Sang Jisheng

Chinese Name: sangsheng

[category] stem and vine

[synonym] Bi (the book of songs), Yu Mu, Wan Tong (Er Ya), parasitism on Mulberry (Ben Jing), parasitism tree (Guo Pu's note to ER Xiong), parasitism grass (Yunnan materia medica), Bi mu (compendium), Bingfen tree, Yu Xin Bao (Yunnan materia medica).

[source] it is the branches and leaves of mistletoe, mistletoe, or mistletoe.

[plant morphology] 1. Mistletoe

Small evergreen shrubs, 30-60 cm high. The stems and branches are columnar, yellowish green or green, slightly fleshy, with 2-3 forked branches. The branches expand into nodes, and the internodes are 5-10 cm long. Leaves opposite, on the end nodes of branches, without petiole, fleshy, yellowish green, elliptic lanceolate or oblanceolate, 3-7 cm long, 7-15 mm wide, apex obtuse, base cuneate, entire, glossy; main veins 5, middle 3 prominent. Flowers unisexual, dioecious, in the middle of 2 leaves at the end of branches, beige or near fleshy, without pedicel; male flowers 3-5; bracts cup-shaped, about 2 mm long; perianth bell shaped, apex 4-lobed, thick; stamens 4, anthers multicentric, without filaments; female flowers 1-3, perianth bell shaped, connate with ovary, apex 4-lobed, about 1 mm long; ovary inferior, 1-locular, without style, stigma capitate. The berries are spherical, translucent, 6-7 mm in diameter, yellow or orange red when heated, and have mucilaginous rind. Seed 1, lateral flat. The flowering period is from April to May. The fruit period is from September to November.

Often parasitic on elm, birch, willow, maple, poplar and other trees. It is distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Sichuan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Yunnan, etc.

There are also two varieties of mistletoe, which are also used as medicine: mistletoe with yellow fruit. Two red fruit mistletoe, orange red fruit, in addition, there are white fruit mistletoe, also known as mistletoe in Guangxi.

② Parasitic, also known as: Peach parasitic, pear parasitic, loquat parasitic, Camellia parasitic.

Small evergreen shrubs. Old branches glabrous, with raised grayish yellow lenticels, branchlets slightly covered with dark gray pubescence. Leaves simple, alternate or subopposite, leathery, ovoid or longovate. It is 3-7 cm long and 2-5 cm wide, apex obtuse, base rounded or broadly cuneate, entire, veins sparse and inconspicuous; petiole 1-1.5 cm long, smooth, or covered with very short stellate hairs when young. Flowers bisexual, 1-3, forming axillary cymes, total pedicels 4-10 mm long, covered with reddish brown stellate hairs; pedicels shorter; bracteoles 1, ovate, very small; calyx subglobose, connate with ovary, covered with reddish brown stellate hairs outside; floral tube narrow tubular, 2-2.5 cm long, apically 4-lobed, lobes purplish red, weak, slightly curved, covered with reddish brown stellate hairs outside; stamens 4; stamens 2-2-3-3-3-3-3-4-4-3-4-4-4-4-3-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-; Pistil 1, style slender, stigma oblate capitate, ovary inferior, globose. The berry is oval with verrucous process. The flowering period is from August to October. The fruit period is from September to October.

It is often found in more than 50 species of 29 families, such as Moraceae, tea family, beech family, Rutaceae, Rosaceae, Leguminosae, etc. Distributed in Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Jiangxi and other places.

The same genus is similar to the former species in that the leaves are often opposite and the apex is obtuse; the flowers have 1-2 mm long petioles; each inflorescence has 2-5 flowers on a single common pedicel.

③ Trichophyllum, also known as persimmon parasitic, camphor parasitic.

The morphology is similar to that of the parasite, but the branchlets and leaves are densely covered with reddish brown stellate pubescence; the leaves are elliptic or ovate; the corolla lobes are reflexed outward; the berry is covered with hairs.

Often parasitic on mulberry, camphor, Camellia oleifera, pear, jujube, longan and other trees. It is distributed in the south of the Yangtze River Basin.

[collection] 1. Mistletoe

Generally, it is harvested in winter (from March to August in Henan and Hunan), cut off with a knife, remove the thick branches, dry them in the shade or in the sun, tie them into small handfuls or fish them with boiling water (so that they do not change color) and dry them in the sun.

② Parasitism and trichophylla

In summer, the branches are cut down and dried in the sun.

[herb] 1. Mistletoe

Also known as: North parasitic, willow parasitic. The dry branches and stems are cylindrical, without leaves or branches with leaves, about 30 cm in length and 0.3-1 cm in diameter. The surface is yellowish brown or grayish brown, with obvious longitudinal wrinkles. The stem has nodes. The internodes are about 3-5 cm long, and usually have 2-3 branches from the nodes. It is light, brittle and easy to break. The cross section is not flat, the fibers are radial, and there are powder particles scattered. The leaves are long ovate, slightly thick and glossy, leathery and slightly soft, yellowish brown, with obvious wrinkles; 3 veins. The taste is slightly bitter. It's better to have uniform strips, tender branches, yellow green color, with leaves, neat and unbroken.

