Palace

Palace

Temple, or Taoist temple, is the general name of all kinds of Taoist architecture. It is a place where Taoists practice, preach, hold various religious ceremonies and live. It is mostly located near famous mountains and rivers and in big cities.

terms

Gong Guan

[Pinyin] g à ng Gu à n

[interpretation]

(1) Leaving the palace. A resting place for the Emperor

That is to say, the two hundred mile palace and the two hundred and seventy corridor beside Xianyang are connected. ——Historical records: the first emperor of Qin Dynasty

(2) Temples of Taoism

The floating light moves the palace, far away thinking of Yingchuan. ——Liu Yuxi, Tang Dynasty: staying in Taiping temple with peiyin Shilang of Henan Province The poem of praying for rain

[detailed explanation]

1. A palace for emperors to have a rest. According to the book of the first emperor of Qin in historical records, it is said that "[the first emperor] made the two hundred and seventy compound passages of the palace and temple next to Xianyang connect with each other. The curtain, bell and drum were filled with beautiful people, and the cases were not immigrated." "Shiji · Xiaowu Benji" says: "so the prefectures and states divided the way, repaired the temples and famous mountains, in order to look lucky." According to the book of Fengchan in the records of the historian, "then the prefectures and states divided the ways and restored the temples and temples of the famous mountains in order to be lucky." According to Geng bingzhuan in the book of the later Han Dynasty, "every time the emperor visited the prefecture and the palace, he led the forbidden soldiers to stay around the guard." Tang Gaoshi's ancient Daliang line: "the palace of the king of Wei does all the corn, and the guests of Xinling follow the dust." "The third day is the end of a visit to a different palace or a private official's family." Ming He Jingming "Xiyou Pian" poem: "the imperial palace as before, Panlong Qufeng Qingyun."

2. Ancestral temple. "The book of Fengchan in historical records:" Qing said: "the immortal does not ask for the master, and the master asks for it. The way is not to take a few days off. If God doesn't come, he will talk about God's affairs, and things will be as circuitous as if they were fantastic. It's possible to accumulate years. " Therefore, the prefectures and states have their own ways to repair the temples of famous mountains, so I hope to be lucky. "

3. Taoist temples. Liu Yuxi of Tang Dynasty wrote "twenty days of praying for rain in the Jiulong Temple of Tianping temple with peiyin Shilang of Henan Province": "the floating light moves the palace, far away thinking of yingchuandi." According to menglianglu, all the palaces inside and outside the city, written by song and Wu Zi mu, "in the palaces of the city, Taiyi and Wanshou are the leaders." The first chapter of outlaws of the Marsh: "the emperor listened to the music, and immediately ordered the Imperial Academy to issue a cursory edict: on the one hand, he would grant amnesty to all the criminals in the world, and all the people would be forgiven for their taxes and taxes; on the other hand, he ordered the temple in Beijing to build good things to prevent disasters." Gu Yanwu's Fu An Ji in Ming Dynasty: "the mountain of Taihua They are not taxed by officials, and they are not attached to the palace. "

4. Official name. The provincial name of the palace envoy. The palace of Song Dynasty was originally set up to worship Taoism. In the fifth year of dazhongxiangfu, yuqingzhao palace was built, and then the palace envoy was set up. The former prime minister or the current prime minister was appointed. In addition, there are some officials, such as tidian, supervisor, judge and Dujian, all of which are set up to arrange idle officials without real posts. See general examination of documents - Official 14. The fifth volume of notes of Lao xue'an written by Lu You in Song Dynasty: "Chengping day is very important to the palace." Song Kong Ping Zhong's "Kong's Tan yuan · sun Shen Lao Bu Shi" said: "Sun Shen Lao was the imperial censor Zhong Cheng. He didn't speak much, and he got the palace by his illness." In the thirty first year of Shaoxing, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty, the continuation of Zizhi Tongjian, it is said that "since the king's power and Si were defeated, they were the first to strike the power, and they were in the outer palace." Yuan Mei of the Qing Dynasty wrote "Suiyuan essays: Song Gongguan doesn't have to go to the place where he works": "Shenzong's duty of setting up a palace is to take the meaning of Zhuli from the Han ancestral temple, so he is a virtuous man and an old man."

Taoist Buildings

Historical evolution

The earliest Taoist temple is called "quiet room", its structure is one or several thatched cottages, located in the Taoist home. Before the founding of Taoism, Zhang Daoling led his disciples to practice in the quiet room. After the founding of Taoism, he set up 28 "Zhi". These buildings are relatively simple, and they are located in the Taoist family. According to the regulations of the Heavenly Master, except for the believers (Taoists) who need to participate in religious activities on the third society day, they usually carry out religious activities in different places.

In the period of Jin and southern and Northern Dynasties, "Lu", "Jing", "Guan" and "Guan" replaced the name of Zhi, and its scale and quantity also increased greatly. At this time, "Lu" and "Jing" were just places for offering sacrifices to gods, not living places. The appearance of "Guan" and "Guan" has brought about great changes. They are not only places for religious activities, but also places for Taoists to live; the source of income is no longer charging the believers, but providing through various rewards and alms, and some Taoist temples even own a lot of real estate.

