Beiling

Beiling Park is the largest park in Shenyang City. In the middle of the park is the tomb of the second generation founding monarch of the Qing Dynasty, Huang Taiji and empress xiaoduanwen, which is also called Qing Zhaoling. In the park, there are luxuriant vegetation, towering ancient pines, rippling lakes, majestic buildings and magnificent golden tiles. Another feature of the park is that the ancient pines, which are more than 300 years old and still stand out from the sun, guard this solemn royal garden like loyal guards. The quiet environment of the park also attracts many lovely animals, such as rabbits, squirrels and magpies. Every spring and summer, the garden is full of green, which is suitable for outing, enjoying lotus and canoeing, and feeling the vigorous and prosperous vitality in history. In winter, the park is also a beautiful northern snow scene. The antique park is submerged in snow white, which makes people intoxicated. You can also experience the fun of skating on the lake.

Beiling, together with Fuling and Yongling of the Qing Dynasty, is also the largest and most magnificent of the three tombs in the early Qing Dynasty. Unlike other Imperial Mausoleums, the Beiling mausoleum was not built near mountains and rivers. Instead, it was built directly on the flat ground and surrounded by walls (walls), much like a small city. The whole mausoleum is divided into three parts. The main building is the archway in the front, which is a four column and three storey blue stone building with exquisite carving. It is a rare art treasure. The rear is the Fangcheng, which is built in the wall, like a small city in the city. In the middle, there are mainly the coffins and funerals of the tomb owner and his wife Taizong Huangtaiji, the second generation founding monarch of the Qing Dynasty, and the empress boljigit of xiaoduanwen Products, there is a top can be seen from afar, the whole Beiling scenery, panoramic view. During the Spring Festival, there are also performances of Qing folk culture and sacrifice, which is a great opportunity to understand Qing culture.

Zhaoling of Qing Dynasty

synonym

Beiling generally refers to Zhaoling of Qing Dynasty

Zhaoling of Qing Dynasty, the mausoleum of emperor Taiji of Taizong, the second generation founder of Qing Dynasty, is located in the north of Shengjing (Shenyang), so it is also called "Beiling". The cemetery covers an area of 160000 square meters. The plane layout of the building follows the mausoleum principle of "the former dynasty and the latter". From south to north, it is composed of three parts: the front, the middle and the rear. The main buildings are built on the central axis and arranged symmetrically on both sides.

Zhaoling Mausoleum of Qing Dynasty is the mausoleum of emperor Taiji of Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty and the mausoleum of wenbojijit of Xiaoduan. In addition to the emperor and empress, Zhaoling Mausoleum also has a number of empresses, such as Princess Linzhi palace and Shufei of Fuqing palace. Zhaoling Mausoleum is the most representative mausoleum in the mausoleum outside guanwai in the early Qing Dynasty, and is one of the most complete ancient mausoleum buildings in China.

In 1982, Zhaoling of the Qing Dynasty was announced as the second batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council. In 2004, it was listed in the world cultural heritage list.

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Historical evolution

Zhaoling Mausoleum of Qing Dynasty was built from 1643 to 1651. It was named Zhaoling Mausoleum on August 9, 1644. In Kangxi, Qianlong and Jiaqing dynasties, it was added and rebuilt.

In 1927, the provincial government of Fengtian at that time turned Zhaoling of Qing Dynasty into a park, namely Beiling Park.

In September 1963, Zhaoling Mausoleum of Qing Dynasty was listed as a key cultural relic protection unit in Liaoning Province

In 1982, the State Council declared Zhaoling of the Qing Dynasty as a national key cultural relic protection unit.

On July 1, 2004, Zhaoling Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty, Shenyang Palace Museum, Fuling Mausoleum of Shenyang and Yongling Mausoleum of Fushun were officially listed in the world heritage list by the vote of the 28th World Heritage Committee meeting.

Site features

architectural composition

Zhaoling Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty was built on the flat ground. The main buildings are located on the central axis, and other buildings are symmetrically distributed on both sides of the central axis. Zhaoling is composed of three parts.

The first part: dismounting stele to zhenghongmen. The main buildings are Xiama stele, Shishi, Huabiao, etc. The dismounted stele is a symbol of feudal hierarchy. According to the hierarchy, officials have to dismount and walk in sedan chairs. On both sides of the stele are exquisitely carved stone lions and Chinese watches. Not far from the stone bridge is the stone archway, which is located in the middle of the road leading to zhenghongmen. The carving on it is vivid and precious in the Qing Dynasty. After the stone archway, it is the Red Gate, which is the gate of the mausoleum. On both sides of the courtyard, the dressing Pavilion is in the East, and the slaughter Pavilion is in the West.

The second part: from zhenghongmen to Fangcheng. The main building is Huabiao. Shi Shi, Shi Yu, Shi Qilin, Shi Ma, etc. Huabiao is a unique architecture in ancient China. It originated from the "defamatory wood" of Yao Dynasty, which is used for message and has evolved into a kind of architectural decoration. Stone statues are all kinds of stone carvings. Originally, they were used to exorcise evil spirits, and later became the symbol of the status of the deceased. The stone lion represents the king, authority and nobility. Shi Yao, on behalf of the ruler, is just and strict. Shi Qilin, the auspicious beast, hopes that peace and prosperity will always be there. Shima is Huang Taiji's favorite mount. In front of it is the pavilion of steles. There is a "stele of Zhaoling's divine skill and virtue", which records the merits and virtues of Huang Taiji's life.

