Yellow Oleander

Yellow Oleander

(illustrated records of medicinal plants in Guangxi)

[synonym] Nerium indicum, Fanzi peach (Fujian Chinese herbal medicine), Salix, Salix, equisetifolia, Campanula, jiubeihua, Zhutao, shudula (main poisonous plants in South China).

[source] it is the kernel of oleander.

[plant morphology] oleander

Evergreen shrubs, 2~5 m tall, erect; all smooth and glabrous, with latex. The bark is brown with obvious lenticels; the branchlets are drooping and grayish green. The leaves are alternate, sessile, leathery, linear, 10-15 cm long and 7-10 mm wide, bright green, light on the back, slightly convoluted on the side, with obvious middle ribs. Cyme terminal, total stalk, usually six flowers in clusters, yellow, fragrant; pedicel about 2 cm long; sepals 5, green, triangular, 7-9 mm long; corolla large, lobes longer than corolla tube, lobes superimposed into bell shaped, about 5-7 cm long, about 1.5 cm wide; stamens inserted in throat, filaments covered with silver white hairs; stigma round, 2-lobed, style filiform slender, disk absent, seed The ovary is sessile, bald and 2-lobed. Drupe oblate triangular globose, about 3-4 cm in diameter, black. 1 seed, oblong, light gray. The flowering period is from June to December.

More cultivated in the roadside or garden. Distributed in Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan, Yunnan and other places.

The leaves of this plant (the leaves of Nerium indicum) are also used for medicine. Please refer to the special section for details.

[chemical constituents] oleander contains many kinds of cardiac glycosides.

The main cardiac glycosides in the kernel are: oleanoloside a, oleanoloside B, oleanoloside a, oleanoloside B, oleanoloside C, oleanoloside D and oleanoloside B.

The main cardiac glycosides in the seeds are: oleanoloside a, isooleanoloside B, oleanoloside D, oleanoloside B, oleanoloside B, oleanoloside e, oleanoloside C, oleanoloside a, etc. It also contains oleanoloside a, oleanoloside B and flavonoid. The fermented seeds include: Nerium indicum secondary glycoside B, monoacetyl Nerium indicum secondary glycoside B, Nerium indicum diglycoside, Nerium indicum secondary glycoside a 2 "- acetate, etc.

The bark contains cardiac glycosides: Nerium indicum subglycosides A and B, as well as the triterpenoid compound hesperidin acetate. The results showed that there was oleanol B in the skin of young shoots, and 0.03% in the shoots and 0.4% in the leaves. The root contains oleanoloside, oleanoloside B and oleandene.

[pharmacological action] 1. Pharmacological action of several cardiac glycosides in the seed kernel of Nerium indicum L.: a mixture of three lipophilic monosaccharides (Nerium indicum L. subglycoside a, Nerium indicum L. subglycoside B, monoacetyl Nerium indicum L. subglycoside b) isolated from the seed kernel of Nerium indicum L. in China, with melting point of 190-198 ℃, extremely bitter taste, stable preparation and good toxicity to mucous membrane It's stimulating. The cardiotonic effects were observed in the heart of frog and guinea pig, in the heart of barbital induced failure and in the heart lung perfusion of rats. The typical cardiotonic response was observed in the cat ECG. Biological activity: cat method 0.25 ± 0.0098 mg / kg, pigeon method 0.28 ± 0.0115 mg / kg, similar to that of helianthin K, 5 times stronger than that of oleanderin. It also has similar toxic symptoms to the isolated rabbit uterus and intestines, cat blood pressure and vomiting reaction, and the general appearance of cats and monkeys, but at the same dose, xanthoside has strong vomiting effect; it has a certain sedative effect on cats and monkeys, but it has no toxic effect on cats and monkeys. Gastrointestinal absorption was rapid, similar to that of digoxin, and the accumulation effect was low. Most of them disappeared after 24 hours. Oleanderin: it is a mixture of oleanderin A and oleanderin B proposed in the nut. It was proved that its cardiotonic effect is 1 / 7-1 / 8 of that of helianthin G by cat method in the early years. It is 1 / 10 in guinea pig cardiopulmonary preparation, cat and pigeon experiment, and 1 / 9 in Yunnan extraction (pigeon method). The biological activity of Guangxi extract (cat method) was 0.9752 ± 0.0289 mg / kg, which was stronger than that of former Soviet Union (1.2 mg / kg). The absorption rate of digestive tract was slow and irregular. The absorption rate of cat was 6 hours after intestinal administration. The absorption rate of guinea pig was 82:01% after 8 hours. The elimination rate of liver was 0%, that is, it would not be destroyed by liver or excreted from bile. After absorption, it starts to work quickly and lasts for a short time. It can be fully used within 6 minutes after intravenous injection and lasts for 2-3 hours. The elimination is very fast and the accumulation is small. Pigeons have no accumulation in 24 hours (the accumulation of strobiloside G is still 6%), so it is an ultra short-term cardiac glycoside. It can be used for acute heart failure in emergency in clinic, and it can also make pulse flow in patients with hyperthyroidism The heart rate slowed down. Oral administration is easy to produce gastrointestinal reactions. The stimulating effect of digitalis is mainly in the intestine, while digitalis is in the stomach. The biological activities (cat method: A: 0.1474 ± 0.00659 mg / kg; C: 0.1109 ± 0.00546 mg / kg) were similar to those of helianthin g (cat method: 0.11075 ± 0.01085 mg / kg) A is a fast acting cardiac glycoside, which starts to act 15 minutes after oral administration, reaches the peak in 1 hour, and completely disappears in 72-96 hours (once dosage). The effect of intravenous injection is shorter than that of oral administration; C is more effective than a, which is also a fast acting cardiac glycoside, whose duration is slightly shorter and accumulation is also slightly lower than a. In guinea pig experiment, the effect of irregular pulse was weaker than that of helianthin g, but it had a strong inhibitory effect on respiration. The biological activity of cat was 0.1508 mg / kg, which was similar to that of Nerium indicum suboside a, slightly lower than that of strobiloside g, but higher than that of digitoxin (the latter was determined according to its inhibitory effect on potassium influx and lethal effect on guinea pigs). The therapeutic index was 6.0, which was similar to that of acteoside. The absorption in the intestine of cats was slow, about 1 / 4 (27.12%) of the absorption in the liver was eliminated rapidly, so oral administration was not suitable. The accumulation was low, 23.7% in cats and 57% in pigeons, and no accumulation in cats and guinea pigs after 72 hours. The elimination of slow perfusion of femoral vein in cats was 0.000878 mg / kg / h. When it is used in guinea pigs in combination with strobiloside g, if strobiloside G is given first, and then Nerium indicum secondary glycoside B is given, it can show hyperadditive effect

