Eastern Han Dynasty
Eastern Han Dynasty
The Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 years) is another unified Central Plains Dynasty after the Western Han Dynasty in Chinese history. It is said that there are 14 emperors in eight dynasties, enjoying the country for 195 years. It is collectively referred to as the two Han Dynasties with the Western Han Dynasty.
At the end of the new dynasty, the red eyebrow uprising broke out in the green forest, and Liu Xiu, the patriarch of the Western Han Dynasty, took advantage of the situation. In 25 A.D., Liu Xiu was named emperor in Luocheng, and later his capital was set in Luoyang, which continued the title of "Han" and was known as the Eastern Han Dynasty in history. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the power of Sangong was greatly weakened, and the power of Shangshutai was promoted. During the reign of Emperor Ming and Emperor Zhang of Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty entered its heyday, which is known as the rule of Ming and Zhang in history. In the later period of emperor Zhang of Han Dynasty, his relatives became more and more domineering. After emperor Hanhe succeeded to the throne, he wiped out his relatives and made the national strength of the Eastern Han Dynasty reach its peak, which is called the rise of Yongyuan in history.
In the middle and later period of Eastern Han Dynasty, the Empress Dowager called the system, and her relatives were in charge of the government. The young monarch mostly relied on the eunuch to be in charge of the government. During the reign of emperor Huan and Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty, the peasants were fatuous, overcharged, and sold their official positions. Under the multiple cruel pressure, the peasants could not bear the heavy burden. In 184, the yellow scarf rebellion broke out. The imperial court ordered the counties to recruit troops on their own, which basically calmed down the civil uprising, but led to the support of local powerful soldiers and self-respect. In the first year of Chuping (190), Dong Zhuo moved the capital to Chang'an with Emperor Xian. Since then, the imperial court lost power, which opened the prelude of warlords' scuffle in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. After Dong Zhuo was killed, he returned to the West in the first year of Jian'an (196), and Cao Cao welcomed Han Xiandi and moved his capital to Xuchang. In 220 AD, Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty, and the Eastern Han Dynasty was destroyed, entering the period of the Three Kingdoms.
The Eastern Han Dynasty made outstanding achievements in culture, science and technology, military, Buddhism and so on. In culture, Zheng Xuan pushed the study of Confucian classics to the peak and created Zheng's study. In science and technology, Cai Lun improved papermaking, Zhang Heng invented the seismograph and armillary sphere. In military, he forced the northern Huns to move westward. During this period, Buddhism spread to China through Baima temple. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the powerful landlords expanded and formed aristocratic families. The Xiongnu, Qiang, Di and other nationalities moved in. After the northern Xiongnu moved to the west, the Xianbei people occupied Mobei, which had a profound impact on later generations.
National name
Liu Xiu is the ninth grandson of Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty. He is a descendant of the Han Dynasty. He continued the title of "Han" and built his capital Luoyang. Because Luoyang is in the east of Chang'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, he is called the Eastern Han Dynasty. The Western Han Dynasty is in the front, the Eastern Han Dynasty is in the back, also known as the later Han Dynasty.
history
The end of the new century
At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, social contradictions intensified unprecedentedly. After Wang Mang established the new dynasty on behalf of Han Dynasty, he successively promulgated a series of new policies, such as "Wang Tian Ling", "private ownership Ling", in an effort to alleviate the increasingly intensified social contradictions. However, Wang Mang's reform touched the vested interests of the great powers and many upper level bureaucrats, and met with fierce opposition and exclusion, as well as the idealism and blind worship of the ancient. At the end of the new dynasty, floods and droughts continued, and finally the uprising of Greenwood and Chimei broke out in the reign of Xinmang Tianfeng. For a time, all sides responded and the world was in chaos. Finally, the self-help reform from the top to the bottom of the feudal ruling class ended in failure.
