hops

hops

(Xinjiang Chinese herbal medicine manual)

Another name: Hubu, xiangshema, piwaguli.

[source] it is the female inflorescence of hops.

[plant morphology] hops, also known as hops.

Perennial twining herbs, up to 10 meters long, the whole plant has barbs. Stems, branches and petioles densely hairy. Leaves papery, opposite, ovate, 3-lobed or undivided, 4-8 cm wide, base cordate or rounded, margin coarsely serrated, densely covered with small spines above, sparse hairs and small yellow oil spots below; petiole length not more than leaf blade. The flowers are unisexual, dioecious; the male flowers are arranged in panicles with 5 perianth segments and 5 stamens; the female flowers have one bract in the axils, and the bracts are imbricate and arranged into a suborbicular spike. The ear is cone-shaped; the persistent bracts are membranous and enlarged, with oil spots, nearly glabrous, and 1-2 achenes with flat inner envelope.

Most of them are cultivated, and there are wild plants in the north of Xinjiang. It is distributed in Northeast, North China and Shandong.

[collection] the female inflorescences are picked when the flowers are in full bloom in summer and autumn, and used fresh or dried for reserve.

[chemical constituents] it contains oxadinone, oxadinone - Ⅱ, oxadinone, shematone, α - coracorene, γ - acorene, 9-methylbuten-3-ol-2, myrcene, α - oxazene, caryophyllene, etc. It also contains astragaloside, isoquercetin, rutin, 3-rhamnodiglucoside, 3-rhamnoglucoside and glucoside of kaempferol. 3-rhamnodiglucoside, 3-rhamnoglucoside and 3-glucoside of quercetin, cyanidin, delphinin, tannin, resin, etc.

[pharmacological action] 1

Hops extract, shematone and acetochlor can inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria in vitro, such as Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, diphtheria, Diplococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, etc.; it has no inhibitory effect on Gram-negative bacteria, tuberculosis, pathogenic and non pathogenic fungi and actinomycetes. The inhibitory effect of shematone on Gram-positive bacteria and tuberculosis was stronger than that of butachlor. In vitro, the inhibitory effect of Shema ketone on Mycobacterium tuberculosis has no synergistic effect with streptomycin. Penicillin can slightly enhance its inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, while erythromycin can enhance its inhibitory effect Four times. It has been reported that 10% horse serum and human serum have no effect on the inhibition of tubercle bacillus in vitro, but other experiments have proved that the presence of serum can significantly reduce its effect, and the inhibition of equine serum on Mycobacterium phlei and Staphylococcus aureus is also weakened It is related to phospholipids in serum. Shematone has no therapeutic effect on mice infected with Streptococcus pyogenes, but it is effective on experimental tuberculosis in mice either orally or intramuscularly. However, many reports deny this effect, but clinically it is effective. It can be kept unchanged for several months at room temperature. Penicillin and erythromycin can enhance the inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and antibiotics in vitro, but serum can cancel the inhibition.

② Sedative effect

Snake hemp is used for hysteria, restlessness and insomnia in foreign folk. The extract of snake hemp can sedate the central nervous system in a small amount, hypnotize the central nervous system in a medium amount, and paralyze the central nervous system in a large amount. It is also said that this effect is caused by isovalerenic acid.

③ Estrogen like effect

The β - acid in the resin has a strong estrogen like effect, 15000 units per gram (measured by uterine weighing method, each unit is equivalent to 0.1 μ g of courtship hormone), but the α - acid has no effect.

④ Other functions

When brewing beer, adding hops not only because of its volatile oil has fragrance, but also has antiseptic effect. The ethanol extract of Herba Hedysarum has strong antispasmodic effect on isolated rabbit jejunum, guinea pig duodenum and rat uterine smooth muscle, and can antagonize the spasmogenic effect of acetylcholine and barium chloride. Its antispasmodic effect is to relax smooth muscle directly. Conclusion: Shema extract and volatile sleeve have mild and short-term antihypertensive effects on dogs (intravenous injection), but have no preventive and therapeutic effects on carrageenan induced edema of rats' feet. Intravenous injection of Shema ketone can enhance respiration.

[toxicity] dermatitis occurred in 90-95% of the patients who had contact with snakehead, which was mainly caused by fresh pollen. The most common side effects of shematone are gastrointestinal reactions, such as loss of appetite, burning sensation, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea and so on. Some people have headache, dizziness, drowsiness, skin allergy, etc. After treatment, except for a few cases of elevated transaminase, liver and kidney functions, ECG were all normal, and no abnormal phenomenon was found in blood and urine routine examination. In the acute toxicity test, the animals were excited and convulsed before death, died of dyspnea, and had obvious congestion or bleeding in liver, kidney and lung. In the chronic toxicity test of mice, the lungs had obvious pathological changes.

