Lu Runxiang

Lu Runxiang

Lu Runxiang (1841-1915) was born in Yuanhe (now Suzhou, Jiangsu Province) with the name of Fengshi, yunsa and gusou. Tongzhi 13 years (1874) champion, successive Guozijian Jijiu, Shandong Xuezheng, Guozijian Jijiu. He returned to Suzhou with his mother's illness and was in charge of Suzhou business. Guangxu gengzi (1900) was invaded by the Allied forces of eight countries. On her way to the west, Empress Dowager Cixi spoke for Caozhi. Later, he served as Minister of the Ministry of industry and Minister of the Ministry of official affairs, including Taibao, Dongge and tirenge. In 1911, when the Royal cabinet was established, he served as the president of bide Academy. After 1911, he stayed in the palace of Qing Dynasty and served as Puyi's teacher. He died in the fourth year of the Republic of China and was presented to the crown prince, Taifu, with a posthumous title of Wenduan. His calligraphy is rich in Qinghua and close to Europe and Yu. However, the atmosphere of the pavilion is a little heavy.

Empress Dowager Cixi often ordered Lu Runxiang, Xu Ying, Li Wentian, and Lu Baozhong, the first year scholar of Tongzhi, to write the painting.

Life of the characters

Win the first prize at one stroke

Yuanhe (now Suzhou, Jiangsu Province) is famous for his family name Lu, who is also a Confucian and a doctor. In the late Qing Dynasty, Lu Maoxiu, a member of the Lu family, was admitted to an official school. The Taiping army moved northward. Lu Maoxiu fled to Shanghai with his family. He was destitute and made a living as a family doctor. He is famous in Shanghai for his excellent medical skills. In his spare time, he studied medical classics such as Huangdi Suwen, and published monographs such as Neijing yunqi Bingshi.

Lu Maoxiu had a son who was born in May 1841 in Dantu School of Zhenjiang (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province). Zhenjiang was called "Runzhou" in ancient times; local schools were called "Xiang" in ancient times. So it is named "Runxiang". In the school house, there is a picture of Xiong Kefeng stone (1166) in the second year of Qiandao of Song Dynasty, so the word "Fengshi" is used. Lu Runxiang was smart and eager to learn. At the age of 10, he finished reading the nine classics of Confucianism. He also studied family medicine with great care and knew a lot about medical skills. By virtue of the foundation of Confucianism, he passed the local examination and became a Juren. In February of 1874, the Chinese style was tested. On April 21, the palace examination was held in the hall of Baohe. Lu Runxiang won the first place and became the 101st champion of the Qing Dynasty. There were 337 Jinshi in this section, who were the last students of the Tongzhi emperor.

Official career

After Lu Runxiang became the number one scholar in the Imperial Academy, he began his official career as an official. This year, he was 33. At this time, Russia wantonly coveted the border areas of the United States, France, Japan and other powers. At this time, the emperor of Tongzhi was extremely ill. He was infected with a terrible venereal disease, which was incurable. In this situation, Lu Runxiang entered his official career at this moment. Soon after he became an official, Emperor Tongzhi died on December 5, at the age of 19. His mother, Empress Dowager Cixi, put 4-year-old Aixinjueluo zaitan on the throne of God with the title of "Guangxu" and controlled the military and national power in her hands.

After Emperor Guangxu ascended the throne, Lu Runxiang repeatedly became the examiners of the local examinations, and Hunan and Shaanxi were examinees twice. Later, he went to the South study and served Emperor Guangxu in writing and painting. Later, he came out to study politics in Shandong. Soon after he was in charge of Shandong, his father died and Lu Runxiang left to mourn. Fu que, tired moved to Guozijian to sacrifice wine. My mother was ill and begged for leave.

The prime minister's national affairs yamen issued a request to all provinces to set up commerce bureaus, and all prefectures, prefectures and counties set up trade offices where water and land connect to yamen, to set up industries, and to supervise commerce by officials.

Zhang Zhidong, acting governor of Liangjiang and Minister of Nanyang, took the lead. Zhang Jian, a native of Tongzhou (now Nantong, Jiangsu Province) and the number one scholar in the 20th year of Guangxu, was sent to set up the Bureau of Commerce in Tongzhou. Lu Runxiang set up the Bureau of Commerce in his hometown Suzhou. Ding Liying set up the Bureau of Commerce in Zhenjiang (now Jiangsu Province). Ding Liying did nothing in Zhenjiang, while Zhang Jian set up Dasheng yarn factory in Tongzhou, and Lu Runxiang set up sulun yarn factory and Sujing yarn factory in Suzhou. This is the "number one scholar running a factory" that caused a sensation for a time.

However, Lu Runxiang was different from Zhang Jian. Zhang Jian was keen on running industry. Although he was not completely divorced from politics, his main energy was to set up factories and schools. Although Lu Runxiang founded two mills, he was still keen on his official career. Guangxu 24 years (1898), from the official, and then for the Guozijian wine. Soon he became a Bachelor of cabinet and an acting Minister of engineering.

At this time, the Boxer Movement was surging. Empress Dowager Cixi was extremely resentful of the intervention of foreign powers. She tried to use the Boxer Rebellion to teach foreigners a lesson and declare war on foreign powers. The eight countries put together a coalition of more than 2000 people, led by British Navy Lieutenant General Seymour, to invade Beijing from Tianjin. Empress Dowager Cixi took Emperor Guangxu out of Deshengmen and rushed to Xi'an. When Lu Runxiang traveled to Xi'an, Empress Dowager Cixi was moved by Lu Runxiang's loyalty and appointed him as the Minister of rites. After Empress Dowager Cixi returned to Beijing, Lu Runxiang became the supreme censor of Zuo Du. Later, he was appointed to act as the Minister of the Ministry of industry and became a senior official.

