Liu Xianting

Liu Xianting

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Liu Xianting (September 13, 1648 to August 15, 1695) was a geographer in the early Qing Dynasty. Junxian word, a word after Zhuang, another name guangyangzi. His ancestral home is Wu County, Jiangsu Province, and his father is an official Taiyi. Liu xiantingxi studied Buddhist sutra, read Huayan Sutra, read Sanskrit, Latin and Mongolian, and realized the change of four tones. He tasted new rhyme spectrum and called the initial consonant "Rhyme" and "rhyme father". Liu Xianting is good at accepting new ideas and theories, and has strong national and democratic thoughts. Some people call the scholars represented by him "Guangyang school".

brief account of the author's life

Born on July 26, Shunzhi, he was fond of reading. He often stayed up all night until he was blind. Chuang Tzu is his favorite book, so his word is "Ji Zhuang". In the fifth year of Kangxi (1666), Wu Sangui killed King GUI of Nanming Dynasty. When Xianting was 19 years old, his parents had died. His family was hidden in Wujiang, and they lost their property because they helped the poor from time to time. After that, it was hidden in Wujiang until the outbreak of San Francisco rebellion in 1673. After the rebellion in San Francisco was settled, Xianting's wife died, so Xianting left her family and left her son to live a wandering life. In 1687, Xianting, recommended by Wan Sitong, went north to be hired by Xu Qian. He joined the Museum of Ming history in Beijing. He revised Li Zhi of Ming history and Henan Zhi of the unification of Qing Dynasty. He "traversed Jiuzhou and saw its mountains and rivers", and met famous scholars at that time, such as Wang Yuan. In 1690, he left Beijing and returned to Wu. In July and August of the next year, the river went westward. In winter, he arrived in Hengzhou, Hunan Province, and spent the Spring Festival in the Department of simaru Yifeng (Ziting). On the 18th of the first month of the next year, I began to visit Nanyue. I got to know Wang Fuzhi and respected him very much. In April of 1693, the Emperor Kangxi offered his court to Zhaoling (Zhaoling, Hunan Province, on the East Bank of Xiangjiang River, 30km south of Zhuzhou). He came to Hunan on the winter solstice and wrote many words about the local customs. He left here until April the next day. When he passed through Hanyang, he was entertained by Zhang Shoumin, the order of Hanyang, but Zhang never mentioned the revival, and Xianting sighed to himself. After that, he traveled eastward from Hanyang and stayed in Jiangxi for a long time before returning to his hometown. In the spring of 1695, Xianting revisited the West Lake. He died of illness on July 6. He was buried with his wife, Zhang's family, in Wujiang tomb hill. There are only five volumes of Guangyang Zaji.

Academic achievements

Liu Xianting advocated that learning should be practical and beneficial to the future generations. He also paid attention to on-the-spot investigation and made great contributions to calendar, mathematics and phonology, especially in geography. According to the records of Guangyang Zaji, he has unique views on the ancient and modern climate change, the similarities and differences of local phenology, the erosion of rivers, and the influence of geographical location on urban development. He thinks that it is not enough for geography books to only talk about "personnel" according to fixed items, but also must elaborate "the reason of heaven and earth", that is, to explore the laws of nature, and point out the direction for how to study geography.

List of works

Geography

(1) The lost of Qin Bian Jiu Wei Tu (2) Chu Shui Tu Ji (3) Shui Jing Zhu Shu (4) Jiang Han Yuan Xiang Ji (4)

history

(1) The history of the Ming Dynasty has not been completed (2) the official system of the early Ming Dynasty has been lost (3) the picture of promotion has been lost (4) the chronological draft of xuzhushu has been lost (5) the chronology of Gangmu has been lost (6) the patriarchal clan system has not been completed

Phonology

(1) The lost of xinyunpu

literature

(1) Guangyang collection lost (2) Guangyang poetry collection doubtful (3) Lisao jingshuolu lost

other

(1) Diaries: selected from Guangyang Zaji, lost (2), Guangyang Zaji, lost (3), rizhilu, lost (4) YOUPU. Among them, xinyunpu, Mingshi and shuijingzhushu were the three books that he wanted to complete in his life. As a result, only xinyunpu was found in the three books, and the other book failed, just as Quan Zuwang said: "fan Jizhuang's works are very successful Quantity is not something one can do in a moment. "

Ideas and viewpoints

Spirit

The greatest characteristic of his thought is that it shows the spirit of intellectuals. It was a shame that the intellectuals at that time did not dare to step out of their study. They thought that today's scholars knew the past but did not know the present. Among them, they are particularly averse to the intellectual's pursuit of profit. They think that man is the embodiment of heaven, who can uphold justice for heaven and spread heaven's virtue of good living to the world. When people fight against Qi Yun, their families can abandon it, because Wang daozhong attaches great importance to human feelings and stands in the position of the people in the world.

On learning Tao

Besides sutras, histories, books and collections, he also read Buddhist scriptures and Taoist Scriptures. Among them, the Buddhist scriptures paid the most attention to the rhymes of the middle Ming Dynasty. In the aspect of learning Taoism, Xianting appreciated beizong, a Taoist school that practiced both life and death.

