the Wei state of the Three-Kingdoms Period
the Wei state of the Three-Kingdoms Period
The state of Wei (from December 220 to December 265) was one of the separatist regimes in the Three Kingdoms period. Later historians mostly called it Cao Wei. Because the later Northern Wei was called "Hou Wei", so Cao Wei was also called "Qian Wei" or "Xian Wei", which was the most powerful country in the Three Kingdoms.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when the world was in chaos, Cao Cao gradually strengthened his power in the warlords' scuffle, and controlled the Eastern Han court, which laid the foundation for the establishment of Cao Wei. When Cao Cao was appointed Duke of Wei, he ruled ye, where Wei Jun was located in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Therefore, Emperor Xian of Han granted him "Duke of Wei" and "king of Wei". In the first year of Yankang (220), Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty to abdicate and formally replaced the Han Dynasty. Cao Wei was established and its capital was Luoyang. In the second year of Xianxi (265), Sima Yan usurped Wei and changed the name of the state to Jin. Cao Wei perished.
Because Cao Wei occupied the Central Plains in the Three Kingdoms, his national strength was far stronger than that of Shu Han and Dongwu. During the period of Cao Wei, the most important reform was Chen Qun's nine grades system, which had a profound impact on the politics of the Jin Dynasty, the southern and Northern Dynasties. In terms of territory, it inherited the rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty in the western regions, established the Changshi mansion of the western regions for management, and merged the northern part of the Korean peninsula into the territory after the expedition of Koguryo without frugality. The southern states were roughly bounded by Qinling, Huaihe, Shu and Wu. In 263 A.D., Yizhou and nanzhong were included in the territory of Shu Han. The territory of Cao Wei was about 4 million square kilometers.
history
Rise in troubled times
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in the imperial court, relatives and eunuchs fought for power, which made the imperial court fall into a cycle of internal struggle. At the local level, the powerful landlords all over the country annexed land and squeezed the people, which made the people miserable. In addition to the continuous natural disasters, the common people have raised their poles and become the fuse of the separatist regime. In the first year of Zhongping (184), the yellow scarf uprising broke out. Although the main force of the yellow scarf army was suppressed in the same year, it dealt a heavy blow to the rule of the Han Dynasty, and made the decadent Eastern Han Dynasty fall apart.
In 189, the relatives represented by He Jin and the eunuch represented by Shi Chang Shi died together in the struggle for power and profit. The Liangzhou warlord Dong Zhuo took advantage of the opportunity to enter Luoyang and took charge of the power alone. The local officials took advantage of the opportunity to attack Dong Zhuo and raised their troops one after another. The landlords also organized "private armed forces" to occupy the territory and form a large and small separatist regime power.
Cao Cao was born in an official family. His adopted grandfather was Cao Teng, a eunuch. He served four generations of the emperor. He was granted the title of FeiTing Marquis when he was Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty. Cao Cao's father, Cao song, was Cao Teng's adopted son. He was an official to a Taiwei in the reign of Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty. After the collapse of the Guandong allied forces, Cao Cao began to fight everywhere. He first broke through Yu Du, Bai Rao, Sui Gu, Yu Fuluo and so on, occupied Yanzhou, and reorganized 300000 yellow scarf troops in Qingzhou.
In the first year of Jian'an (196), Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, who was established by Cao Cao and traveled eastward, began to "serve the emperor to order but not the officials" (Yuan Shao, Liu Bei and other princes thought that they "took the emperor to order the princes"), and attacked the princes in the name of the imperial court; they successively broke Yuan Shu, destroyed Lu Bu, descended Zhang Xiu and expelled Liu Bei. They developed into Yanzhou, Yuzhou, Xuzhou, some Sili, Yongzhou and other central plains areas.
In the fifth year of Jian'an (200 years), Yuan Shao and Cao Cao launched a decisive battle in Guandu. Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao, and then used seven years to pacify Hebei, pacify the southern Huns, attack Wuhuan and unify the north.