In the Tang Dynasty, Taoism was respected by the emperor, so many Taoist temples were built. At that time, there were nearly 1900 Taoist temples in China. Among them, the large-scale, or built by the royal family, is known as the "Palace". At this time, the development of Taoist architecture reached its peak, and later this kind of architecture was collectively referred to as "Palace".

In song, yuan and Ming Dynasties, many palaces were still built throughout the country. After the Qing Dynasty, with the decline of Taoism, the development of Taoist architecture began to slow down.

Faction Division

Taoist temples have two properties: one is the ancestral temple, the other is the jungle temple.

Typical representative

Ancestral temple

From generation to generation, the temple property can be inherited and has its own school. Taoist friends of other sects can live temporarily and can't interfere in Temple affairs. Generally, the new monks are in the descendants' temple.

Jungle Temple

It is not allowed to accept disciples. The temple property cannot be inherited and belongs to all Taoists in the world. The jungle temples are not divided into different sects. All the French disciples of Taoism (except barefoot and folk Taoists) have the right to live and manage the temple affairs. Generally speaking, all Taoists who can live in it have the right to be elected as the highest leader, regardless of age, gender and time of becoming a monk. The Taoists who have lived in the jungle temple for a long time are called permanent Taoists. They are usually assigned positions to serve other Taoists. The jungle temple has a clear division of labor, commonly known as "three capitals, five masters and eighteen heads". It is in charge of preaching, almsgiving, safety, fasting, personnel placement, self-care, cooking and other matters. Generally speaking, the new monks first learn this knowledge in the ancestral temple. After three years, they get the crown scarf. With the permission of their master, they can go to the jungle temple to hang a single house for further study. Come back after study.

In addition, the sect is not determined by which temple the monk is in. It was decided by the French origin of the Dushi, who gave the name according to the faction. Then, no matter where you go, you can live in this sect. You can also live in the ancestral temple or the jungle temple, as long as it is suitable. Generally speaking, the temple where a new monk lives is the temple of his own master, but it is not absolute, it is generally speaking. After having Du Shi, if you meet a better Taoist, you can worship "Sir" again, and the French do not need to change. The Yellow Emperor learned Taoism and worshipped 72 "gentlemen". There is only one tutor, but the more teachers, the better. Because it means you are diligent and studious.

Shape and structure

After the Tang Dynasty, the Taoist temples generally showed a symmetrical pattern of facing south and East and West. On the north-south axis, there are Mountain Gate, atrium, hall and bedroom hall as the main body. On both sides and back, there are veranda, side rooms, gardens and pools. All kinds of internal courtyards are mostly in the form of quadrangles.

In most Taoist temples, a number of temples have been built to worship various Taoist gods. The main halls include Sanqing hall, Yuhuang hall, Sanguan hall, Chongyang hall, Qizhen hall, Yaowang hall, Guansheng hall, Lingguan hall, etc.

The leader of the Taoist temple is generally called the prison, under which there are such posts as Du Guan, Du Shuo and Du Chu. The abbot is an honorary title, held by a respected old Taoist.

The Taoist temple of Quanzhen Taoism is called "the jungle of ten directions". This kind of Taoist temple is well-organized, and all kinds of houses, land and property are owned by the Taoist community. A small number of Chinese Taoist outlooks belong to this kind. Generally, Quanzhen Taoist temples are characterized by "half offspring and half jungle". A few of them are "ancestral temples".

Zhengyidao Taoist temple is called "descendants Temple", which is dominated by the temple master. All the property, including the temple, is the private property of the temple owner and can be inherited.

Domestic fame

Most of China's existing famous palaces were built or rebuilt in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and many of them were listed as national key cultural relics protection units.

Heming mountain in Dayi, Chengdu, is the place where Zhang Tianshi founded Taoism and the birthplace of Taoism. Now it belongs to Quanzhen Taoism.

Taiqing palace in Laoshan Mountain, Qingdao, is the earliest Taoist ancestral court in Laoshan mountain. It is now part of Quanzhen Taoism.

Luyi Taiqing palace is located in Laozi's hometown. In the Tang Dynasty, it was regarded as the Royal ancestral temple. Now it belongs to Quanzhen Taoism.

Louguantai in Zhongnan mountain is the place where Laozi preached to Yin Xi. It is said that it was built in the Zhou Dynasty.

Longhushan Tianshi mansion is the residence of Tianshi Zhang and the headquarters of Zhengyi.

Qingcheng Mountain Taoist temple, also known as "Tianshi cave", is the place where Zhang Daoling practiced Taoism. Now it belongs to Quanzhen Taoism.

At baiyun temple in Beijing, Qiu Chuji lived here for a long time and was buried here. He is the headquarters of Quanzhen Taoism and one of the three ancestral halls. It is now the seat of the Chinese Taoist Association.

Located in the northwest corner of the Forbidden City in Beijing, dagaoxuan hall is the Royal Taoist temple of Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Taishan Dai Temple is located in Taian City, Shandong Province. Now it belongs to Quanzhen Taoism.

Zhongyue temple in Songshan Mountain is respected by the emperors of the Northern Song Dynasty for its proximity to Kaifeng, the capital of the Song Dynasty.

Tianhou temple is one of the three Mazu temples in Tianjin. Now it belongs to Quanzhen Taoism.

Ruicheng Yongle

Chinese PinYin : Gong Guan