Mulan paddock

Mulan paddock

Mulan Weichang, the royal hunting garden of Qing Dynasty, is located in the northeast of Hebei Province (Weichang Manchu and Mongolian Autonomous County of Chengde City). It is located in the grassland of Inner Mongolia. Since ancient times, it has been a grassland with abundant water and grass and animal reproduction.

"Thousand li pine forest" was the hunting place of Liao emperor, and "Mulan paddock" was the place where the Qing emperor held "Mulan autumn service". In 1681, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty opened more than 10000 square kilometers of hunting ground here to train the army. In the first half of the Qing Dynasty, the emperor led princes, ministers and eight banners to shoot here every year, which was known as "Mulan autumn service". In more than 140 years from Kangxi to Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty, Mulan autumn service was held here 105 times.

Composition of paddock

Mulan paddock in history is mainly composed of Saihanba National Forest Park, Yudaokou grassland forest scenic area and Hongsongwa nature reserve

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Saihanba scenic spot

Saihanba National Forest Park is the largest forest park in northern China. It is called "saihandabahanseqin" in Mongolian, which means beautiful kaolin. In the Qing Dynasty, it was part of Mulan paddock, one of the famous royal hunting grounds.

The total area of the forest park is 1.42 million mu, including 1.06 million mu of forest landscape and 200000 mu of grassland landscape, with a forest coverage rate of 75.2%. The unique climate and long history create a special natural and cultural landscape here: there are vast forests, vast grasslands, clear plateau lakes and historical sites of the Qing Dynasty. There are many kinds of animals and plants in Saihanba, including 659 species of higher plants belonging to 312 genera of 81 families, 25 species of mammals belonging to 11 families mainly to roe deer, and 88 species of birds belonging to 27 families mainly to black grouse.

Famous scenic spots are: Kangxi dianjiangtai, jiangjunpaozi, Saihan lake, Saihan tower and Shili gallery.

Yudaokou grassland forest scenic spot

With a total area of 1000 square kilometers and an altitude of 1230-1820 meters, the scenic spot has continental monsoon plateau climate in cold temperate zone. It has 700000 mu of primitive grassland, 200000 mu of wetland, 500000 mu of natural secondary forest, 21 natural freshwater lakes, 47 springs and 13 rivers. It is one of the birthplaces of Luanhe River. There are 659 species of plants in 50 families, more than 100 species of wild animals and dozens of mountain and wild treasures, which are typical of biological diversity. In spring and summer, the grass is green and the mountain flowers are brilliant; in autumn, the forests are dyed and the wild fruits are fragrant; in winter, the silver makeup is wrapped and the jade trees are covered with flowers.

Hongsongwa scenic spot

Hongsongwa nature reserve is located in the northwest of Weichang Manchu and Mongolian Autonomous County of Hebei Province. It is a part of Mulan Weichang, the royal hunting court of Qing Dynasty, with a total area of 7300 hectares. It is a nature reserve with subalpine meadow as the main protection object.

It belongs to cold temperate monsoon climate, with cool climate in summer, and the maximum temperature generally does not exceed 25 ° C. Hongsongwa has an area of 1.1 million mu, grassland area of 200000 mu, and forest coverage rate of 78%. It is a large grassland scenic spot in the north of the county. There are many kinds of animals and plants, and abundant water and grass. It is a new tourist attraction in the county. It is located at the intersection of Inner Mongolia Plateau and northern Hebei mountainous area, with complex terrain structure and vegetation. The mountain and plateau echo each other; the hills and meadow are undulating; the rivers and lakes are scattered; the forests and grasslands are crisscrossed. In particular, the vast forest and a large area of natural grassland integrated, beautiful and spectacular.

Ecological function

Windbreak and sand fixation

The geographical location of Mulanweichang nature reserve determines that the reserve must shoulder the important task of protecting the ecological security of Beijing and Tianjin.

The forests, grasslands and wetlands in Mulanweichang nature reserve not only block the wind and sand, but also stabilize the local quicksand and play an important role in preventing wind and fixing sand. It also has the ecological functions of flood detention and water conservation, and has become the main water source of Luanhe River. The abundant animal and plant resources make Mulanweichang nature reserve a natural biological resource, gene resource and plant germplasm resource bank. The natural state of intact vegetation and perfect forest ecosystem in the reserve, as a part of global biodiversity, are precious natural resources for human beings, as well as the foundation of human future heritage and sustainable development.

Species conservation

The dense forest and primitive ecological environment of the nature reserve are paradise for all kinds of wild animals. According to the survey, there are 317 species of terrestrial wildlife and 970 species of insects in the reserve. Among them, there are 5 species of national class I protected animals, namely black stork, Golden Eagle, white headed crane, great bustard and leopard. There are 40 species of national class II protected animals.

