Dingyao site

Ding kiln site, a national key cultural relic protection unit and listed in the list of world cultural heritage declared by China, ranks first among the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty and is a famous white porcelain kiln site in northern China. In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the porcelain made by Ding kiln was still rough and simple, and was in the transition stage to fine porcelain. The Northern Song Dynasty was the heyday of Ding kiln development. There were many innovations and progress in porcelain making technology. Ding products are mainly white porcelain, but also other kinds of firing, such as black porcelain (heiding), purple glaze (ziding), green glaze (lvding), etc., are in the white porcelain body, covered with high temperature colored glaze. Ding white porcelain, with thin body, fine quality, white glaze and beautiful shape, is decorated with engraving, painting and printing, which has a high artistic level and great social influence. When Su Dongpo, a great poet of Song Dynasty, knew Dingzhou, he once praised the splendor of Dingzhou porcelain with the poem "Dingzhou porcelain is carved with ruby". In guiqian Zhi written by Liu Qi of the Yuan Dynasty, it is said that "the flower porcelain of Dingzhou is white all over the world.". "Dingzhou white porcelain pillow for children" collected by the Palace Museum is one of the representative works of Dingzhou porcelain.

Dingyao site

Dingyao site is located in Jianci village, Quyang County and Yanchuan village in the East and West. The county was once under the jurisdiction of Dingzhou, so it was called Dingyao. Ding kiln is one of the five famous kilns (Guan kiln, Ge kiln, Ru kiln, Jun kiln, he Ding kiln) in the Northern Song Dynasty. It is famous for producing high-quality white porcelain. The largest and most concentrated kilns are located in the north of Jianci village. Up to now, there are still a lot of porcelain pieces, kiln furniture, slag, porcelain clay and so on. There are 13 high deposits, the highest of which is 15 meters. After investigation and trial excavation, important results have been obtained. From the point of view of stratigraphic superimposition, the site can be divided into three periods: the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty. Ding kiln site is the epitome and important witness of Chinese porcelain making history, which has high research value and archaeological value.

Dingyao site, a key cultural relic protection unit in China, is listed in the list of world cultural heritage declared by China. It ranks first among the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty and is a famous white porcelain kiln site in northern China. Because Quyang was under the jurisdiction of Dingzhou in Song Dynasty, it was named Dingyao. In Song Dynasty, there were five famous kilns: Ding, Ru, Guan, GE and Jun.

General situation of the site

Dingyao site is a famous white porcelain kiln site in ancient northern China, which is distributed in a narrow range of more than 10 kilometers from east to west, with a total area of about 10 square kilometers. The thickest cultural accumulation is more than 10 meters. Quyang belongs to Dingzhou in Song Dynasty, so it is called Dingyao. Ding kiln was founded in Tang Dynasty, flourished in Song Dynasty, and declined gradually in Yuan Dynasty. Porcelain has a history of 600 to 700 years. In 1951 and 1957, Chen Wanli and Feng Xianming of the Palace Museum conducted two surveys. In the early 1960s, the Hebei Provincial Cultural Relics team tried to dig in the east of Beizhen village. From 1985 to 1987, the Hebei Provincial Institute of cultural relics excavated in Beizhen village, jianciling village, yebei village and Yanchuan village, covering an area of nearly 2000 square meters. A large number of kiln and workshop remains were found. More than 10000 specimens and 370000 pieces of fragments were unearthed.

Ding kiln was fired by Xing kiln in the late Tang Dynasty, and gradually became the first white porcelain kiln in the Song Dynasty. Its shape, decoration and firing technique have great influence on porcelain kilns all over the world, forming a Ding kiln based porcelain system. Its products are sold abroad and occupy an important position in the history of porcelain development. In 1988, the State Council of the people's Republic of China announced it as a national key cultural relics protection unit. Ding kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty played an important role in the history of porcelain development in China. Ding kiln was not only a tribute to the court, but also spread from the Silk Road to Central Asia and Eastern Europe. The porcelain it produced had a great influence on the society. There were many imitators in the north and the south. As a result, different names appeared, such as Tu Ding, Xin Ding, Bei Ding, Nan Ding and Fen Ding. Beiding is the porcelain produced by Ding kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty. Continue to produce in Jinyuan. Ding kiln technology plays an important role in promoting the development of China's porcelain industry.

Historical evolution

There are more than ten tall deposits, the highest of which is 15 meters. There are many porcelain pieces, kiln furniture, slag, porcelain clay and so on. From the point of view of stratigraphic superimposition, the site can be divided into three periods: the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty.

late Tang dynasty

In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the porcelain made by Ding kiln was still rough and simple, and was in the transition stage to fine porcelain. The Northern Song Dynasty was the heyday of Ding kiln development. There were many innovations and progress in porcelain making technology. Ding products are mainly white porcelain, but also other kinds of firing, such as black porcelain (heiding), purple glaze (ziding), green glaze (lvding), etc., are in the white porcelain body, covered with high temperature colored glaze. Ding white porcelain, with thin body, fine quality, white glaze and beautiful shape, is decorated with engraving, painting and printing, which has a high artistic level and great social influence. When Su Dongpo, a great poet of Song Dynasty, knew Dingzhou, he once praised the splendor of Dingzhou porcelain with the poem "Dingzhou porcelain is carved with ruby". In guiqian Zhi written by Liu Qi of the Yuan Dynasty, it is said that "the flower porcelain of Dingzhou is white all over the world.". "Dingzhou white porcelain pillow for children" collected by the Palace Museum is one of the representative works of Dingzhou porcelain.

