Siling

Ming Tombs

synonym

Generally speaking, Siling refers to Siling

Located in Tianshou mountain, Changping District, Beijing, the Ming Tombs is one of the thirteen tombs of the Ming Dynasty.

The mausoleum was built in 1642. It was originally the residence of emperor Sizong's favorite imperial concubine Tian Guifei. After the collapse of Ming Dynasty, Li Zicheng ordered people to bury emperor Sizong and empress Zhou together in the tomb of imperial concubine Tian. In order to win people's hearts and change the name to Siling, Siling became the only tomb in Ming Tombs where empresses and concubines were buried together. Compared with the tombs of Ming Dynasty, the scale of Siling was smaller. There is also a tomb with Wang Chengen, a close eunuch of emperor Sizong of Ming Dynasty, near Siling. Emperor Shunzhi and Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty also erected a monument for Wang Chengen to praise his loyalty and martyrdom.

Ming Sizong was the fifth son of Zhu Changluo, the Ming Guangzong, and the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty. He ascended the throne on August 24, 1628. On March 17, 1644, Beijing, the capital of the Ming Dynasty, was conquered by Li Zicheng's peasant army. In despair, Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself in Jingshan after the Forbidden City and was buried in Siling.

Chongzhen's life

Chongzhen Emperor Zhu Youjian, the fifth son of Guangzong, was born on December 24 in 1610, the 38th year of Wanli. He wrote a letter to the king on September 22 in 1622, and the emperor was located in Zhongji hall on August 24 in 1627. The next year, Chongzhen was renamed. On March 19, 1644, Chongzhen hanged himself. He was buried on April 4 of the same year. Emperor Chongzhen was a kind of emperor who paid more attention to courtesy and thrift and was quite diligent in administration. According to the literature, after he ascended the throne, he had many affairs in the form of fiefdoms, "banning the weaving of Suzhou and Hangzhou", and "forbidding the extravagant use of clothes and ornaments, and women's gold crown robes and belts", and his royal objects were also made of copper, tin or wood products. He also often called on his ministers to "discuss politics with the auxiliary ministers in the Wenhua hall, not in the heat of Qi Han". He often read the chapters and talked about current affairs late into the night. Because emperor Chongzhen was more diligent in administration, and most of the other dynasties' monarchs were immoral or ignored the government, some historians in history believed that emperor Chongzhen's subjugation was caused by "having a monarch but no minister, causing disaster to the nation". Emperor Chongzhen himself thought that he was not the "king of the subjugation", but the ministers were "ministers of the subjugation". As a matter of fact, there were many reasons for the failure of emperor Chongzhen.

At the beginning of emperor Chongzhen's reign, the eunuch Party headed by Wei Zhongxian still controlled the government. All over the court, officials were corrupt, corruption was prevalent, and politics was very dark. Therefore, Emperor Chongzhen kept a clear mind when he first entered the palace. He first removed Wei Zhongxian's wings, and finally punished him. Then emperor Chongzhen adjusted the cabinet. He successively dismissed four cabinet members, Huang Liji, Shi Fenglai, Zhang ruitu and Li Guogui, who were attached to Wei Zhongxian. At the same time, the "great plan of the world officials" painstakingly swept away the remaining evils of castrating the party. According to the suggestion of Ni Yuanlu, the editor of the Hanlin academy, Emperor Chongzhen rehabilitated the persecuted Donglin Party members, ordered to remove all the guards and let the governor take charge of the frontier affairs. The emperor Chongzhen's political measures dealt a heavy blow to the eunuch forces, and "gradually became clear at the end of the Dynasty", which played a great role in consolidating Chongzhen's early political rule.

However, when Emperor Chongzhen ascended the throne, the Ming Dynasty was on the verge of dying because of the serious internal and external troubles. In Northeast China, the influence of later Jin Dynasty is becoming stronger and stronger, and the important town of Liaodong has been lost. In the northwest of China, there has been drought year after year, with locusts everywhere and no crops. The common people had to eat grass, peel bark, and even use soil and stone powder to satisfy their hunger. As a result, the situation of "cooking human bones for salary and cooking human flesh for food" appeared, and farmers everywhere revolted one after another. In particular, the peasant uprising army led by Wang Xiyin and Gao Yingxiang has become more and more powerful.

In the face of this severe situation, Emperor Chongzhen was too impatient to turn the crisis around, improper administration of officials, as well as narrow-minded, flattering, malicious and outspoken, improper appointment, more suspicion, heavy punishment and other shortcomings. Finally, his desire to revitalize the Ming Dynasty was completely dashed. The precarious regime of the Ming Dynasty was also overthrown by the peasant uprising.

After the death of emperor Chongzhen, the Hongguang regime (King Fu) of the Southern Ming Dynasty named his temple "Sizong" and posthumously named him "emperor lie". Later, "Si" was not a posthumous title, and the temple title was changed to "Yizong". When Longwu (King of the Tang Dynasty), he named the temple "Weizong". When the Qing army entered the pass, Chongzhen emperor's temple was initially named "Huaizong" and posthumously named "Duan emperor". In November 1659, he went to his temple and changed his posthumous title to Emperor Zhuang liemin.

Empress Zhou, Chongzhen emperor Yuanpei, from Daxing County, Jiading Bo, Zhou Kui's daughter. Born on March 28, 1609, the 37th year of Wanli. In the seventh year of Tianqi (1627), she was married at the beginning of February and was named Princess Xin. Emperor Chongzhen ascended the throne and became empress. Zhou hanged himself in accordance with the order. In the Hongguang Dynasty of the Southern Ming Dynasty, she was honored as "Empress of filial piety and chastity". In the Qing Dynasty, she was named "Empress of Zhuang liemin" in November 1659.

