Huangguoshu Waterfall

Huangguoshu waterfall is the largest waterfall in China and Asia, and one of the most famous waterfalls in the world. It is also the only waterfall in the world that can be viewed from inside and outside. The huge waterfall falls into the rhinoceros beach 17 meters deep. The sound is like thunder, the mountains are singing and the valleys are echoing, the bearing is magnificent, the bearing is myriad, and it is breathtaking.

Huangguoshu Waterfall

statement

This entry introduces the water system of Huangguoshu waterfall. For information about Huangguoshu scenic area, please refer to the entry "Huangguoshu Scenic Area".

Huangguoshu waterfall is Huangguoshu waterfall. In ancient times, it was called Baishuihe waterfall, also known as "huanggeshu" waterfall or "huangjueshu" waterfall. It got its name because of the wide distribution of "huanggerong" in this area.

Located in Zhenning Buyi and Miao Autonomous County, Anshun City, Guizhou Province, China, it is one of the most famous waterfalls in the world. It is famous for its huge water potential. The height of the waterfall is 77.8 meters, of which the main waterfall is 67 meters high; the width of the waterfall is 101 meters, of which the top of the main waterfall is 83.3 meters wide. Huangguoshu waterfall is a typical erosion waterfall in karst landform.

The famous Huangguoshu waterfall began with Xu Xiake, a traveler in the Ming Dynasty, and became a famous scenic spot after the travel and spread of celebrities in the past dynasties.

natural environment

Huangguoshu waterfall is located in the upper reaches of Baishui River in Zhenning Buyi and Miao Autonomous County of Anshun City, Guizhou Province, 45 kilometers southwest of Anshun City, in Zhenning Buyi and Miao Autonomous County, 150 kilometers northeast of Guiyang City, the capital of Guizhou Province. It is a typical karst area with mild climate and abundant rainfall. The annual rainfall is more than 1300 mm. The rainfall is concentrated from May to July, and the monthly average rainfall is more than 200 mm. Especially in June, the rainfall is nearly 300 mm. The rainfall in the next few months gradually decreases. December is the month with the least rainfall in the whole year, and the monthly average rainfall is less than 20 mm, with the most rainfall The amount of precipitation in a month is about 15 times that in the least month.

Huangguoshu waterfall is located in the low-lying area of Western Guizhou, with low altitude, no frost all the year round, and the annual average temperature is about 14 ℃. There is no severe cold in winter and no severe heat in summer, so it is a summer resort. January is the coldest, with an average temperature of 4.3 ℃, but the lowest temperature rarely falls below zero; July is the hottest, with an average temperature of 22 ℃, and there will be no hot days.

Geological formation

The genesis of Huangguoshu waterfall can be traced back to the Middle Triassic period more than 200 million years ago, when a set of extremely thick carbonate rocks were deposited in Huangguoshu area. Huangguoshu waterfall is located in the east wing of wengzhai anticline, which is located in a set of "middle thick layer with a small amount of thin-layer dolomite in the second member of Guanling formation of Middle Triassic". The Baishui River in the formation period of Huangguoshu waterfall is an overground river which developed between 100000-500000 years ago and evolved from "wide valley period" to "valley period" in the middle and late Pleistocene of Quaternary. Later, due to the intermittent uplift of the crust during the "Himalayan movement", the base level of river erosion decreased, resulting in the strengthening of river erosion and dissolution The formation of "crack" (river bed due to crustal uplift, erosion base level decline and the impact of structural, lithological and other factors and a large turning point), the crack at the crack, caves, underground river is very developed. At first, Baishui River formed a karst erosion break point type cave waterfall. Later, with the river erosion, dissolution and lateral erosion, the roof of the cave gradually collapsed under the influence of the intermittent uplift of the crust and the gradual increase of hydrodynamic force in the late Pleistocene warm and humid climate, and the Huangguoshu waterfall finally appeared, which has a history of 50000 years.

morphological character

Huangguoshu waterfall is located in Baishui section of Dabang River Basin. When the river reaches Huangguoshu from north to south, a large longitudinal slope crack appears on the riverbed, forming Huangguoshu waterfall. After passing through the waterfall, the water flows westward in a semicircle arc, with a chord length of 500 meters and a westward projection of 300 meters, reaching the screw beach below the water flushing, restoring the flow direction from north to south. The waterfall is 101 meters wide and 77.8 meters high. The water flows through sandaotan, horseshoe beach, zhulongtan, youyujing, guodidang, Wantang and maoshuitang.

Xu Xiake describes Huangguoshu waterfall as follows: "if you look south through the gap between the two sides of the road, a stream on the left side of the road is suspended and rammed, and ten thousand of them fly in the air. The stones on the stream are like lotus leaves, and three gates are gouged in the middle. The water flows from the top of the leaves to the bottom, like ten thousand pieces of gauze, which covers the door horizontally. Those who go straight down can't count. They smash the beads and burst the jade, and the droplets are surging in the air like smoke It's supposed to be strong. " Among the waterfalls he saw, "those who are several times as high and steep have them, while those who are never so broad and large.". Since then, Huangguoshu waterfall has been regarded as the first waterfall in China.

