Eastern Jin Dynasty

Eastern Jin Dynasty

The Eastern Jin Dynasty (317-420) was founded by Sima Rui, the royal family of the Western Jin Dynasty, who moved to the south. In addition, in the historical books, the Eastern Jin Dynasty is also called the middle Han Dynasty after the Eastern Han Dynasty, implying that the Eastern Jin Dynasty is prosperous; most of the ruling areas of the Eastern Jin Dynasty are located in Jiangdong, which was called Jiangzuo in ancient times, so Jiangzuo is used to refer to the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

The Eastern Jin Dynasty is a family politics, coexisting with the 16 states of Wuhu in the north. This historical period is also known as the 16 states of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the interior was once fragmented. The Eastern Jin Dynasty, together with the former Sun Wu and the later song, Qi, Liang and Chen, is called the Six Dynasties.

The Eastern Jin Dynasty tried to launch the Northern Expedition many times, but due to the internal disunity, except Liu Yu who usurped the Jin Dynasty, he made no achievements. Zuti had hoped to restore the old land, but he was coerced by Sima Rui and died of depression. Huanwen's northern expedition was defeated by murongchui. In 383, Fu Jian of the former Qin Dynasty led his troops to invade the south. Xie Anli, the Prime Minister of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, led the fight and sent Xie Shi and Xie Xuan to lead the army. Fu Jian won the battle of Feishui and fled back to the North alone. From then on, the separation of the north and the South came into being. Later, Huan Xuan rebelled, abolished emperor an and made himself the son of heaven. Later, Liu Yu, the general, supported emperor Gong, but the power fell to Yu.

In the second year of Yuanxi (420), Liu Yu, the Duke of Song Dynasty, abolished emperor Gong of Jin and established Liu Song. The Eastern Jin Dynasty perished, and Chinese history entered the period of northern and Southern Dynasties.

history

South of Yiguan

See:

The rebellion of the eight kings

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Five horses crossing the river

Sima Rui, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty of Jin Dynasty, was originally a member of the Donghai Wang Yue party, which was called xiapi. At that time, Jiangdong was less affected by the war in the Central Plains and was rich in wealth, but because the Wu people did not aspire to the Jin Dynasty, they even wanted to recover the state of Wu. Among the Wu families, the Zhou and Shen families in Yixing were the two most powerful families in Jiangdong, followed by the Zhu, Zhang, Gu and Lu families in Wujun.

In 303, 305 and 310, three rebellions took place in Jiangnan, which were all settled by Zhou Yu, the Yixing Zhou's family, and made Jiangnan stable.

After the rebellion of the eight kings in the first year of Yongjia (307), Sima Rui followed Wang's advice and moved to Jiankang. After moving to the south, Wang Dao stabilized the regime with the policy of "tranquility of the town and peace of the people". He won the support of the Wu family with the help of local celebrities Gu Rong and he Luo. After that, a large number of northern aristocratic and royal families went southward in their clothes and supported Sima Rui at the call of Wang Dao, which made the Jiangnan states subordinate and the Eastern Jin Dynasty peaceful.

After the collapse of the Western Jin Dynasty in 317, Sima Rui rebuilt the Jin court in Jiankang and became emperor yuan of the Jin Dynasty. However, after the stability of the Jin Dynasty, a large number of families with the surname of overseas Chinese (the former Northern family) were used to suppress the Wu family. Zhou Yu and other Wu family members were dissatisfied and intended to rebel, but the incident failed. Zhou Yu died of melancholy. His son, Zhou Xie, attempted to rebel, but his uncle, Zhou Zha, failed to disclose the secret. Later, the Jin Dynasty divided the two families of Zhou and Shen, making them collapse one after another, and promoted the four families of Zhu, Zhang, Gu and Lu who were pro Jin. However, due to the invasion of Jiangnan economy and the suppression of the southern clans into the imperial court, the political and economic conflicts of the Wu clans are still ongoing. In addition, the aristocratic family discriminated against the Han nationality, competed with the imperial court, and the opposition between the central government and Fangzhen and the rise of careerists made the Eastern Jin Dynasty always turbulent.

