Irtysh River

Irtysh River

This entry is compiled and applied by "popular science China" Science Encyclopedia

to examine

.

Irtysh River is the largest tributary of the Ob River, which flows through the international rivers of China, Kazakhstan and Russia. Irtysh River originates from the south slope of Altay Mountain in Fuyun County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, flows northwestward along the south foot of Altay Mountain, enters Kazakhstan in the west of Habahe County, and flows into zaisanpo (now it flows into bukhtarma reservoir after passing through, and zaisanpo has become a part of the reservoir). After leaving the lake, it continues to flow northwestward through the northeast of Kazakhstan and enters Russia Later, it turned to the northeast through Omsk, turned to the northwest near Tara, turned to the north at toborsk, and joined the EBI river near hantemansisk.

geographical position

The Irtysh River is the only river flowing into the Arctic Ocean in China. It originates from the south slope of the Western Altay Mountains in China. After the confluence of the kayit River and the kuirt River, it becomes the Irtysh River, which flows out of China from southeast to northwest. Along the way, it joins the north bank tributaries of the Kala Irtysh River, the Kalan River, the burjin River, the Haba River, and the berezek River, flows into the saisang Lake in Kazakhstan, and then flows northward into the Arctic Ocean through the Ob River in Russia. It has a total length of 4248 km, 546 km in China, a drainage area of 57000 square kilometers, an annual runoff of 11.1 billion cubic meters, second only to the Yili River, ranking second in Xinjiang, China. It is known as the second largest river in Xinjiang. There are many fish in the water. Close to the border, the river is kilometers wide and can be connected by ship. Many tributaries in the basin converge from the right bank of the main stream, forming a typical comb like water system. The scenery along the Ertis river is magnificent. It should also be called "Golden Mountain" and "silver water".

Water system composition

The upper reaches of Ertis River are above ustikamenogorsk and flow through Altay Mountains, with more precipitation, well-developed river network and abundant runoff; it is a plain river with wide river valley when passing ustikamenogorsk. The main tributaries in the upstream section are: kurchum River, bukhtarma River, uriba River, UBA River, Kizilsu River and QAR river.

There is no big tributary from Semipalatinsk to Omsk. The river flows through the West Siberian plain, and the river course is winding. After crossing the Omsk River, it turns sharply to the northeast, then to the northwest, and finally to the northeast and converges to the EBI river. The tributaries of this section include EMU River, yixim River, tobor River, jamiyanka River, Konda River, etc.

Buhtalma River

Buhtalma river is a large tributary on the right bank of the upper reaches of the Ertis river. It originates from the South Altay Mountain of Kazakhstan and flows into buhtalma reservoir. The river is 336 km long, with a drainage area of 12700 square kilometers and an average annual flow of 214 m3 / s.

EMU River

EMU river is a tributary on the right bank of the Ertis River, with a total length of 1091 km and a drainage area of 52600 square kilometers. It originates from the southeast edge of the washugan plain and flows through the barabinsk lowland in the southwest. The river water supply is mainly snowmelt water. The annual average discharge at 121 km away from the estuary is about 64 m3 / s, the maximum discharge is 814 m3 / s, and the minimum discharge is 0.80 m3 / s. The river was frozen from the middle of October to the first ten days of November, and thawed from April to early May of the next year. Its main tributaries are iqha River, Kama River and tartas river.

Burqin River

The Burqin river originates from the friendship peak at the junction of China, Mongolia, Russia and Kazakhstan. It flows 256 km from north to South and then flows into the Ertis River in Burqin.

ISIM River

ISIM river is a tributary on the left bank of Irtysh River. It originates from Niaz mountain on the northern edge of Kazakhstan hills, flows through Kazakhstan and Russia, and finally flows into Irtysh River. The river is 2450 km long, with a drainage area of 144000 square kilometers. The annual average flow at 215 km away from the estuary is 56.3 m3 / s, and the maximum flow is 686 m3 / s. The main tributaries on the right bank are kelutong River, zabai River and ababulluk river.

Tobol River

Tobor river is a tributary on the left bank of Irtysh River. It originates from the East Branch of South Urals, flows through Turgay plateau and East Siberian plain, and flows into Irtysh River at toborsk. It has a total length of 1674 kilometers and a drainage area of 375000 square kilometers. The average annual discharge at the estuary is 805 m3 / s, and the maximum discharge is 6350 m3 / s. The sediment concentration of the river is 0.26 kg / m3, and the average annual sediment discharge is 1.6 million tons. The main tributaries on the left bank are: Wuyi River, yixieji River, Tula River, tafuda River, wubagan River, etc. Among them, Tula river originates from the central Ural Mountains and flows southeast through the West Northwest Leah plain. The river has a total length of 1030 km and a drainage area of 80400 square kilometers. The river water supply is a mixed type of snow melting water. At 184km away from the estuary, the annual average discharge is 177 m3 / s, the maximum discharge is 3330 m3 / s, and the minimum discharge is 8.6 m3 / s. The river was frozen from the end of October to November and thawed from April to early May of the next year. Its main tributaries are: Sarda River, tagil River, Nicha River, peshma River, etc. There are three reservoirs in the basin, with a total area of 23 square kilometers.