Liu Xiu is the ninth grandson of Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty. His father Liu Qin was the magistrate of Jiyang County (now Lankao County, Henan Province) and Nandun county. After the outbreak of the uprising in Chimei and Lvlin, Liu Xiu and his elder brother Liu Yan resumed the rule of Liu's family name in the third year (22nd year) of the Dihuang reign of the new dynasty. They started in Chongling and formed the "Chongling army". In the 23rd year of emperor Wangmang's reign, Liu Xiu destroyed Xinmang's army in the battle of Kunyang, which indicated that Xinmang's military power to maintain its rule was exhausted. In the same year, the green forest army conquered Xuchang, and Wang Mang died at the hands of the volunteers. After Liu Xuan, the northern capital of Luoyang, was sent to Fuzhou County in Hebei Province. Naipo Wang Lang, the powerful landlord of Hebei Province, led his clan, guests and children to join him successively, which made him stand firm in Hebei Province.
After that, Liu Xiu refused to listen to the orders of the regime. In the autumn of the same year, they forced to land and reorganized Tongma and other peasant uprisings, and gradually became independent. Soon, it broke with the reformed regime.
The founding of the Eastern Han Dynasty
In June of the 25th year of the reform, the red eyebrow Army established Liu Penzi, a descendant of the Han Dynasty, as emperor Jianshi. On the 22nd day of the same month (August 5th, 25th), Liu Xiu ascended the throne at wuchengmo (today's Shilipu, Hebei Province) of nanqianqiu Pavilion in Pei (today's Baixiang County, Hebei Province). The title of the state is still "Han", and the Emperor Guangwu, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, changed his name to Jianwu. At that time, the number of guanxi was the bronze horse emperor.
After Liu Xiuding took Luoyang as his capital, he set Nanyang as his auxiliary capital and started the war of unification of the Eastern Han Dynasty. He successively eliminated dozens of separatist forces, such as the red eyebrow army who occupied Guanzhong and was known as one million, kaixiao who was king of Longyou and Gongsun Shu who was king of Xishu. After 11 years of expeditions, Liu Xiu finally wiped out the last separatist power Gongsun Shu in AD 36. Since then, after nearly 19 years of dispute and scuffle in the last years of Xinmang, China has once again been unified.
The Reign of Emperor Guangwu
In view of the historical lessons of the Western Han Dynasty, such as the interference of powerful officials, the usurpation of the state by his relatives, and the local power, Liu Xiu first devoted himself to rectifying the official administration, strengthening the centralization of power, and preventing the dictatorship of the meritorious officials, the imperial princes and their relatives. Although they were granted the titles of meritorious officials, they were not allowed to interfere in political affairs. It also restricted the power of the princes and their relatives.
Liu Xiu's main idea of "judo governing the country" made most of the founding generals return home to enjoy preferential treatment instead of participating in politics. At that time, Deng Yu, Li Tong and Jia Fu were the only three meritorious officials who were able to participate in the great politics. These people are also well aware of Liu Xiu's mind, and "plagiarize (eliminate) Jiabing, dun Confucianism", in order to avoid suspicion. Liu Xiu is more alert to ministers. At the time of Jianwu, most of those who served as the chief apprentice were attacked, such as Fu Zhan's dismissal, Han Xin's being forced to commit suicide, and Ouyang she and Dai she all died in prison for their crimes, which is known in history as "it's difficult for a minister to live in the same position.".
Therefore, Liu Xiuzhi's purpose is to improve the autocratic imperial power. Liu Xiu had a more strict control over the princes and their relatives. In the 24th year of Jianwu (48th year), Liu Xiu reiterated the law of a fu fan in the Western Han Dynasty, forbidding kings from communicating with guests and forming parties for personal gain. In A.D. 52, he used the excuse to search for the guests of the princes and "thousands of dead people sitting there". After Emperor Han and Ming ascended the throne, there were more and more big prisons.
In the administrative system, Liu Xiu further suppressed and seized the powers of the three officials, making the national government affairs run by the Shangshutai, and finally dominated by the emperor; on the other hand, he strengthened the supervision system, and improved the authority and status of the officials who were censored, such as Zhongcheng, Xiaowei and the censor. In addition, more than 400 counties in the whole country were merged, and the official posts were reduced to one tenth.
