and book printing is also one of them. One of the characteristics of "degebarkang" is that there are neat shelves in the Tibetan Edition library, and each edition has a handle.

There are many kinds of book plate specifications, the largest is more than 110 cm long, 70 cm wide, about 5 cm thick; the smallest is about 33 cm long, only about 6 cm wide. By the end of the 1880s, there were 217500 Book editions in the hospital, each with two sides. If the average number of words in the large, medium and small editions is 600 syllables each side, the total number of words is about 260 million words, which is a huge scale.

have a rich library

Dege school has a rich collection of books. It is well-known that all sects are inclusive. Although the founder Dan bazeren believes in the Red Cross religion, he does not exclude the classics of other sects. This makes the dege school more than several other schools, forming its own characteristics.

At first, with the help of situ kejiqiongnai, a large number of learned people were sent to Sangye, Qinpu, Natang, Xialu, Sakya, Lhasa, Ali and other places in Tibet to search for manuscripts or woodcut copies, and then invited the famous scholar Qu gewangqu and others to carefully classify and collate the manuscripts. After the final draft, dozens of people who are proficient in Tibetan (regular script) calligraphy wrote the book version, which was checked by several scholars, and then printed by hundreds of trained and selected skilled craftsmen, which were proofread by scholars. After 4 times of repeated proofreading and confirmation, and after the complicated and meticulous anti-corrosion, anti cracking and other technical treatment of the warp plate, the production of a warp plate is completed. Each process has strict quality standards, the provisions are very detailed and strict, the finished version of the handwriting is clear and accurate, lasting.

Hospital regulations

Due to the climate, the time of printing scriptures is only half a year, from March 15 to September 20 of the Tibetan calendar. During this period, people can go to the Yinjing academy to worship the book edition, which is called "balchadong".

According to the regulations of the printing Institute, "the Tripitaka" is printed in vermilion ink (vermilion is refined and mixed with glue to form red ink) to show respect, and the rest is printed in black ink. When printing, one person runs back and forth to pick up and deliver the book plate, the other two people sit opposite each other, and the book plate is placed between them. One person uses the cleaning plate to dip in the ink to coat the plate, the other person puts in the paper, rolls and uncovers it with a roller, and a page of book is immediately printed. According to the proficiency and the number of printed books, each group prints more than 700 to 1000 pages a day. The printed pages are dried on the ropes in the fixed areas of each group. After drying, they are put away and handed over to Ba Zhong. Three people, including Ba Ben (manager of the school of printing Classics), will inspect and proofread the printed pages for the last time. Only those with qualified quality can be sent to the library to be straightened and smoothed. The finished products are painted red all around and bundled up.

The paper used for printing books is specially made of a kind of grass root called ajiaorujiao. This kind of paper has strong tenacity, can't be eaten by insects, can't be bitten by rats and can't be damaged after long storage. The paper-making process basically follows the ancient handmade paper-making technology of the Han nationality. In the old society, there were more than 100 paper-making households under the jurisdiction of Tusi. There are also a small number of paper makers in Guze, Sege, niequ, GONGYA, kasongdu and other places. They can make more than 100000 sheets of paper each year (the width of each sheet is larger than the opposite side of machine-made paper), all of which are sent to the printing Institute.

Over 260 years since the establishment of the dege School of seal scriptures, the library edition of the school is basically in good condition. It is not only famous for its inclusiveness, good edition and exquisite printing, but also enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad for its abundant collection of various printing plates and complete contents. It is said that there are more than 300000 Scripture editions at most. In the late Qing Dynasty, the duogusenge brothers of dege chieftain family fought for the throne. In the chaos, Ma, dojiseng's concubine, took the opportunity to steal a treasure house with more than 20000 books and sold it to the babang Temple of the Gaju sect. This is the only big loss.

Cultural relics protection

After the peaceful liberation of dege in 1950, Gengqing temple and Yinjing Academy were protected by the people's government. After the completion of the democratic reform in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in 1959, Gengqing temple is still one of the reserved temples. In the "Cultural Revolution", the main building and the Tibetan Scripture edition of the printing house were protected by the masses with little loss. In 1979, the cultural relics management office of Deyu county was established to be responsible for the maintenance and protection of the school and the cleaning up of books.

In 1980, the Institute was listed as a provincial cultural relic protection unit and repaired. Since the spring of 1982, the printing Institute has resumed the block printing of scriptures, re carving and making up for the incomplete and a small amount of lost books. In less than 10 years, more than 6200 Tibetan scriptures (ganzhur and danzhur) have been printed and sold in Qinghai, Tibet, Gansu, Yunnan, Sichuan, Beijing, Nanjing and other places, contributing to the cultural exchanges among various ethnic groups in China. The printed Tibetan classics are also exported to India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, Japan and some Southeast Asian countries, contributing to the cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.

According to the catalogue of the edition collection of the dege school, its collection of books is second to none among the schools in the Tibetan areas of China. There are a series of books or books on Buddhist classics, astronomy, geography, medicine, history, literature, music, art, technology and so on

Chinese PinYin : De Ge Yin Jing Yuan