Northern Song Dynasty

Ding kiln has a large scale of production and a variety of products. The dragon and Phoenix plates unearthed in the Northern Song Dynasty are engraved with the words "shangshiju", which shows that they are not only used to make various kinds of domestic porcelain, but also used to make Royal Porcelain for the court. The bowls, plates, basins, pots, cups, pots, bottles, pillows, utensils and toys made here are beautiful in shape and exquisite in decoration. Some bowls and plates are made into petal type along the opening. A blooming flower is printed inside the bowl, and the outline line of pedicel and petal is carved on the outer wall at the same time. The combination of printing and engraving techniques and the unification of interior and exterior decoration makes the modeling and pattern decoration of the utensils as a whole, which is very exquisite.

The most important achievement of porcelain kiln decoration and firing technology in Song Dynasty was the invention of covering firing method and "fire lighting technique". Ding kiln adopted a large number of covering firing method, and also used a washer type combination box. The advantage of this firing method is to maximize the use of vacant space, which can not only save fuel, but also prevent the deformation of utensils, so as to reduce the cost and greatly increase the output, which has had a great impact on the north and South porcelain kilns.

After the "Jingkang change" in the late Northern Song Dynasty, Ding kiln gradually declined and abandoned due to successive years of war. However, it continued to produce in Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Ding kiln's porcelain making technology plays an important role in promoting the development of China's porcelain making industry.

Five Dynasties

In the early years of Ding porcelain, firing white Ding was the best. The body was thin and delicate, and the color was lustrous. There was a saying that "white as jade, thin as paper, and the sound was like a chime". Ding porcelain has a wide variety, beautiful shape and elegant decoration. It mostly adopts carving, flower painting and printing techniques. Its pattern layout is reasonable, fresh and bright. The carving knife is vigorous and powerful, and the printing composition is full. The patterns are mainly peony, lotus, chrysanthemum, plum blossom, Hemerocallis, birds and birds, which are lifelike and lifelike. Most of the Royal porcelains are decorated with dragon and phoenix patterns. The dragon and phoenix dance vividly to show the dignity of the ruler. Ding kiln porcelain technology has a strong national color, at that time many porcelain kilns competing to imitate. Ding kiln was influenced by Xing kiln in Tang Dynasty, and gradually became the leader of white porcelain kiln in Song Dynasty. According to the inscriptions and other records, there was a town named Longquan in the area of Beizhen and Jianci. During the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, there were tax envoys for porcelain kilns in the town. The shape and ornamentation of Ding kiln, especially the overlaying firing process initiated by Ding porcelain, had a great influence on the porcelain kilns in various places, forming a series of Ding kiln porcelain mainly composed of Ding porcelain. Its products are sold abroad and occupy an important position in the history of porcelain development.

Early 1960s

In the excavation to the north of the kiln site, the former site of Prince's mountain courtyard was also found, and two important inscriptions were found: "the story of repairing Prince's mountain courtyard" and "the story of monk's stupa in Prince's mountain courtyard". The excavation covers a total area of 2000 square meters. The relics include 20 kilns and 4 workshops, including grinding trough, water well, Chengchi, material tank, brick plastering site, sagger, wall, kiln storage, ash pit, etc. More than ten thousand specimens and more than 300000 pieces of porcelain and kiln furniture were unearthed. There are many kinds of relics, including celadon, white porcelain, heiding, ziding, etc. Among them, white porcelain has plain surface, carved pattern, printing, flower picking, painting and other decorations, with complete patterns. There are many treasures in white porcelain. For example, many pieces of "Guan", "Caiguan" and "shangyaoju" and "shangshiju" ware pieces were unearthed, as well as unprecedented "dragon", "flower" and other porcelain pieces and "Ladies pillow" and other exquisite utensils.

After the founding of the people's Republic of China

Ding kiln art has been inherited and developed. Scientific and technological personnel have produced some imitation Ding porcelain products with ancient raw materials and skilled techniques, which has given Ding porcelain a new life.

manufacturing process

The products of Tang and Five Dynasties were mixed in thickness and white. The coarser porcelain bodies are thick and gray in color. They are usually coated with a layer of white make-up soil, with white glaze or green, brown green and black glaze on the surface. Some bowls are coated with green, brown green and black glaze on the surface, while the bowls are coated with white glaze on the inside. The glaze is thicker, and often flows and accumulates. The body of fine white porcelain is thin and white, and the glaze is white and slightly cyan. There are bowl, bowl, plate, cup holder, pot, pot, high foot cup, three foot stove, cover box, pillow, bell, porcelain plastic and so on. Generally, the bottom of the bowl is flat, and most of them are inclined open, lip shaped or lotus petal shaped, with flat bottom, solid bottom, jade Bi shaped bottom, wide ring foot and ring foot. Holding pot is usually full shoulder, flat bottom, short flow, there are two kinds of white glaze and greenish yellow glaze. Porcelain pillow is generally short, pillow surface is mostly rectangular or oval, some white porcelain pillow surface with brown stripes. Most of the porcelain models are small animal toys with white glaze and black brown stippling. The decoration of the utensils is relatively simple, most of them are plain, and a few of them are printed with molds, decals and patterns

Chinese PinYin : Ding Yao Yi Zhi