The third part: Fangcheng, Baocheng and Yueya. Opposite to the stele Pavilion is the longen gate, which is the main building of the Zhaoling Mausoleum. The longen hall is located in it. Behind it is the minglou, with a side hall on the left and right and a turret on the four sides. After minglou, it is Baocheng, and below it is the underground palace where Huang Taiji and his wife are buried.

Architectural features

As the mausoleum of emperors, the overall layout, single building and decoration of the mausoleum are complete and unique. It not only absorbs a large number of mausoleum culture of Central Plains emperors, but also maintains its own national characteristics. It skillfully integrates Han, Tibetan and Mongolian architectural culture with Manchu architectural culture, forming a unique style different from the mausoleum of Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty It is the essence of China's ancient architecture and a model of multi-ethnic cultural exchange.

Cultural relics

unearthed relic

Zaishanting and qibanfang sites are located in the west of Fuling Shinto in Qing Dynasty. Zaishanting site faces east from the West. Zaishu Pavilion and qiban house were built in the period of Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty. Unfortunately, these two buildings collapsed in the late Qing Dynasty due to disrepair. In order to restore the original appearance of the relic of Fuling in the Qing Dynasty, experts excavated two sites and unearthed a large number of historical relics, such as broken tiles, teeth and bones of livestock.

Baoding

The top is the tomb. The crown of Zhaoling Mausoleum in the Qing Dynasty is 32 meters in diameter and 8 meters in height. During the maintenance period of Zhaoling, the relevant departments used glutinous rice soup, green ash, white ash and other materials to tamp the top according to ancient technology after removing the cement layer and ash layer of the top.

Imperial toilet

The dressing Pavilion and its affiliated building, the imperial toilet, are located in the east of Zhenghong gate of Zhaoling Mausoleum of Qing Dynasty. The imperial toilet, also known as Jingfang, is the special toilet for the emperor. The cornerstone of the site is still intact. The stone strips with palm width form three sides of a square, and the other side is replaced by rotten wood. The square is about five or six meters in length and width, and the four corners are filled with round stones. This clean house is a closed Pavilion style building with three walls and a wooden door facing the screen wall. On the ground in the middle of this pavilion style building, there is a large stone surface 2 meters long and 3 meters wide. On the stone surface, there is a peanut shaped stone pit about 1 meter long and less than 50 cm wide.

East Hall, West Hall

There are East Hall and West Hall in Fuling of Qing Dynasty. East Hall and West Hall are one of the main places for ritual activities in Zhaoling of Qing Dynasty. In history, whenever the longen hall was overhauled, the tomb God card, throne, five offerings, offerings and sacrificial utensils in longen hall would be moved to the east side hall. The Xipei hall is a place for Lama's Sutra practice when the "death day" is held. There is a square table in the hall, which is located in the center of the hall. A Lama tower made of white flour and rapeseed oil is placed on the table during the sacrifice. There is a "Thangka" (Buddha painting) on the west wall opposite the tower. The Qing Dynasty believed in Lamaism, so the xipeidian was only used for Buddhism.

Longen Hall

Longen hall is the main hall of Zhaoling Mausoleum in Qing Dynasty, and it is a place to offer sacrifices to the mausoleum owner. Longen hall is built on a huge stone platform with a height of six feet and a circumference of 36 Zhang, 4 ft and 2 Cun. Many precious stones are used in this building, such as the "jade worship stone" under the eaves of the main entrance of longen hall. The stone is six feet long and three feet wide. The steps in front of the "jade worship stone" are paved with three "white gemstones", and the guardrail of the steps is also carved from a kind of precious stone called "lapis lazuli".

Research value

The architectural complex of Zhaoling in Qing Dynasty integrates the architectural art of Manchu and Han nationalities. It reflects the architectural form and pattern of the imperial mausoleum when the early funeral concept was gradually sinicized. It is a real example of the integration of the architectural art of Manchu and Han nationalities and the funeral concept. Zhaoling in Qing Dynasty is a relatively type of imperial mausoleum building complex outside guanwai in the early Qing Dynasty, which has high historical, cultural and artistic value The evolution of art and Manchu culture is of great significance. The architecture of Zhaoling Mausoleum in Qing Dynasty integrates multi-ethnic cultural elements, shows unique cultural attributes, and reveals the social background of cultural exchange in a specific historical stage.

protective measures

In 2004, Zhaoling Mausoleum of Qing Dynasty was listed in the world heritage list. In strict accordance with the relevant requirements and rules, and based on the principle of "not changing the original state of cultural relics", it not only protects the authenticity and integrity of cultural relics, but also endows them with new vitality. At the same time, it properly renovates the surrounding environment of cultural relics.

The following principles should be followed in the specific repair:

The first is security, including the protection of human security and the main structure

Chinese PinYin : Bei Ling