lead

lead

(rihuazi materia medica)

[synonyms] black lead (fan Zi Ji ran), green gold (Shuo Wen), black tin (Meng Shen's Bi Xiao Fang), black tin (Ben Cao Shi Yi), lead essence, water tin, Su Jin, black gold (Shi Yao Er Ya), water gold (Gang Mu), green lead (Yao Yao Fen Ji Ji Ji).

[source] it is a gray white metal, which is mainly refined from galena ore.

Galena

Isometric. The crystal shape is usually cube or octahedron. Most of them are granular aggregates in nature. The color is lead grey. The streaks are light black gray. Metallic luster. Opaque. The cube cleavage is complete. The fracture surface is flat semi shell or uneven. The hardness is 2-3. The specific gravity is 7.4-7.6. It's brittle. It occurs in hydrothermal deposits and is often associated with sphalerite.

[herbal medicine] is a gray white metal. Glossy section, exposed in the air will produce oxide film. It is soft and can be scratched by claws. When scratched on paper, it shows black streaks. It has expansibility and less ductility. 34. The melting point is 327.5 ℃. Easy to melt, light blue flame. It is fusible in nitric acid and hardly soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid.

It is produced in Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Hubei, Guangxi, Fujian, Guizhou and Northeast China.

[chemical composition] it is mainly metallic lead, with 99% lead in excellent products. Due to different ore quality, refining and refining methods, it is often mixed with other metals, among which silver is worth noting, followed by gold.

In the atmosphere, due to contact with oxygen, water vapor and carbon dioxide, thin layers of lead oxide, basic lead carbonate, etc. often appear on the surface of lead and lose its metallic luster.

[pharmacological action] lead is rarely used in treatment, but it is widely used in industry. Chronic lead poisoning is one of the important occupational diseases. The absorption of lead is very slow, mainly through the digestive tract and respiratory tract. Most of them were deposited in bone after absorption. The lead salt in the deposited bone does not harm the body. The depth of poisoning mainly depends on the lead content in the blood and tissues. If the lead content in the blood exceeds 0.05-0.1 mg%, the poisoning symptoms will occur. There is a parallel relationship between calcium and lead metabolism. All the factors that can affect calcium metabolism can also affect lead metabolism. Lead is mainly excreted by intestine and kidney, and the excretion of intestine is generally more than that of kidney. When the amount of lead in urine exceeds 0.05-0.08 mg / L, the possibility of lead poisoning should be considered. The symptoms of chronic poisoning are very diverse and have many characteristics, mainly including: gastrointestinal disorders, such as loss of appetite, constipation (sometimes diarrhea), lead colic due to small intestinal spasm, gray blue "along the line" on gingiva and buccal mucosa due to lead sulfide deposition, etc. When the nervous system is invaded, headache, dizziness, fatigue, irritability and insomnia may occur. In the late stage, it may develop into "lead encephalopathy", causing hallucinations, delirium and convulsions. Peripheral multiple neuritis may occur, resulting in "lead toxic paralysis". In the early stage of poisoning, there are a lot of basophilic immature red blood cells in the blood, such as stippling red blood cells, reticulocytes, polychromatic red blood cells, etc. it is generally believed that this is the manifestation of the growth disorder of blood cells in the bone marrow. In the late stage, it can inhibit the bone marrow and destroy red blood cells, resulting in anemia. The specific drug for the treatment is calcium sodium edetate, or penicillamine. The efficacy of dimercaptopropanol is often unreliable.

[processing] "Gangmu": "for all uses, the iron Castanopsis eyrei is used to drain the tile, and the dregs are filtered out, so it is used several times. "

Sweet, cold and poisonous.

① "Cold, little poison. "

② "Rihuazi Materia Medica": "sweet, non-toxic. "

③ Introduction to medicine: "sweet, poisonous. "

[Guijing] into the liver and kidney channels.

① "Into the foot Jueyin classic" is the essence of Chinese materia medica. "

② "Into the kidney. "

[functions and indications] antipyretic, phlegm falling, insecticidal and detoxifying. It is used to treat phlegm, Qi, deficiency, shortness of breath, dyspnea, nausea, gall, rash, poison and sores.

① "The main gall. Wrong for the end, and qingmuxiang wind sore swelling vicious. "

② "Rihuazi Materia Medica" said: "calm the mind. It is used to treat typhoid gas, nausea, vomiting, snake and lizard bite, moxibustion and ironing. "

③ "Compendium": "Xiaohuang carbuncle swelling, eyesight, solid teeth, black hair, killing insects, falling phlegm. Treatment of choking diaphragm, diabetes, wind epilepsy. "

④ Yilin zuanyao: "when you make lead pills, you can rub them with both hands. You can get rid of the goose palm wind. "

⑤ Yaoyaofenji: "Pinggan. "

[usage and dosage] oral administration: decoction, 3-4 Qian; or calcined through research powder into the pill, powder. External use: calcined powder mixed application.