In the 13th year of Jian'an (208), Cao Cao led his army to the south to unify the whole country. However, because Cao's army did not adapt to the geographical environment of the south, he was defeated by Sun Quan and Liu Beifang in the battle of Chibi due to acclimatization, epidemic, southeast wind and other factors. Because Cao's army was mostly injured by the former Liu Biao's army, sun Liu's forces could not shake Cao Cao's regime. Because of the setback from the south, Cao Cao turned his sword to the northwest, successively eliminated the eleven branches of guanxi, Zhang Lu and other separatist forces, and occupied the land of Longxi. However, because Cao Cao was very old, he only controlled the Central Plains and Longxi area in the end. From then on, Cao Cao, sun Cao and Liu became powerful. Later, Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty made Cao Cao king of Wei.
The founding of Cao Wei
In 213, Cao Cao was granted the title of Duke of Wei by Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty.
In Cao Cao's later years, Cao Pi, with the help of Sima Yi, Wu Zhi and other ministers, defeated his younger brother Cao Zhi in the fight for the right of inheritance and became the son of the world. After the death of Cao Cao, Cao Pi succeeded to the throne of Wei, accepted Chen Qun's suggestion, established the nine grade system of Zhongzheng, and successively put down the rebellion of Jiuquan, Zhangye and Wuwei, and took back the three counties of Shangyong. In October of the first year of Yankang (December 10, 220), Cao Pi became emperor of the Han Dynasty, changed the Yuan Dynasty to the early yellow Dynasty, and established the capital of Luoyang.
After Cao Pi ascended the throne, he insisted on monopolizing power and set up Zhongshu province. His officials were replaced by scholars. The responsibility of drafting imperial edicts originally assumed by shangshulang was transferred to Zhongshu province officials, and the power of opportunity gradually shifted to Zhongshu province. At the same time, it restricted the power of eunuchs and their relatives, issued orders that "those who are eunuchs should not pass the orders of various departments", "officials should not act as empress dowagers, and the families of the later families should not be assistant officials, nor should they be subject to the rank of Mao Tu", which ensured that there was no political crisis caused by the interference of eunuchs and their relatives. To seize the power of the vassal. The fiefdoms of Cao Wei's vassal kings were often changed, and they had no power to govern or fight. Their actions were strictly monitored, which was like imprisonment. Although this policy drew lessons from the chaos of the Han Dynasty, it left hidden dangers, which led to the weak clan and the inability to prevent foreign ministers from seizing power in the future.
In economy, Cao Pi continued to develop the system of land reclamation, carried out the grain and silk exchange, stabilized the social order, removed the ban, lightened the tariff, prohibited private enmity, widely discussed the light punishment, and recuperated with the people, so as to restore the stability and prosperity of the northern region. He also advocated thrift and light burial, and issued an imperial edict to prohibit heavy burial and excessive sacrifice.
In culture, Cao Pi attached great importance to culture and education. In 221, the second year of the second year of the reign of the Yellow Emperor, it was ordered that counties with a population of more than 100000 should inspect one Xiaolian every year. If there were outstanding talents, they could not be restricted by their registered permanent residence. In 224 of the fifth year of Huangchu, Confucius was granted the title of "Zongsheng Hou" by his posterity, Confucius Temple was rebuilt, Confucianism was greatly promoted in various places, Taixue was established, the five classics examination method was set up, and Chunqiu Guliang doctor was established. In a short time, the feudal orthodox culture will be revived.
Militarily, Cao Pi sent troops to break the alliance of Qiang and Hu in the Hexi area in 221, and Cao Wei's forces were able to enter the Hexi area, and then sent envoys to restore the control of the Central Plains Dynasty over the western regions. In the same year, Sun Quan became a vassal of Cao Wei and was granted the title of King Wu by Emperor Wen of Wei. In addition, Cao Wei defeated Xianbei many times and consolidated Northern Xinjiang. However, Cao Pi had made three large-scale expeditions to the eastern Wu Dynasty, but all of them failed.