After the world calmed down, Liu Xiu attached great importance to the recovery and development of production and people's life, and began to focus on the development of production, improving people's livelihood and restoring national strength. Liu Xiu also took many measures to stabilize people's livelihood and restore the broken social economy. In the sixth year of Jianwu, an imperial edict was issued to restore the old system of thirty taxes and one tax. Compared with the later period of the Western Han Dynasty and during the war, the burden of feudal rent and corvee in the early Eastern Han Dynasty was reduced. He issued imperial edicts nine times to release slaves, or to improve their legal status, so that a large number of slaves were exempt from being common people, and refugees returned to the countryside to promote production. During his reign, the production and life destroyed by the war were rapidly restored, and the number of population and cultivated land was greatly increased“
The Reign of Emperor Guangwu
”。
In the 26th year of Jianwu, Emperor Guangwu ordered to rectify the administration of officials, set up six ministers to take charge of state affairs, further weakened the power of the three gongs (Taiwei, situ, Sikong); at the same time, checked the land, set new taxes, revitalized agriculture, and gradually stabilized the people's life. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, with the revival of Guangwu, the social economy recovered to a certain extent, the culture further developed, and the academic atmosphere was strong. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the local tyrants controlled a large number of land and farming farmers, established large-scale farms, developed self-sufficient farm economy, and even had private armed forces, all of which became the factors of social instability.
The rule of Mingzhang
After the death of Emperor Guangwu, Emperor Hanming ascended the throne. They ordered Dou Gu and Geng Bing to invade the northern Xiongnu. The Han army arrived at Tianshan Mountain, attacked King Huyan, beheaded him more than 1000 times, chased Pu Lei Hai (today's Balikun Lake in Xinjiang) and occupied Yiwu. Therefore, all the countries in the western regions sent their sons to serve them. In the second year, they restored the capital of the western regions. Therefore, "the western regions have lost their power for 65 years, but they have recovered.". However, Yanqi and Qiuci soon rebelled and captured the Duhufu of western regions. After emperor Zhang of Han Dynasty ascended the throne, he did not want to dismiss Duhufu because of the depression of western regions.
Yongping 12 years (69 years), located in today's Yunnan, Myanmar, the northern area of Ailao state, the whole country attached to the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Han and Ming emperor to set up Yongchang County. Ailao is a place starting from Ailao Mountain in the East, Minjin mountain in the north of Myanmar in the west, south of Xishuangbanna in the south, and south of Himalayas in the north. Ailao has initially established China's rule over Yunnan.
In addition, with the normal development of foreign exchanges, Buddhism began to spread to China at the end of the Western Han Dynasty. When Emperor Ming heard that there was a God in the western regions, who was called Buddha, he sent envoys to Tianzhu to seek his books and Samantha, and built China's first Buddhist temple, Baima temple, in Luoyang. In the reign of Emperor Ming, the administration of officials was relatively clear and the territory was stable. They issued many edicts to appease the refugees, granted the poor people with the public land of the prefecture, loaned food, and built water conservancy. According to historical records, at that time, people settled their businesses and registered permanent residence. At the end of Emperor Guangwu, the national population was more than 21 million, and by the end of emperor Hanzhang, the population had reached more than 43 million.
During the reign of emperor Zhang and Emperor Zhang of the Ming Dynasty, they adhered to Liu Xiu's legacy and took strict precautions against Qi Xun and his ministers; repeatedly issued imperial edicts to appease the refugees and provide relief to the widows, widows, the lonely and the poor nine times; completed the construction of bianqu, eliminated the destruction of Hebian since Pingdi of the Western Han Dynasty; managed the western regions, severed the right arm of Xiongnu, and restored the Duhufu and Wuji Xiaowei of the western regions. According to historical records, "the world is peaceful and the people are rich", known as“
The rule of Mingzhang
”。
The dispute between Qi and officials
Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty was the first to appoint his relatives. After the death of emperor Zhang of Han Dynasty, Emperor Liu Zhao of Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne at the age of 10, and Empress Dowager Dou was called emperor system. Empress Dowager Dou relied on her relatives, and the Qi of the Dou family began to exercise dictatorship. In the fourth year of Yongyuan, Emperor he of Han Dynasty joined the throne
Chinese PinYin : Dong Han