Don't take it for a long time. Take it cautiously when the Qi is weak and cold.

① According to the classic of Materia Medica, all kinds of syndromes, such as deficiency of spleen and stomach, deficiency of Yang fire, lack of diet and Yin dampness in the lower part, should be avoided. "

② In the book of Ben Jing Feng Yuan: "if you can't make it through calcination, you will have a headache if you take it. If you take it too quickly, you can't rely on Yang fire. "

[prescription selection] ① treatment of chronic cold of spleen, deficiency of upper and lower, phlegm in the chest, headache and dizziness, galloping porpoise gas rushing up, chest and abdomen swelling and tingling; stroke, phlegm tide on diaphragm, difficult speech, dizziness and disordered Qi, phlegm in the throat, like paralysis: Black tin (to dross), sulfur (transparent to sand) each two liang, Chenxiang, fenugreek (soaked in wine, fried), Fuzi (gun, peeled, navel), yangqishi (Research) One or two for each, cinnamon (peeled) and a half for each, old-fashioned paper (soaked in wine and fried), fennel (fried), nutmeg (wrapped in flour and simmered), Aucklandia and golden bell (steamed, peeled and seeded) for each. On the black and the new iron Wutong, as usual, black Sn and sulfur sand are produced. The fire is very fine on the ground. The medicine is pestle and the pestle is fine. All of them are evenly distributed in the field, and from the late to the late stage, with black light as the degree, the wine paste pills are big, dry and dry, and the cloth is wrapped in the bag to wipe the light. Take 30 or 40 pills each time, under the hollow salt ginger soup or jujube soup, under the woman AI jujube soup. (kufang heixidan)

② Treatment of nausea and vomiting: black lead juice into the paper ash, with willow vertebrae into powder, Luo over one or two. The first two flavors are finely ground together. Add a liter of rice vinegar to the stone. Boil it into paste. Add a little dry steamed cake and mash it until it is ripe. The pill is as big as red bean. Every ten pills, ginger soup or rice drink, regardless of time. (lead pill in Shengji Zonglu)

③ Cure urination impassable: black lead half Liang (file for the end), two beams of wick, ginger half Liang. Take a large cup of Jinghua water, decoct it for 5 minutes, remove the dross, take a green onion, burn it slowly to make it hot, break it, put it in the navel first, and then take it. (Sheng Hui Fang)

④ Treatment of edema: Wuxi Wuliang, Acacia Yiting (peeled, roasted). Take two liters of wine, boil six times, grind off the residue and take it. (Meng Shen's Bi Xiao Fang)

⑤ Treatment hair back: black lead a Jin, licorice (fried, file) three Liang. First, put licorice into the wine, then pour it with Castanopsis carlesii lead, but filter out the wine in the empty bottle, take the lead and pour it with Castanopsis carlesii, so as to make it nine degrees, remove the licorice, leave the wine, and drink freely. (Shengji Zonglu lead wine prescription)

⑥ It has been used for a long time: four taels of black lead, iron ladle, pouring into the water, taking it out and re melting, so many times, taking the lead as the degree, removing the water, clearing the three coins, one coin of pine resin, five cents of Huang Dan (flying, frying), one cent of musk and five cents of light powder. Study together, wash with onion soup, apply sesame oil to sore, cover with oil paper. (surgical authentic lead powder)

⑦ In the treatment of arsenic poisoning, the patient is irritable, and his heart aches, his head spins, he wants to vomit but not vomit, his face and mouth are blue and black, his limbs are cold, and his life is in a moment: four liang of black lead, water and water. (Huatuo dangerous disease prescription)

[famous treatise] Compendium: "the lead body is heavy and solid, the common is smooth, and the inner part is connected with the kidney, so the black Xidan in kufang and the Buzhen pill in xuanming are all used. It can cure all kinds of diseases, such as the confusion of yin and Yang, the deficiency of upper and lower, the rising of Qi, vomiting, dizziness, choking, nausea, and critical illness. The so-called antidote has its own merits, but its nature is insidious. You should not take it too much for fear of hurting people's heart, stomach and ears. The changes of lead are hufen, Huangdan, mithushen, and beibaishuang, all of which have the same function as lead; but hufen enters into Qi, Huangdan enters into blood, mithushen calms down, and beibaishuang specializes in treating upper Jiao, chest and diaphragm, which is abnormal ear. "

Chinese PinYin : Qian