In general, during the seven years of Cao Pi's reign, northern production was restored. By the end of the early yellow Dynasty, Cao Wei's National Treasury had been enriched, accumulating tens of thousands of dollars, basically solving the problem of inflation caused by the war, expanding its territory, and further strengthening Cao Wei's strength.
explore and expand
In 226, Cao Pi died, and Cao Rui ascended the throne in Luoyang for emperor Wei Ming. With the help of Cao Zhen, Cao Xiu, Chen Qun and Sima Yi, he began his 12 year ruling career.
After Cao Rui succeeded to the throne, Cao Wei spent most of his time fighting with Shuhan and Dongwu. For example, Sun Quan attacked Jiangxia and Xiangyang in the seventh year of Huangchu (226), Mengda rebelled in the first year of Taihe (227), Xianbei and Shuhan in the fifth year of Taihe (231), Zhuge Liang attacked Cao Wei five times until the second year of Qinglong (234), and Sun Quan attacked Hefei in the second year of Qinglong (234). Cao Rui successfully resisted these internal and external wars. He used Cao Zhen, Zhang Ying, Sima Yi, man Chong, Tian Yu and other famous generals to fight against Zhuge Liang, Sun Quan and Ke bineng, but Shu Han, Wu and Xianbei did not get an inch.
In the third year of Qinglong (235), Zhuge Liang died of illness in wuzhangyuan, and the situation on the Wei Shu border slowed down. In the same year, kebineng was killed by the assassins sent by Cao Wei. Xianbei was "scattered and attacked each other. The strong fled far away, and the weak please serve". Northern Xinjiang was also stable.
In 238, Cao Rui sent Sima Yi to attack Gongsun yuan, and Liaodong was pacified. After that, Liu Xin and Lelang were sent to Haiding Prefecture of Siyue. All Korean officials gave Yijun yinshou, followed by the governor. The common good clothes, the next family Yijun chaoye, are fake clothes, self service yinshou clothes more than a thousand people. At the end of the same year, Cao Rui was critically ill and appointed Cao Yu, the king of Yan, as the general. Cao Yu refused to take part in future affairs. Cao Rui listened to the words of Liu Fang and Sun Zi in Zhongshu and changed Cao Shuang into the general and worked with Sima Yi to assist politics.
In the later period of Cao Rui's rule, he built a lot of buildings, abused the people's power, and failed to support the orphans when he died, which led to the political turmoil.
Cao Fang was succeeded by Sima Yi and Cao Shuang. Cao Shuang was arrogant and domineering. He was good at ruling and suppressing dissidents, and even empress dowager Guo was under house arrest. Sima Yi kept a low profile and stayed dormant until Cao Shuang group was defeated in gaopingling incident, and Sima family began to lose power. During this period, although the government of the Cao Wei Dynasty was turbulent, the road of opening up its territory to the outside world was a triumphant one. It defeated Koguryo twice before and after, broke Dongyu, Pingyu, and destroyed Hanyu. Half of the Korean Peninsula was incorporated into the territory of the Cao Wei Dynasty.
one 's power has been transferred into the hands of others
After that, Sima Yi, his son Sima Shi and Sima Zhao successively suppressed the military rebellions ("Huainan three rebellions") which started in Huainan, including Wang Ling (251, the third year of Jiaping), Wu Qiujian (255, the second year of Zhengyuan) and Zhuge birthday (257, the second year of Ganlu), and consolidated the rule of Sima. Cao Fang and Cao Mao had planned to eradicate Sima family, but they both failed.
In February of the sixth year of Jiaping (254), Zhongshu ordered Li Feng and Zhang Ji, the father of empress Zhang, to abolish Sima Shi and make Xia Hou Xuan a general. When the matter came to light, Sima Shi found out his "clothes"
Chinese PinYin : Cao Wei