Historical records of the Qing Dynasty

Life

They lived in Wujiang for a long time. When he was young, he was fond of reading and often sleepless at night. His parents pitied him and forbade him from plastering. The left humerus was broken. Juheng falling down, quietly open clothes, wandering in the wind and dust. In the face of national changes, he was eager to manage the world, so he was not a good Baron to clean himself. His studies include Xiang Wei, Lu Li, frontier fortress, Guan Yao, Cai Fu, military administration, Qihuang and Shi laojia. He is generous and tries to destroy property and help others. When his wife died, his family was destroyed. So want to traverse Kyushu, see its mountains and rivers situation. He visited the lost, made friends with his heroes, observed his local customs, and collected anecdotes to help him hear and see, and cross examined what he had learned. Xu Qian collected many books, and spent the whole river in the north and the south, where the old people vied with each other. Vance is the same as the book, reading everything. He only wants to read the history of Ming Dynasty. Gu Zuyu and Huang Yi, who lived in Xianchang, also quoted Mr. Yu to predict the event of yitongzhi. Mr. Zhu said: "the archaeology of Zhugong is abundant, but not practical." Wang Yuan alone, sun and discussion, the change of yin and Yang in heaven and earth, Bo Wang's outline, the art of war, articles, Canon system, the key of square field, the rise and fall of ancient and modern times, the evil and right of modern talents. Mr. Yu said that he had a unique insight into the way of sound. He was able to study the mystery of nature and was not confused. The new rhyme spectrum was written in Huayan. It was written in Tianzhu, tuoroni, texila, Xiaoxitian Sanskrit, Tianfang, Mongolian and Jurchen. It was also proved by Lin Yichang of Liao Dynasty that he was more confident. The method is as follows: first, set up two nasal sounds as the rhyme source; there are opening and closing, each turning Yin and yang to go up and enter; Yin and yang are two levels up and down, a total of ten tones, without going through the seven positions of throat, palate, tongue, teeth and lip, so there are horizontal turns without direct delivery; then the loss of rhyme overlap is equivalent. After that, we know that there are still some not refined ones in lading dialect, Nuzhen Guoshu and Sanskrit. We take the four as the right larynx, and from then on we can get Banyin, Zhuanyin, Fuyin, Songyin and bianlarynx. The first is the Northeast rhyme school, the second is the southwest rhyme school. Therefore, the voice of the larynx is consistent with each other, and the voice is seventeen; the voice of the larynx and the nasal voice are consistent with each other, and the voice is ten; and the voice is five. A total of 30 sounds for rhyme father. The twenty-two vowels in the rhyme calendar are the finals, and there are five characters in the horizontal turn. If you want to compose the four local vowels, you should take the new rhyme spectrum as the main one, and fill in the four local vowels so that you can print them correctly. Mr. Yi also said that Zhuzi's Compendium was not written by himself, so it was circuitous but not incisive, so it should not be written as annals. It is also said that fangyushu is mainly from the North Pole. All these theories have not been published before. However, the volume of his writings was not one person's ability at one time, so although he said it for a long time, he did not write a book in the end. He died in Wujiang at the age of 40. Huang Zongxia, a disciple, compiled several volumes of Guangyang Zaji.

Biography

Liu Jizhuang was named Xianting. The word Jun Xian. Shuntian Daxing County people. He was born in Wu. It's an official doctor. Then the family went to heaven. In the 19th year of Jizhuang. He lived in Wuzhong. After that, he lived in Wujiang for 30 years. Travel to Chu later. Find and return to Wu. When you are old, you go back to the north. He was against Wu. Corporal Xu Shangshu of Kunshan. More books. The north and the south of the river are competing with the old. After the village tour. Don't have any experience. Not with others. Wanyinjun Jiye. Read everything in a book. But I'm most interested in Jizhuang. Reference to the history of Ming Dynasty. Gu Yinjun, Jingfan. Huang Yinhong. He is good at geography. He also quoted Zhuang Ji to participate in yitongzhi. Jizhuang said that Zhugong had more than enough archaeology. But not practical. And its return. Mr. Wan especially cherishes it. Yu Duyi, after Zhuang Zuoyu changed his steps. Meet Kunshan brothers. The old soldier died of cloth clothes. It also inhabits between Wu tou and Chu Wei. Desert is not the idea of elm. There will be nothing close to the actions of those who escape. It can't be ridiculous. And there is no such thing as that. And Zhugong wrote. They are all in the sea. And the book of Jizhuang. It's not very popular. Because it has not been available for 20 years. Recently, we can see Zhao's Guangyang Zaji in Hangzhou. Gaixue Jixuan and Wang Daofu are first-class. Whoops. Such talent. And the surname will be reduced to Fox and raccoon dog. I'm not afraid. After Zhuang's learning. It's about managing the world. From Xiang Wei, Lu Li, and frontier fortress, Guan Yao, financial Fu, military belonging. The flow of the yellow side. And the interpretation of Tao. No one is absent-minded. I hate the skill of carving insects. His life lies in the way of sound. Don't look. It's a matter of fortune. A hundred generations without doubt. Try to make a new rhyme. His understanding comes from Huayan. Take Tianzhu tuoroni for reference. Taixi Luding dialect. Xiaoxitianfanshu. And Tianfang, Mongolian, nvzhi, etc. It is also proved by the theory of Lin Yichang. And I'm more confident. At the same time, Wu Xiuling was the first person after Cangjie. Jizhuang said. It's because it doesn't work in Tianzhu. However, it is also the intention of Huayan.

Chinese PinYin : Liu Xian Ting