The old course of the Yellow River

The old Yellow River in Handan

synonym

The old course of the Yellow River (the old course of the Yellow River in Handan) generally refers to the old course of the Yellow River in Handan

In ancient times, the Yellow River flowed into the Bohai Sea through Daming County, Quzhou County and Fengfeng mining area of Handan City, Hebei Province, at Huanghua port of Cangzhou City, Hebei Province (it flowed into the sea in Ninghe, Hebei Province 3000 years ago, in Huanghua in the Western Han Dynasty, and in the south of Tianjin in the Northern Song Dynasty). In the second year of Jianyan, Emperor Gaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Yellow river changed its course to capture the Huaihe River and enter the sea. The Yellow River, which has been flowing in Handan for thousands of years, has been separated from today's Handan ever since. The old course of the Yellow River is now preserved in Daming County, Quzhou County and Fengfeng mining area.

There are two things worth mentioning: one is that the negotiation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party on the return of the Yellow River was held in Handan City in 1947; the other is that Wang Huayun, the first director of the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission after the founding of the people's Republic of China, is now a member of the Museum of Handan city. These two events show that Handan and the Yellow River have a continuous natural connection.

Remains of the old Yellow River

There are remains of the old Yellow River in Daming County, Quzhou County and Fengfeng mining area.

Remains of Daming County

In the north of Daming County, there are villages with the word "Di". From south to north, there are liudikou village, kangdikou village, Wandi Village (formerly known as wanjiadi Village) and huangjindi village. On its side, there are Shati village and Yan sha'an village. The formation of these villages is related to the dykes and old roads of the Yellow River.

According to historical records, before the Western Han Dynasty, the Yellow River flowed through Daming. During the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, dikes were generally built in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. However, the vassal states took advantage of their neighbors and the dikes were irregular and unreasonable. After the unification of China in the Qin Dynasty, the dikes were comprehensively renovated. In the Han Dynasty, systematic dikes were further built, stonework was constantly added, and the dikes of the lower Yellow River were called gold dikes, implying people's good wishes for the stability of the dikes of the Yellow River. According to the records of Daming County annals (the Republic of China Edition), "Jindi is an old dike in the Han Dynasty. It is as powerful as gangling, around the ancient Yellow River, entering Kaizhou (today's Puyang), Qingfeng, and Nanle. It is more than 200 Li long in the northeast of Shandong Guantao (today's Hebei Guantao)" The 20 km long dike in Daming County is the Jindi site of the Han Dynasty. Wang Mang was well aware of the severe flooding of the Yellow River. After the establishment of the new dynasty, he strengthened the control of the Yellow River dykes and built the golden dykes many times, which made the common people seldom suffer from disasters. In memory of Wang Mang's contribution to building the dike, and because Daming County (called Yuancheng at that time) was Wang Mang's hometown, people called it Wang Mang dike.

According to the Hanshu, in 11 A.D. (the third year of Wang Mang's founding), the Yellow river changed its course once again. Wang Mang thought that the river flowed eastward, and from then on, Zuying, the hometown of Yuancheng, was no longer harmed by the Yellow River, so it was not blocked (in fact, the productivity level at that time could not block the breach at all), so that "Beidu suikong" (the Yellow River below Puyang was called "Dahe gudu"). Since then, the Yellow River below Puyang, Henan Province, has become a dry river. People on both sides of the river no longer have the worry of floods and are no longer affected by floods. People call the dry river from Puyang, Henan Province to Dongguang County, Hebei Province WangMang river. Ban Gu, a historian of the Eastern Han Dynasty, recorded: "the two canals of Yu and Shang lead to the river. One is Luochuan, where the river passes today; the other is Beidu, where Wang Mang died at that time

According to relevant data, before the Western Han Dynasty, the Yellow River flowed through Daming County for 613 years. After the diversion of the Yellow River, people began to work and live on the dykes and old roads, and later formed villages. Liudikou village, kangdikou village, Wandi village, huangjindi village and other villages are named because they are located on the Jindi site of the Han Dynasty and take the surname of the original inhabitants.

The sand dike is a sandy dike formed by the sediment deposition of the Yellow River. People live on it to plant trees, plant hemp, plant mulberry and raise silkworms. It turns the sand dike into a green dike, which is very poetic and picturesque. Therefore, Xiaozhang, the sand dike, became a major scenic spot at that time, attracting the praise of scholars. Cheng Jiming, a scholar of the Ming Dynasty, wrote a poem named "sand dike Xiaozhang", which describes the beautiful pastoral scenery here: "the four fields are low and plain, and the pavilions here look on credit. Winding layer Fuqi, meandering Baocun oblique. The trees meet the first light, the wind and smoke disperse, and the crows at dusk. Looking straight at the screen, it's brocade, not sand. " Gu Xiantai, the magistrate of Daming County in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, also wrote the poem "sand dike Xiaozhang": "meandering long dike path, vast with Guo Xie. Lietu opens the old fog, Chongfu shakes the morning glow. Sand seal double Fu seal, village even a county flower. When the old peasants come into the painting, they are happy everywhere. "

Yan sha'an village was located on the beach beside the Yellow River channel at that time. According to the old people in the village, there used to be a saying that there were 18 connected sha'an villages. In addition to Yan sha'an village, there used to be 17 villages, including Wang sha'an, Dong sha'an and Xue sha'an, which have been renamed Wang Village, Dong village and Xue village.

historical event

There are two things worth mentioning: one is that the negotiation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party on the return of the Yellow River was held in Handan City in 1947; the other is that Wang Huayun, the first director of the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission after the founding of the people's Republic of China, is now a member of the Museum of Handan city. These two events show that the Yellow River and Handan have a continuous natural connection.

