Viper

Viper

(bielu)

[synonyms] Cobra (the book of songs), anti nose (classic explanation), earth Cobra (Puji Fang), anti nose snake (compendium), bifei (Huzhou Fu Zhi), fangshengban, Tujin, Huidi plaques (compendium Collection), caoshangfei (Xue De's systematic zoology), qicunzi, tugong snake, gouzhui, Langdu viper (biology bulletin 3:41958), earth ball (northeast zoology) The Chinese Medicine Dictionary.

[source] it is the whole body of Agkistrodon halys.

[animal morphology] Agkistrodon halys

The total length is 54-80 cm. The head is triangular; the snout is round, and the snout scale is slightly wider than the height. The scales between the nose are wider, and the posterior margin is inclined outward. The length of frontal scales is equal to the length of sutures between the two parietal scales, and the length of parietal scales is equal to the sum of frontal scales and 1 / 2 of frontal scales. The supraocular scales are longer than the frontal scales and smaller than the parietal scales. The nostril is located between the two scales, and the anterior scale is twice as large as the posterior scale. There are 2 anterior scales, 2-3 posterior scales, 1 anterior scale, and the front end is connected with the third upper lip scale. There were 7 upper lip scales, the third one in the eye, 10 lower lip scales, and the first 4 scales connected with forehead scales. There are five pairs of small scales between the hind mental scale and the first abdominal scale. The scales are usually 23-21-17 rows. There are 138-168 abdominal scales, single anal scales and 28-56 pairs of inferior caudal scales. There are about 30 dark brown spots on each side of the body. The markings on both sides are often connected in the middle of the back. The top of the head is grayish brown, with a broad black brown stripe from the back of the eyes to the corner of the mouth; the upper and lower lips and the abdomen of the head are pale yellow. Ventral gray white, scattered with black spots, sometimes all gray black. The tail is short and burnt yellow.

It inhabits in plain or low mountain area, usually disc-shaped or twisted into wavy shape. It preys on rats, frogs, lizards, birds, insects, etc. It's highly toxic. It is distributed in the north and the middle of China.

The skin (Viper skin), bone (Viper bone), gall (Viper gall), fat (Viper fat) and ecdysis (Viper ecdysis) of this animal are also used for medicine. Please refer to the special section for details.

[collection] catch in spring and summer. After catching, the viscera were removed by laparotomy and dried.

[chemical constituents] the following components have been isolated and purified from Agkistrodon halys venom: bleeding factors HR - Ⅰ and HR - Ⅱ, protease B, a bradykinin releasing enzyme, two bradykinin destroying enzymes and enhancer E. HR - Ⅰ may be its main toxin. It contains 12% neutral sugar with isoelectric point of 4.70. It is an acidic glycoprotein with molecular weight of 85000. HR - Ⅰ has been highly purified, but it can not be separated from protease B. It is also a glycoprotein with molecular weight of 95000. Protease B is a peptide bond cleaving enzyme, which contains 2 g Ca / mol; after Ca removal, the molecular configuration changes and the protease activity is lost; the reaction is irreversible. Its primary structure has been proved by chemical synthesis.

[pharmacological action] crude snake venom has complex components and functions. It is generally believed that Agkistrodon halys venom is a mixture of blood circulation toxin and nerve circulation toxin. In addition to local swelling and pain, the bitten patients often have chills, blurred eyes, drooping eyelids and neck traction due to neurotoxicity. Of course, it is more important to cause dyspnea, such as double inspiration, breath holding, nodding or fishmouth breathing. Respiratory paralysis is the main cause of early death. Animal experiments also proved that Agkistrodon halys venom had obvious neurotoxic effect. On the other hand, Agkistrodon halys venom has significant blood circulation, and artificial respiration alone can not prolong the survival time of animals. Clinical patients also often appear pale, sweating, heart rate acceleration, limb cold, blood pressure drop and other serious toxic shock symptoms. Although some people think that the venom of Agkistrodon halys Pallas is mainly neurotoxin (according to their observation, respiratory paralysis is the main symptom and cause of death), it is generally believed that blood circulation toxin is the main cause. It can release a large number of vasoactive substances such as histamine, 5-hydroxytrypan and bradykinin, destroy red blood cells, increase capillary permeability, and cause a large loss of plasma and body fluid and insufficient blood volume. More serious is the direct damage to the heart. The ECG of the bitten patients has sinus arrhythmia, ectopic rhythm and P wave sharp. The changes of R wave low voltage, conduction block, S-T segment decrease, T wave flat or inverted were related to the postmortem situation of experimental animals after poisoning death - myocardial hemorrhage, myocardial fiber swelling and rupture. It can be considered that the toxicity of Agkistrodon halys venom to the heart is the main cause of death caused by circulatory failure. Due to shock, hemolysis and direct damage to various organs (such as kidney), acidosis and acute renal failure may occur. Patients with severe bite often have soy sauce colored urine and positive urine protein, tube type and occult blood. Prevention and treatment of infection is also a very important issue.

Zhuyeqing and Guihua snake venoms were also mixed with blood circulating venoms. Generally, the local symptoms are serious, but the systemic symptoms are light. If the patients can be rescued timely and correctly, the mortality rate is low.