[flavor] bitter, cool and nontoxic.

Functions and indications: invigorate the stomach, eliminate food, diuresis and calm the nerves. Treatment of dyspepsia, abdominal distension, edema, cystitis, tuberculosis, insomnia.

[usage and dosage] oral administration: decoction, 0.5-1 yuan. (the nature and taste are listed in the Handbook of Chinese herbal medicine in Xinjiang)

[clinical application] the extract of hops alcohol extract (called "trihexin" or "hops") is made into a variety of dosage forms to treat leprosy, tuberculosis, bacillary dysentery, etc.

① Treatment of leprosy

For tuberculous leprosy, the effect is the most significant, the skin lesions subside quickly, and the recovery of nerve damage is also obvious; for verrucous leprosy, the effect is also different, but the effect is relatively slow. 134 cases of leprosy were treated with sanhexin for more than half a year to two and a half years. Among 79 cases of leprosy, 26 cases were initially treated, 4 cases were significantly improved, 17 cases were improved, and 5 cases had no significant change; 53 cases were retreated, 5 cases were clinically cured, 5 cases were recently cured, 18 cases were significantly improved, 21 cases were improved, and 4 cases were ineffective. In 46 cases of tuberculoid type, 32 cases were initially treated, 4 cases were clinically cured, 7 cases were nearly cured, 11 cases were significantly improved, 9 cases were improved, and 1 case was unchanged; 14 cases were retreated, 1 case was clinically cured, 3 cases were recently cured, 7 cases were significantly improved, 2 cases were improved, and 1 case was unchanged. 8 cases of borderline type were all newly treated, 4 cases were significantly improved and 4 cases were improved. One case of undetermined type was also improved. Preparation and usage: make trihexin into pills or tablets for oral administration, each tablet contains 0.16 g of extract. Some of them took 15 pills on the first Sunday, increased to 20 pills on the second week, and continued to increase to 36 pills as the highest dose. A course of treatment lasted for 6 months, and a week's rest continued for the second course. Some patients began to take 6 pills a day according to the tolerance of patients, and then added 6 pills every 7-14 days, with the maximum of 52 pills a day. There are also 30 pills per day for the first time and 45 pills per day within 2-4 weeks. There were few side effects such as nausea and vomiting after taking the medicine. In addition, 38 cases (67 sites) of leprosy ulcers were treated with 10% trihexin ointment. After 2-60 dressing changes, 27 sites were completely healed, 5 sites were nearly healed, 8 sites were significantly improved, and 24 sites were improved. The total effective rate was 95.6%. The curative effect of simple ulcer is the best, followed by infectious ulcer and complex ulcer.

② Treatment of tuberculosis

The results showed that hops had bacteriostatic effect on tubercle bacillus. At present, the dosage forms used are tablets, emulsions and so on. The objects of observation are divided into the newly treated patients and the retreated patients. There are two methods of use: single use and combined use with other anti tuberculosis drugs. 1. Hops tablets: 8 tablets per day (about 3.5G hops extract), 2-3 times for 3 months. Curative effect: according to the analysis of 61 cases of newly treated patients, the effective rate of lesion at 3 months was 62.1% in the single group (29 cases) and 90.6% in the combined group (32 cases); at 6 months, the effective rate of lesion was 60% in the single group and 78.9% in the combined group. The cavity closure rate was 11.1% at 3 months and 27.7% at 6 months. The sputum negative conversion rate was 30% at 3 months and 60% at 6 months. Among the 34 patients who had been observed for 6 months, 5 cases got worse (all got curative effect in the first 3 months), indicating that the long-term curative effect of hops may be affected by some factors. According to the observation of 57 retreated patients (mostly patients with long course of disease, wide range of lesions, severe condition and more medication in the past), the effective rate of symptoms was 38.5%, the cavity closure rate was 9.6% and the sputum negative conversion rate was 20.5% after 3 months of treatment. In the course of treatment, there were 10 cases of deterioration, 4 cases of cavity enlargement, 2 cases of sputum positive turn, it seems that the anti tuberculosis ability of this drug is not ideal, and it is difficult to effectively control the rapid progress of the disease. Side effects: nausea, loss of appetite, stomach discomfort, bowel sounds and other reactions were found in some cases, hemoptysis and rash of different sizes occurred in a few cases, and swelling of male breasts occurred in some cases. Drug withdrawal was often required for severe reactions. It seems to have no obvious effect on liver function, blood and urine routine. Er Jiu Hua Su emulsion: take 30-50 ml each time, 3 times a day. Curative effect: according to the observation of 86 cases (most of them were treated for 3 months), in the single use group, there were 24 cases of focal absorption, 1 case of cavity closure and 4 cases of shrinkage;

Chinese PinYin : Pi Jiu Hua