The imperial concubine Tian was born in Western Shaanxi. Tian Hong, the left governor, met her daughter. Chongzhen first year (1628) Fengli imperial concubine, into the imperial concubine. Tian's "born delicate, silent and versatile", especially good at playing the piano, gave birth to four princes. In 1640, the emperor's fifth son died of illness, and Princess Tian became depressed and sick. Chongzhen 15 years (1642) died in July, posthumous title "gongshuduan Huijing Huai Huang Guifei", Chongzhen 17 years (1644) on January 23 buried in the cemetery.

Although Siling is an imperial mausoleum, it happened in the Qing Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, it was just a tomb of imperial concubines, the tomb of Tian family. How did a tomb of imperial concubines be upgraded to an imperial mausoleum? This also starts from the historical event that emperor Chongzhen hanged himself.

During the period from the founding of Zhu Yuanzhang to Chongzhen, the society was extremely disturbed. After the rise of the Jin Dynasty in Northeast China, the peasant uprising was surging. In March of 1644, the peasant uprising army led by Li Zicheng attacked Beijing. On the 18th, eunuch Cao Huachun opened the Zhangyi gate and surrendered. That night, Emperor Chongzhen climbed Wansui mountain (today's Jingshan mountain) and looked around. He saw that the situation was over. He was wearing a sword and wanted to take Zhengyang gate. The gatekeepers didn't know the situation. They thought there was a change in the palace, so they returned to the gun and refused to fire. Emperor Chongzhen failed to leave the city and returned to the palace. He said to empress Zhou, "the general situation is gone. I'm the mother of the world. I should die!" The queen also lamented and said, "I have been with your majesty for 18 years, but I don't listen to a word. Today, when I die with my country, I don't know what I hate." The empress Zhou hanged herself. Emperor Chongzhen knew that he was on the verge of death. He drank a few glasses of wine and ordered the two palaces and queen Yi'an to commit suicide. It was said that the prince and the two kings had to refit themselves and go away. Then he killed Princess Zhaoren in the hall of Zhaoren by cutting the left arm of Princess Changping with his sword. At dawn, Emperor Chongzhen rang a bell in the front hall of the imperial palace to gather all the officials. He wanted to put all his eggs in one basket and make a final struggle, but none of the ministers arrived. Emperor Chongzhen had no choice but to climb longevity mountain and hang himself under a tree beside shouhuang Pavilion. At the time of his death, he wrote: "in the seventeen years since I ascended the pole, the bandits came to the capital. Although I was weak in virtue, the bandits bowed down, and I was angry with heaven, it was the fault of all the officials. I have no face to see my ancestors in the ground. Go to my crown and cover my face with hair. Let the bandits divide my body, and do not hurt one of the people." Eunuch Wang Chengen went up the mountain with emperor Chongzhen, so he bowed and wept again and hanged himself in front of emperor Chongzhen.

On the afternoon of the 19th, Li Zicheng's peasant army stormed into the palace. In the process of Qing Dynasty, Chongzhen emperor was not found. Li Zicheng ordered that "those who dedicate to the emperor will be rewarded with ten thousand gold and granted count; those who hide will be exterminated.". On the afternoon of the 20th, it was discovered that emperor Chongzhen had hanged himself. Li Zicheng ordered people to stop the empress's body at the side of Donghua door with two doors, put it in a willow coffin, and built a temporary spiritual shed. On the 23rd, the funeral was changed to a red painted coffin for emperor and a black painted coffin for Zhou Hou. Emperor Chongzhen wore a kind crown of wings and a robe of jade and gold. After the Zhou Dynasty, he also wore a belt of robes.

Jianling

Dashun period

After the emperor's coffin in Donghuamen, the coffin shed even stopped for several days, and the officials of the Ming Dynasty did not dare to see it. Only Xiangcheng Bo Li Guozhen "mud head to go, stagger to, kneel in front of the palace crying.". The peasant army seized him and met Li Zicheng. He "touched the steps with his head and covered his face with blood.". Li Zicheng urged Li Guozhen to surrender. Li Guozhen said: if I want to surrender, I must promise three things: first, the mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty can not be excavated and damaged; second, the emperor Chongzhen can be buried with the emperor's ceremony; third, the prince and the second king can not be harmed. Li Zicheng agreed one by one. But the difficulty is that Chongzhen emperor did not build a mausoleum in advance. The reason is as follows: in the early years of Chongzhen, he was seeking longevity, but there was no auspicious land. In the 13th year, Liu Chengxin, kongzhao (Chengxin uncle Liu kongzhao) and Zhang Zhenren, Jia (Zhenren Zhang Jia) were called to visit Fengtai mountain in Jizhou (also known as "changruishan" or "fengtailing" in the Qing Dynasty, which is the location of the Qing Dongling mausoleum in Zunhua, Hebei Province). It's rare that the land of Yun is good enough to govern the mausoleum. After Jiashen (the 17th year of Chongzhen), it was not good enough to do anything So Li Zicheng's peasant army decided to bury Chongzhen emperor and empress in Tian Guifei's tomb.

Tian Guifei, the former imperial concubine Tian, whose cemetery was built by Chen Biqian, the Minister of industry. However, the ground construction was not completed, and the Ming Dynasty was dead.

On March 25, Li Piao, the shuntianfu official of the Dashun regime, ordered Changping officials to "immediately use official silver to urge his husband to open tianfeikuang and bury Chongzhen emperor and empress Zhou Zigong together". It's not against time to be quoted on the third day of April and buried on the fourth day of April. " But, because at that time

Chinese PinYin : Si Ling