[processing] Agkistrodon halys cream: take Agkistrodon halys to calcine and grind into powder.

Sweet, warm and poisonous.

① "There is a little poison in the collection of Materia Medica. "

② "Gangmu": "sweet, warm, toxic. "

③ "Ben Jing Feng Yuan": "great heat, toxic. "

[function indications] dispel wind and attack poison. Treatment of leprosy, leprosy, skin stubborn Bi, Huang, hemorrhoids.

① Bielu: "brewed wine can cure leprosy, fistula, heart and abdomen pain, and lower Qi. "

② "Theory of medicinal properties": "treat five hemorrhoids, intestinal wind and diarrhea blood. "

③ "Treatment of wind obstruction". "

[usage and dosage] for oral use: soak in wine or burn the powder. External use: soaking in oil, wine stains or burning at the end of the research.

[prescription selection] 1. It is used to treat gale and all kinds of evil wind, malignant sores, stubborn obstruction of skin, half body withering and death, serious diseases of skin, hands, feet and viscera. In the living utensil, throw it with a bucket of mellow wine and bury it in the place where the horse drowned. After the anniversary, when you open it, the taste of the wine still exists and the snake has digested it. However, I have come to take Yisheng. When I get used to it, I will not be able to take other drugs. There are also small poisons, which should not be taken at once. (notes on materia medica)

② Cure white scabby: a big snake. Do not make the wound, with wine stains, big one Dou, small five liters, with chaff fire temperature, order, find a snake inch, with the moon pig ointment and, apply the sore. (behind the elbow)

③ The treatment of tetanus is urgent. The mouth can't be opened. The mouth is askew and the limbs are flabby: one earth Cobra (head, tail, intestines, skin and bone are removed and fried with vinegar), five earthworms (fried with vinegar), and one tiannanxing (three parts of the weight, artillery). On for the end, vinegar boiled noodles and balls, such as mung bean big. Every three to five pills, ginger wine, thin congee congee cast, sweating. (tiannanxing pill in Puji Fang)

④ Treatment of general swelling and poison, wound ulceration, long-term and other diseases: Agkistrodon halys, to its head and tail, laparotomy except intestines, file, soaking in oil, 50 days later, micro steam for use, external coating. (the oil of Agkistrodon halys)

⑤ Potpourri back: a viper, a catty of sesame oil. First put the sesame oil flag into the porcelain pot, then put the Viper into the pot, seal it, bury it in the ground, take it out 100 days later, dry it in the sun, pound it into paste and apply it to the affected area. (Jilin Chinese herbal medicine)

⑥ Treatment of stomach spasm: Agkistrodon halys, soak in wine for more than one year, drink one cup before each meal, three times a day, effective for 20 consecutive days. (animal and plant folk medicine)

⑦ Treatment of drowning: one for viper, two for chicken tongue. On the two fine powder, pro lying white soup sent down. Five points for each person aged from seven to 15, and one yuan for each person aged over 15. (new compendium of Materia Medica)

[clinical application] treatment of leprosy and leprosy reaction

The treatment of all types of leprosy with Agkistrodon halys wine has a certain effect, especially when combined with sulfone drugs. According to the observation of 47 cases after 6 months of treatment, the general conditions such as spirit, weight and appetite were improved, skin reaction subsided or improved, consciousness recovered or improved, ulcer reduced, sexual function improved, and inflammatory cell infiltration decreased and bacterial examination disappeared or decreased in pathological changes. Another 10 patients with advanced leprosy were treated with Agkistrodon halys wine alone. The results showed that 3 cases were markedly effective, 5 cases effective and 2 cases ineffective. In the effective cases, the skin nodules began to soften and dissipate 1-2 weeks after treatment, and the consciousness was restored. The cell infiltration and bacteria detection were also reduced. There is no uniform specification for the preparation of Agkistrodon halys. The following preparation methods have been tried: a large (about 6-7 years old) live Agkistrodon halys was put into 1000 ml of 60 ° sorghum liquor to get drunk, and ginseng was added for 5 yuan. After being covered tightly, it was placed in a cold place. After soaking for 3 months, it was taken orally, 1-2 times a day, 5-10 ml each time. 2. Take the venom of Agkistrodon halys from a glass dish, add it into 100 ml of 60 ° sorghum wine, and take it after one month, 2-3 ml each time, 1-2 times a day. Take one live viper and five ginseng, soak in 2000 ml of 12 ° yellow rice wine, take it after 3 months, take it once a day before going to sleep, 5 ml each time, sweat and go to bed. 4. Take one live viper, put it in the drying oven after killing, grind the powder after drying for 12 hours, soak it in 500ml of 60 ° sorghum Shaojiu, take it twice a day after 1-3 months, 5-10ml each time, or take 5g of powder and send it down once with 300ml of yellow rice wine. In addition, 15 cases of leprosy nodular reaction were treated with Agkistrodon halys powder (5-10 g) and yellow rice wine before going to bed for 3-4 days. The results showed that the symptoms disappeared in 12 cases, improved in 2 cases and failed in 1 case.

Chinese PinYin : Fu She