Paddock history

Establish origin

In the Liao Dynasty, it was the summer hunting place of the Liao emperor, known as "thousand li pine forest". In the Qing Dynasty, it was the territory of Zhaxi, the king of Kalaqin duling of Mongolia, and wutat, the Duke of Wengniute town.

In 1677, Emperor Kangxi paid his first visit to the north of the Great Wall, and took a fancy to this place where "the mountains and rivers of ten thousand li are connected to the Great Wall, and the shape of the nine sides is better than that of the Shenjing".

In 1681, during Kangxi's Second Northern tour, more than 14000 square kilometers of hunting grounds were designated in the name of "the sacred pasture of Kalaqin, Aohan and Wengniute banners". The royal hunting court of the Qing Dynasty was established and became the first and largest imperial hunting court in the world.

From the 20th year of Emperor Kangxi to the 46th year of Emperor Qianlong (1781), Mulan paddock was gradually divided into 72 paddocks.

Hunting activities

At that time, Mulan paddock was divided into 72 enclosures according to the terrain and the distribution of animals. At the beginning of each hunting, the cavalry was led by the Minister of Guan Wei. According to the predetermined range, they closed up to form an encirclement and gradually narrowed down. The Qing soldiers with antler masks hide in the deep forest of the circle, blowing long wooden whistles to imitate the sound of the male deer courting. The female deer hears the sound and comes occasionally. The male deer comes for the chance, and other wild animals gather for deer.

When the enclosure became too small and the wild animals gathered, the minister asked the emperor to shoot first, followed by the prince and his grandson, then other princes and nobles to shoot on horseback, and finally large-scale shooting.

In Chengde Mountain Resort Museum, there is a picture of autumn service of Qianlong Mulan, which vividly depicts the spectacular scene of hunting in Qing Dynasty. Every hunting usually takes more than 20 days. After the hunting, a grand farewell banquet, drinking, singing and dancing, wrestling and martial arts competition were held in zhangsanying palace. He also entertained Mongolian princes and rewarded them according to their military achievements.

Martial Arts Development

Emperor Kangxi chose Mulan paddock as royal hunting ground, which had its political purpose and strategic significance. Mulan paddock, which controls Mongolia in the north and arches Beijing and Tianjin in the south, is a strategic place in history. Since the establishment of Mulan paddock in Qing Dynasty, it was necessary to practice the military here every year in the form of hunting, and carry out the national policy of "learning from the military and suing the vassal", so as to control Mongolia, frighten tsarist Russia, strengthen national unity and consolidate the northern border defense. At that time, Mulan paddock had actually become the main political and military activity place of the Qing government, and was an important part of the political activities of Beijing summer resort.

In 1690, Emperor Kangxi held the famous battle of ulanbutong to put down the rebellion of gardan.

During the 140 years from 1681 to 1820, Kangxi, Qianlong and Jiaqing came to Weichang to hold "Mulan autumn service" 105 times. Yongzheng was in power for 13 years, but he did not go to the paddock, but his will "future generations, should follow the huangkao line, practice martial arts Mulan, do not forget the family law."

Strict protection

After the establishment of Mulan paddock, emperors from Kangxi to Jiaqing, including Emperor Yongzheng, who had never been to Mulan paddock, strictly ordered that "people should not enter indiscriminately", "no logging and grazing", "no logging and colonization", and sent eight banners to guard strictly; they also carried out planned hunting, and only selected more than ten of them for hunting in each autumn, while the rest of them were to rest and make wild animals and plants live In every autumn service of Mulan, the accompanying soldiers were strictly ordered to "release all young animals when they meet with female deer", and a gap was left when the enclosure was set up, so that the young and strong animals could escape. At the end of each encirclement, "the Deacon asked for orders for the animals that had not been captured, allowed them to live and reproduce, and stopped the encirclement.".

Kaiwei abandoned

After Daoguang succeeded to the throne, the ceremony of autumn service was abolished. In 1826 (the third year of Daoguang), Mulan paddock was opened and the people were allowed to be shortlisted for reclamation. It gradually declined. Now, Mulan paddock, as a famous tourist attraction at home and abroad, is only a part of the royal hunting ground.

In the late Qing Dynasty, the court ordered to cut down the virgin forest in Mulan paddock, and the virgin forest was completely cut down.

Resume

After the liberation of China, in 1962, the state decided to build a large mechanized forest farm here. After decades of hard work of forest workers, Mulan paddock has become the largest plantation in China, and the vast forest has recovered its vitality. The vast Mongolian grassland radiates the charm of youth. The mountain flowers all over the country welcome tourists from all over the world. Comrade Tian Jiyun once praised this as "the source of water, the hometown of clouds, the world of flowers and the ocean of forests".

In 1991, the Ministry of construction confirmed Mulan paddock as a national scenic spot through expert argumentation. With the increase of people's desire to return to nature, the number of tourists here is increasing

Chinese PinYin : Mu Lan Wei Chang