The history of the Yellow River flowing through Handan

Since the Yellow River entered the historical period, that is to say, from the time that can be inferred today or recorded in historical materials, the Yellow River flowed through the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain 2000 BC, then gradually swayed to the East and south, and then flowed through the western edge of the Huang Huai Hai Plain in the 13th century, The Yellow River has been swept over the Huang Huai Hai Plain. The Huang Huai Hai Plain to the south of the Hai River has been filled and silted by the water and sediment of the Yellow River, which has had a great impact on the geographical and social environment of the Huang Huai Hai Plain, including Quzhou County, which flows through the eastern plain of Handan city. The Yellow River related to Quzhou can be divided into the following different historical periods.

1、 Legend period

There is no research on the prehistoric Yellow River today. We only know that Handan, including Taihang Mountain, has experienced a lot of geophysical changes (see Shen Kuo's Mengxi Bi tan). Talking about the Yellow River can only start from the legendary period.

In the annals of Qiu county (edited by Zhang Min, published by local chronicles publishing house, 2001), Mr. Dai yangfengkui wrote that the compendium of Tongjian recorded "Emperor Yao's sixty first year (2297 BC), flood". In the book of science and education of Chinese history, Qiu county was listed as the flood area in Yao Dynasty, and he thought that the flood area was yellow in Yao Dynasty. It is also said that Dayu began to harness rivers in the 72nd year of Emperor Yao's reign (2286 BC), and succeeded in harnessing rivers in the 85th year of Emperor Yao's reign (2273 BC). During this period, as for hengzhang (now Chengan County zhanghedian to Qiuxian county south line of hengzhang old road), dredged Tuhai, Taishi, Majia (now Daming east border has Majia River) and other nine tributaries of the lower Yellow River, so that the water of the Yellow River finally into the sea.

This is what Yugong meant when he said "nine rivers are sown in the north". According to the times of three emperors and five emperors (written by Wang Dayou, published by China social publishing house, 2000), Dayu began to control the water around Pingyang, the capital of Jizhou Emperor Yao The South River of the Yellow River flows eastward from Tongguan to Changdao, through Mengjin and Luoshui, to Dagao, eastward through Gongshui, Qishui and Zhuozhang (precipitation) of Huixian County, into the Yellow River (between Feixiang and Quzhou in Hebei Province today), and into continental Ze (between Longyao, Julu and Renxian in Hebei Province today). To the north, it is divided into nine tributaries to bear the flood of the Yellow River, We should guide it into the sea smoothly. " He also said: "but since 4200 B.C. (2208 B.C.)... The mouth of the Yellow River into the sea is Wuqiang, Hengshui City, Hebei Province. Today's Fuyang River is the Yellow River at that time."

2、 The great river of the classic of mountains

The time is before the middle of the spring and Autumn period (about 623 BC). Shanjing Dahe refers to the Dahe recorded in Shanhaijing · Shanjing (suspected to be written in the spring and Autumn period and Warring States period, which is the earliest mountain geography monograph in China). At that time, the Yellow River had not been named, only called "big river" or "River".

Its basic flow direction is roughly from the north foot of Guangwu mountain in Henan Province, passing through Xinxiang and xunxian, along the east foot of Taihang Mountain in the north-south direction, and flowing through Hebei Plain in the north-east direction. From south to north, the counties flowing through are Weixian, Chengan, Guangping, Quzhou, Jize and Qiuxian in Handan City, Guangzong, Nangong and Xinhe in Xingtai City, Hengshui and Shenxian in Hengshui City This section of the river, which flows northeastward from Shenxian county to Qingxian County, Cangzhou City to the sea, is recorded in Shangshu · Yugong (it is said that it was written by Xia Yu in the past, and it is suspected to be a work of the late Warring States period, that is, the third century BC) The river course is called Yugong river.

3、 Mid spring and Autumn Period

(about 623 BC) to the middle Warring States period (about 348 BC). In the middle of the spring and Autumn period, the lower reaches of the Yellow River were still in a state of natural dispersion. There were no dikes built on both sides of the river, and the riverbed was silted up by sediment. In a certain period of time, when there was a flood, it was inevitable to overflow, and sometimes it could be divided into several streams at the same time.

According to historical records, in the fifth year of King Ding of Zhou Dynasty (602 BC), the Yellow River burst at Suxu (the confluence of Qi River and Wei River) and changed its course. After passing Puyang, Qingfeng, Nanle, Daming and Guantao, it flowed northeast to Tianjin and entered the sea. According to Mr. Yang Fengkui's article in Qiu county annals, the Yellow River moved eastward in the sixth year of Zhending king of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (463 BC). In order to prevent floods, coastal residents began to build dikes around their settlements or cultivated land to defend themselves.

After the beginning of the Warring States period, the states of Zhao and Wei on both sides of the Yellow River,

Chinese PinYin : Huang He Gu Dao