Because of the threat of foreign invasion in the north, the Eastern Jin Dynasty relied on the support of the aristocratic families and Fangzhen to stabilize the situation, which made many powerful families intend to rebel and seize power. At that time, the emperor of Jin Yuan relied heavily on the Wang family and served as the Prime Minister of Wang Dao and the military dictatorship of Wang dun. Wang Dun Su came to Jie AO and intended to control the imperial court. In order to restrain Wang's power, the emperor of Jin Yuan restrained Liu Kai, Diao Xie and Dai Yuan and defended the capital. Wang DUNWAN resented and sent troops in 322 to capture Jiankang. Diao Xie and others were killed, which was called the rebellion of wangdun. Emperor yuan of Jin Dynasty was frightened and died of grief and indignation. Prince Shao succeeded to the throne for Emperor Ming of Jin Dynasty. At that time, Wang Dun wanted to usurp the throne and moved to Gushu (now Dangtu County, Anhui Province), but he was critically ill in 324. The emperor of Jin and Ming ordered a crusade, which was successful. Because Wang Dao didn't disobey, Wang's family was still valued by Jin's office.

In the third year of Taining (325), the emperor of Jin and Ming died, and the crown prince Yanji was established for the emperor of Jin. He was assisted by Wang Dao and his cousin Yu Liang. At that time, the military towns were divided into taokan guarding Jingxiang area and Sujun and zuyue guarding Huainan area. Tao Kan suspected that Yu Liang's intervention made him dissatisfied with his failure to assist politics. In order to guard against Tao Kan, Yu Liang took charge of Wuchang. Because Su Jun and zuyue were dissatisfied with Yu Liang's policy of consolidating the central government, they rebelled in 327. The following year, the Soviet Union captured the capital and threatened emperor Jin Cheng. Yu Liang fled to Xunyang (today's Jiujiang City in Jiangxi Province), which is known as the Sujun rebellion. At this time, Tao Kan waited and waited, and Wenqiao urged him to attack Su Jun. Su Jun was killed in battle. In 329, Tao Wen's allied forces recovered the capital and successfully put an end to the chaos. After that, Yu Liang pleaded guilty and transferred to Wuhu, where Wang Dao was in power.

In 334, Tao Kan died, and Yu Liang took his place. He still controlled the court and had a bad relationship with Wang Dao.

After the fifth year of Xiankang (339), Wang Dao and Yu Liang died one after another. Yu Yi was in charge of Jingzhou military power.

In the second year of Yonghe (346), Huan Wen, the general of Anxi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, attacked Shu. In March of the next year, he conquered Chengdu, and the Chenghan regime, which controlled the upper reaches of the Han River and Sichuan Basin, perished. At this point, the Eastern Jin Dynasty unified the South and confronted the latter Zhao across the Qinling Huaihe River.

The Eastern Jin Dynasty itself did not have strong strength, mainly relying on the natural danger of the Yangtze River, and relying on the Prime Minister Wang Dao's call to move south to seek refuge in the Central Plains. Wang Dao selected more than 100 northern celebrities as subordinate officials, and united with the southern families to obtain their support. However, conflicts often occurred between the northern and southern ethnic groups, and civil strife occurred frequently, which led to the instability of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

To the South

Since emperor Huai of Jin Dynasty moved to Jiankang town from Sima Rui, the grandbrother of Langya king, the political group of Wang's Sima Rui began to watch the exiled regimes of Luoyang and Chang'an in the Central Plains, showing extremely negative psychology of being prosperous. In fact, Sima Rui, who had been deeply influenced by the former Donghai king, could not get rid of Sima's dark psychology that power was the only thing he wanted to do, regardless of his brothers and brothers, which subjectively determined the hypocrisy of Langya King Qin, the Central Plains and Guanzhong. Sima's and Wang's families had not established prestige in the former Soochow gentry. Objectively, it was decided that the group could not fight the Hun Han Army in the Central Plains wholeheartedly, not to mention the risk, so it was secretly settled in Jiangdong.