The flow of waterfall river is only a few per hour, and the maximum flow is more than 1000. When the water is big, the waterfall splashes onto the Huangguoshu street, which is more than 100 meters high. A thundering sound can be heard two or three miles away. Water hours, the river is still divided into four branches, spread over the whole rock, not losing its "wide and big" momentum.

There is a 134 meter long water curtain cave behind the waterfall. It is composed of six windows, five halls, three springs and six passages. It's breathtaking to watch the waterfall from the water curtain cave. The water curtain cave under such a spectacular waterfall is also rare in waterfalls all over the world. In front of the waterfall is a deep box shaped karst gorge. On the left are cliffs with dense ancient trees; on the right are cahuapo and stalagmite mountain, with flowers and grasses, covered with clouds; on the middle are Rhinoceros Pool and horseshoe pool The pool and beach are connected, and the past is connected. Rhinoceros Pool is 17 meters deep, often covered by splashing beads, and the fog drops fly into the air; in the morning and afternoon, the sunlight refracts, and the rainbow rises, which has been praised by predecessors as "snow reflecting the clouds of Sichuan". Opposite the waterfall, there is a "waterfall Pavilion", which is very ancient and elegant. There is a famous couplet by Yan yinliang, a famous calligrapher in the Qing Dynasty: "white water is like cotton, and it doesn't need to be scattered without a bow and a bullet; red clouds are like brocade, so why should it be woven into the sky." Under the pavilion, the trees are dense, and there is a zigzag road leading to the river. A curved bridge over the river leads to the water curtain cave. Not far from the downstream of the waterfall, Huangguoshu Waterfall Hotel is built among the green trees on the bank. The hotel adopts the Bouyei stone building style. Beside the waterfall is a marble statue of Xu Xiake.

Water system hydrology

Huangguoshu waterfall is a tributary of Dabang River, a tributary of Nanpanjiang River and a tributary of Beipanjiang river. Kebu river is the West source (or tributary) of Dabang River, the north bank tributary of the lower reaches of Beipan River. It originates from Ertang, Liuzhi special district, Guizhou Province, flows northeast to Liuzhi special district, turns southeast, passes through Biandan mountain to guijiahekou, and is called Baishui River. Huangguoshu waterfall is here

The river is 48 km long, with a rainfall collection area of 731.4 square kilometers, a drop of 339 meters, and a discharge of 14.6 cubic meters per second.

The water flow of Huangguoshu waterfall is generally maintained at 8-12 cubic meters per second. The maximum flow in rainy season can reach 110-150 cubic meters per second. With a flow rate of 2-3 cubic meters per second, Huangguoshu waterfall can form a landscape. With a flow rate of about 5 cubic meters, it can show the beautiful side of Huangguoshu waterfall without losing its magnificence. Due to the decrease of upstream water volume, during the dry season from early November to the end of April every year, Wangerhe reservoir will transfer water to Huangguoshu waterfall, with a daily water transfer volume of no less than 5 cubic meters per second, so as to ensure that the flow of Huangguoshu waterfall in the dry season can be maintained at more than 8 cubic meters per second. The Huangguoshu waterfall will remain beautiful and spectacular even if there is another severe drought.

At 09:00 on June 4, 2018, according to the measured data of Huangguoshu hydrological monitoring station of Anshun Municipal Bureau of hydrology and water resources in Guizhou Province, affected by heavy rainfall and upstream water, the flow of Huangguoshu waterfall reached 290 cubic meters per second, which was the largest flood peak since the flood season.

History and culture

On April 23, 1638 (the 11th year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty), Xu Xiake, a geographer, traveller and essayist of Ming Dynasty, entered Yunnan via Huangguoshu waterfall to investigate and record Huangguoshu waterfall. After that, scholars of all dynasties wrote poems and articles in praise of Huangguoshu waterfall. In Xie sanxiu's poems of the late Ming Dynasty, there is a saying that "the plain shadow floats in the sky, and the cold sound falls on the Milky Way"; Tian Wen, who was governor of Guizhou Province during the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, said: "kuanglu waterfall is a wonder in the world. It's like the rhinoceros pond irrigated by the Baishui River, the Yinhan River Falls three times and then goes down, and the Yulong River is full of water.". Zheng Ziyin, a poet of the Qing Dynasty, described Huangguoshu waterfall with "Jiulong bathing Buddha", "five swords hanging on the wall", "beauty sucking flower" and "goddess wearing" and said: "Baishui waterfall is unique in belief and occupies the landscape caves in Central Guizhou.". There are many poems and inscriptions about Huangguoshu waterfall.

After the 1980s, a large number of Chinese and foreign celebrities visited Huangguoshu and wrote inscriptions. Wu Yinxian, a photographer, wrote the following Inscriptions: "it's a marvelous sight in the sky"; Wang Chaowen, an aesthetician, wrote the following: "it's coming from the sky"; Xiao Xian, a female calligrapher from Guizhou, wrote the following: "the wonder of white water"; Liao Hansheng, former vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, wrote the following: "Huangguoshu is yellow, Baishui is white, and the world is unique"; Wu Zuoren, a Chinese painter, wrote the following: "Wonderland"; Yu Guangyuan, an economist

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