Jamiyanka River

Jamiyanka river is a tributary on the right bank of Irtysh River. It originates from the vasugan plain, flows through the Russian state of EMU and the Russian state of Qiuming, and reaches Irtysh River at jamiyankiye. The river is 1160 km long with a drainage area of 3.48 square kilometers. The main tributaries are: kewumu River, jiegusi River, imgit River, etc.

Kongdahe

Konda river is a tributary on the left bank of Irtysh River. It flows through the Hante manxisk autonomous region of Russian Qiuming Prefecture, with a total length of 1097 km and a drainage area of 72800 square km. The river bends and there are many lakes in the basin (with a total area of 541 square kilometers). The average annual flow of the river 164 km away from the estuary is 231 m3 / s, the maximum flow is 1220 m3 / s, and the minimum flow is 36.1 m3 / s. On the left bank of the main tributaries are: muremiya River, great taru River, yukonda River, Kama River, etc.; on the right bank are yefula River and Kuma River, etc.

Natural characteristics

The upper reaches of the Irtysh River are mainly supplied by snow melting, ice melting and precipitation, while the lower reaches are mainly supplied by snow melting, precipitation and soil water. The upstream flood season begins in April, and the major flood season is from April to June; the downstream flood season is from the end of May to October, and June is the largest, accounting for about 50% of the whole year.

The variation of the discharge along the river is as follows: the average annual discharge of the upper reaches of keketuo sea is 52 m3 / s, Burqin is 108 m3 / s, ustikamenogorsk is 590 m3 / s, Semipalatinsk is 860 m3 / s, Omsk is 900 m3 / s, tobokelsk is 2280 m3 / s, and hantermansk is 3000 m3 / s.

The Irtysh River supplies water to the Irtysh Karaganda canal with an average flow of 75 m3 / s, and also supplies water for urban life and farmland irrigation.

The only outflow river flowing into the Arctic Ocean System in China. In the northern Junggar basin of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The source is located in Fuyun County on the southwest slope of Altay Mountains with abundant precipitation. The upper source is called kuyiertes River, flows into zhaisangpo in Kazak in the west, and flows into EBI River in the lower reaches. It is the largest tributary of the Ob River. On the right bank of the main stream, there are many tributaries, such as kayertes River, Kelan River, Burqin River and Haba River, which come from Altay Mountains. It is 546 km (339 miles) long from the source of the river to the Chinese border and 2969 km (1845 miles) long until it joins the EBI river. Before liberation, Burqin was navigable in summer.

The average annual runoff at the estuary is 95 billion cubic meters. The average annual sediment concentration is 0.076kg/m3, and the average annual sediment transport is 185000t.

The upper part of Semipalatinsk is the upper reaches, the lower part is the middle reaches to Omsk, and the lower part to the estuary is the lower reaches. In Russia and Kazakhstan, the section above zhaisangpo is called heierzis river. In China, the whole river is called the Ertis River, and the tributary at the junction of Fuyun and Fuhai counties is called the heiertis river.

Water resources

The upper reaches of the Ertis River are abundant in water, with concentrated drop and abundant water energy resources. It is planned to build 13 cascade hydropower stations above Omsk, with a total installed capacity of 4.5 million kilowatts and an annual power generation capacity of 15.7 billion kilowatt hours. Schulofsk. Three small and medium-sized power stations have also been built on the tributary uriba river.

After bukhtarma reservoir was built, great changes have taken place in zhaisangpo area. Before the construction of the reservoir, zhaisangpo covers an area of 1788 square kilometers, 111 kilometers long and 30 kilometers wide, with an average water depth of 4-6 meters, and the annual runoff of Renhu lake is 11.47 billion cubic meters; after the construction of the reservoir, zhaisangpo has become a part of the reservoir, with a water surface area of 5500 square kilometers, an average water depth of 16.1 meters, and an annual runoff of 20.98 billion cubic meters, of which 47% comes from China.

The source of Ertis River mainly comes from the melting water of ice and snow on Altay Mountain. After scientific research, it is found that there are a lot of heavy hydrogen and heavy metals in the river

Chinese PinYin : E Er Qi Si He