The terrain of the south is very dangerous. It has the natural danger of the Yangtze River. It is easy to defend but difficult to attack. It is very easy to defend and has strategic advantages. Since the victory of the Feishui war, the situation between the north and the South has been stable. The border between the north and the south is roughly divided by the Yangtze River. In the south, water and land transportation is very convenient, trade is frequent, and commodity economy is developed, which is conducive to increasing the revenue of the national treasury.

Because of the minority's entering the Central Plains, they are more exposed to the Chinese culture, and gradually developed into the same living habits with the Han nationality, and then integrated by the Han nationality. Since the Wei, Jin, northern and Southern Dynasties, the northern part of the Central Plains has formed a population structure with Han nationality as the main population and other ethnic minorities living together, making China a multi-ethnic country with similar living habits.

After the destruction of Wu state in the Western Jin Dynasty, the southern gentry was excluded and it was very difficult to enter the official career. Lu Ji recommended that he follow the exterior and interior cloud: as for Jingzhou and Yangzhou, there are hundreds of thousands of households each. Today, there is no Lang in Yangzhou, but no one in Jiangnan of Jingzhou is an official in the capital. Of course, the southern gentry were not satisfied with their official career of dominating the Central Plains. Wang Dao wanted to establish the Eastern Jin Dynasty with the Central Plains scholars as the backbone in the old territory of Wu state, so it became extremely important to contact the southern scholars. At the beginning of emperor yuan's arrival in Jiankang, the southern scholars ignored him, and no one came to see him for more than half a year. Wang Dao was very worried and discussed with his brother Wang Dun to create prestige for the emperor. On a festival, Wang Dao invited the emperor of Jin and Yuan to go on a tour. Wang Dun, Wang Dao and the northern celebrities all rode with them, showing the dignity of the emperor of Jin and yuan. Gu Rong, a scholar from the south, peeped through the door. He was shocked and led to the roadside. Wang Dao told the emperor that Gu Rong and he Xun were the leaders of the southern gentry. When they were recruited to serve, the rest of the gentry naturally came. Emperor Jin Yuan sent Wang Dao to invite Gu and he in person. They were ordered to meet emperor Jin Yuan. From then on, the southern gentry became a part of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

The gentry must speak Luoyang dialect, and marriage must be measured strictly. Wang Dao often spoke Wu language in order to contact the southern gentry. The northern gentry were arrogant and said that Wang Dao had no special skills, but could only speak Wu dialect. Wang Dao once asked Lu Huan to marry him. Lu said that trees can't grow on hills, herbs and smelly grass can't be put together, and I can't make incest cases. The fact that the northern gentry despised Wu dialect was that they despised the southern gentry. The southern gentry refused to marry the northern gentry, which was modest on the surface, but actually despised the northern gentry. Lu Huan once fell ill eating cheese at Wang Dao's house. He wrote to Wang Dao and said that although I was from Wu, I was almost a ghost. This shows that the boundary between the northern and southern gentry is very clear, the political status of the northern gentry is higher than that of the southern gentry, and the southern gentry is not convinced. Zhou Yu, a strong family in Yixing County, was lightly insulted by the northern scholars, and was ready to fight against the ruling officials. He replaced the northern scholars with the southern scholars. After the plot came to light, he became angry and became ill. When he died, he told his son Zhou Xie to say, "I was angry to death by those rotten sons. If you can get revenge, you are my son.". Zhou Xie gathered some strong men who resented the northern scholars and planned to attack Wang Dao and Diao Xie. After the defeat, Wang Dao did not dare to investigate because of the strong Zhou family. Before the Jin and Yuan emperors, Wang Dao's political measures were mainly to strive for the relative balance between the northern and southern gentry. Because of Wang Dao's forbearance, it was basically successful.

The key to Wang Dao's political success lies in his economic interests. The gentry at all levels in the South were naturally landlords at all levels

Chinese PinYin : Dong Jin