Political views

After the "reform movement of 1898" initiated by Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and others was suppressed by Empress Dowager Cixi, the "constitutional monarchy" movement did not stop, and soon rose again. And the bourgeois revolutionaries are growing. The Qing government had to pay attention to these two forces. If we want to choose one of the two, the Qing government should choose constitutional monarchy. But the Qing government did not want to implement constitutional monarchy sincerely. As a result, the Qing government played the trick of "preparing for constitutionalism" to paralyze the constitutionalists and crack down on the revolutionaries. On September 13 of the 32nd year of Guangxu reign, the Qing government issued an imperial edict to declare "preparation for constitutionalism".

According to the Qing government, the primary task of "preparing for constitutionalism" was to reform the official system. Empress Dowager Cixi ordered Lu Runxiang to be an official minister. Soon after the announcement of the central government system, the military aircraft department, the supreme ruling body, remained unchanged. The name of the old Department was changed and increased to 11: Ministry of foreign affairs, Ministry of civil affairs, Ministry of justice, Ministry of rites, Ministry of education, Ministry of army, Ministry of justice, Ministry of agriculture, industry and commerce, Ministry of post and communication, Ministry of science and vassal corps, Ministry of industry, Ministry of industry, Ministry of industry, Ministry of industry, Ministry of justice, Ministry of industry, Ministry of civil affairs, Lu Runxiang, acting Minister of industry, was abolished and took the title of minister. The next year, he was appointed Minister of the Ministry of officials and Minister of government affairs. He Shangshu said: "if you donate money to buy an official, you will have a mixed career. Some of the officials have poor knowledge. Please formulate the examination regulations below Daofu level. Those who fail in the examination will not be sent to official posts, and official officials will be set up to teach them. "

As one of the top officials in the current Dynasty, Lu Runxiang had no idea of the rising constitutional movement. "We can't stick to the rules," he said. The implementation of the new law also needs to be considered. If we do not study China's history and carry out reform based on China's reality, the reform will be difficult to succeed and will make the problem worse. " From this point of view, Lu Runxiang advocated reform, but opposed radicalism and advocated steadiness.

On October 21, the 34th year of Guangxu, Emperor Guangxu died in Hanyuan Hall of Liutai at the age of 38. Empress Dowager Cixi chose Aixinjueluo Fuyi, the son of Prince Aixinjueluo zaifeng, as the new heir to the throne. On October 22, Empress Dowager Cixi died. On November 9, Fu Yi ascended the throne with the title of "Xuantong". After the death of Empress Dowager Cixi, the largest conservative, the call for reform and reform has become increasingly loud, and the bourgeois revolutionary movement has become even more intense. In this situation, Lu Runxiang gradually opposed the reform and became a conservative.

In the first year of Xuantong (1909), Lu Runxiang joined the cabinet as the associate bachelor, entered the cabinet as the associate bachelor, and transferred to the Dongge bachelor. In the third year of Xuantong, bide hospital was set up to participate in the maintenance. Bide Institute has one president and one vice president, 32 consultant ministers, 10 counsellors and one secretary general of the Secretariat. Lu Runxiang served as the president of bide academy, as well as a teacher of Yuqing palace, and taught emperor Xuantong to study. During this period, Lu Runxiang put forward a series of suggestions on the military and state affairs.

Qufu new "Qufu school", he Shangshu said: "Qufu is the holy land, the new Qufu school must carry forward the classics, promote the proper learning for the purpose. If foreigners are employed as teachers, they will be obedient and will be harmful to the holy religion. If the holy religion is gradually destroyed, it will be a worry for the imperial court. "

On the reform of the official system, he thought: "Dong Ding's official system should be preserved in the imperial court. Some people say that now that there is a Congress, there is no need to speak. Don't you know that a member's duty is to legislate, and an official's duty is to supervise. When the parliament is in session for no more than three months, the speaker can give advice at any time. Administrative adjudication is a decision made after the event, while the speech officer gives advice before the event. If the court wants to speak widely, then the duchayuan can not be dismissed; if the ministers want to consolidate the monarchy, then they will agree to retain the duchayuan. Even if the parliament is set up in the future, we should make the duchayuan an independent Yamen and not be confused by those heresies. "

As for the trend of studying abroad at that time, he said, "few of the students who study abroad have come back from studying in industry, and what they have learned is useless. Law and political science is the most popular subject in China. Law and politics vary from country to country, and are formulated according to the local conditions and customs of the country. Today's students studying abroad have a very shallow foundation. They have never recited Chinese classics. They know little about traditional morality and customs. They are apprentices. They talk about reform in vain, or even harbor evil intentions. They advocate civil rights and revolution. They regard the country and the monarch as the Western way. They develop their party followers in China and plot rebellion. Ministers of various ministries and academies thought that the imperial court was determined to reform, and it was not enough to achieve great things unless those who came back from studying abroad were reused. As a result, heresy prevailed throughout the government and the public. Over time, it is bound to shake the foundation of the country and ruin the lives of the people. "

Lu Runxiang attributed the financial crisis to the implementation of the new deal, denounced the reform and denounced the new deal. He said: "today's disaster is due to the fact that the governor has no power and the imperial court has no power. It is particularly obvious that the storehouse is empty and bandits are rampant. The new army is composed and trained by students who have little experience. Their strategy is only on paper, but the use of troops is limited to rules and regulations. Some say that the Chinese do not fight the Chinese. Once something happened, the governor could not be dispatched, or even defected,

Chinese PinYin : Lu Run Xiang