It is mainly produced in Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin, Anhui, Inner Mongolia, Hunan, Zhejiang, Henan and other places. In addition, it is also produced in Heilongjiang, Shanxi, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Fujian, Hubei, Jiangsu and Qinghai.

② Parasitism

Also known as: broad parasitic. The stem branches are cylindrical, more than 30 cm long, 0.5-1 cm in diameter, with branches or branch marks. The surface is grayish brown or reddish brown, with many small light colored lenticels, or with brown hairs and leaves on the twigs. The leaves are long oval, opposite or alternate, easy to fall off, leathery, hard, and uneven. There is no breath, and the taste is light. It is better to have brown skin, uniform strips, many leaves and mulberry bark.

Mainly produced in Guangdong, Guangxi and other places. In addition, it is also produced in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Jiangxi and other places.

③ Persimmon parasitism

The stem and branch are cylindrical, 0.5-1 cm thick in the lower part, and only 2-3 mm in the tail of the branch. It is brown and purplish red in appearance, with many small light colored lenticels, and irregular longitudinal lines on the suction branch. The leaves are oval, yellowish brown below, leathery and brittle, most of which fall off and leave only leaf marks. Occasionally there are dry flowers and fruits. The material is hard and the section is yellow white. There is no Qi and the taste is astringent. It is better to have fine branches and brown skin.

Produced in Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Hunan, Fujian and other places.

[chemical constituents] the stems and leaves of mistletoe contain oleanolic acid, β - vanillin, racemic inositol, flavonoids, as well as sesquitol, β - sitosterol and a flavonoid glycoside.

The stems and branches with leaves contain quercetin and glucosinolate.

[pharmacological effects] 1. Mistletoe: antihypertensive effect: 1 ml (crude drug 0.83 g / kg) of alcohol extract from fresh leaves of mistletoe flavipectus (when used in normal saline) was given intravenously to anesthetized rabbits and dogs. It can reduce blood pressure, which is the same as that of mistletoe ginkgo. Its stem and leaf extract also has the antihypertensive effect. If combined with hawthorn, garlic and Wutong tree, its antihypertensive effect will be greatly enhanced, and the time of action will also be prolonged. Mistletoe is said to have cardiotonic and antihypertensive effects. The cardiotonic component is viscotoxin, which has digitalis like effect. Oleanolic acid is contained in the red fruit mistletoe, which may be the component causing cardiotonic and diuretic effects. As for how the antihypertensive effect is caused, it has not been solved. The antihypertensive principle of its crude preparation is that mistletoe excites the internal receptors of the circulatory system and inhibits the vasomotor center through the vagus nerve afferent fibers, resulting in the antihypertensive effect. The animals with vagotomy did not induce hypotension, while the animals with atropinization could only eliminate the effect of slowing heart rate (possibly caused by some choline like substances), but not the effect of hypotension. The effect of mistletoe may be different due to the host of mistletoe and the method of drug preparation. It can also cause vomiting, diarrhea and even death. In clinical practice, ginkgo mistletoe leaf extract (better leaves collected in February) or other tinctures are effective for patients with early hypertension, which can improve the self-conscious symptoms, but the antihypertensive effect is not significant. It needs to be used for more than one month, but it is ineffective for patients with late hypertension.

② Parasitism: a diuretic effect

When the dosage of Oxalis was 0.5 mg / kg, the parasitism was increased significantly. In the experiment of chronic rats, 34 mg / kg had significant diuretic effect no matter oral or injection. Although its action intensity is less than aminophylline, its toxicity is only 1 / 4 of aminophylline, so its treatment width is larger.

2. Antihypertensive effect

Although rosucoside has antihypertensive effect on anesthetized dogs, it lasts for a short time and is easy to produce rapid tolerance. According to the preliminary experiment, on the isolated guinea pig heart samples with normal pulsation and tremor, sangjisheng (Chongji) has the effect of relaxing coronary vessels, antagonizing pituitrin, and inhibiting and then increasing myocardial contractility.

Three antiviral effects

In vitro (monkey kidney monolayer epithelial cell tissue culture), the decoction of sangsheng had significant inhibitory effect on poliovirus and other enteroviruses. Poliovirus was inhibited within one hour after direct contact with the drug, which may be a direct inactivation effect.

[toxicity] the median lethal dose was 1.173 g / kg. The mice died of respiratory arrest due to clonic convulsion after poisoning.

③ Persimmon parasitism: a antihypertensive effect

1-0.25 g (crude drug) / kg iv or 0.4-0.5 g / kg oral, both of them have antihypertensive effect, and maintain for a long time (1-2 hours). Repeated administration, no rapid tolerance phenomenon. Vagotomy or atropine injection can only weaken but not completely eliminate its antihypertensive effect, and have no antagonistic or enhancing effect on epinephrine. The antihypertensive effect has nothing to do with sinus nerve It has no direct dilation effect on the normal isolated rabbit ear vessels, but has obvious direct dilation effect on the isolated rabbit ear vessels with cholesterol induced angiosclerosis.

Chinese PinYin : Sang Ji Sheng