On the contrary, it showed antagonistic effect. The diacetyl oleanoloside B, obtained by acetylation of oleanoloside B, has lower polarity, weaker effect on heart and lower biological activity. Its effective rate is slower than that of oleanoloside B, and its accumulation is also greater. In addition, it has obvious sedative and hypnotic effects (Nerium indicum L. saponin B has no effect), can antagonize caffeine induced excitatory activity in mice, prolong the sleep time of sodium cyclohexene barbital and reduce the body temperature of mice. A new crystalline component was isolated from the kernel of Yunnan Yellow Flower Nerium indicum. Its physicochemical and pharmacological properties were different from those of seven known cardiac glycosides (in the kernel). It showed cardiac glycoside properties on in situ and in vitro rabbit hearts, dogs and guinea pigs. 1 g is equivalent to 3703 pigeon units. Its biological activity, therapeutic index and therapeutic width are between those of helianthin g and digitalis. It is a delayed cardiac glycoside, and its accumulation is greater than digitalis. The crude Glucoside from the kernel of oleander liuhuanghua: it has cardiotonic effect and can improve coronary circulation. Its effect is 1 / 18 of that of helianthin g, treatment width is 0.66 mg / kg, treatment index is 15.0, so it is safe and has diuretic effect on dogs and rats. In Fuzhou, the melting point is 150-154 ℃. Its cardiotonic effect is not affected by serum. The cat unit is 0.2 mg / kg, which is 4 times stronger than that of fraxinoside. After oral administration, the absorption is less and irregular, and it has a greater contractile effect on pregnant uterus.

② The results showed that the alcohol extract from the flower of Nerium indicum had the same effect as the alcohol extract from the leaf on the heart and electrocardiogram of frog and cat in vivo and in vitro. The cat unit was 0.119 ± 0.0059g/kg, the biological activity was higher than that of the leaf, and the accumulation was similar to that of the leaf. It can excite the isolated uterus and intestines of cats, guinea pigs and rabbits, but has no effect on rats.

③ The glycosides in the root, bark and trunk of Indian oleander have cardiotonic effects on frog heart (heart failure caused by increased venous pressure) and dog heart, which can increase the blood pressure of dogs, increase the contractile force and tension of ileum and uterus of rabbits, but have no effect on the intestinal tract of guinea pigs. However, high concentration can enhance the contractile effect of acetylcholine on the intestinal tract, and low concentration has mild spasmolytic effect.

Thevetoidin proposed in thevetiabaumeri is also a fast acting cardiotonic glycoside.

[nature and taste] Chinese medicine and plant Atlas: "it tastes pungent and poisonous. "

[function indications] it has cardiotonic effect. It is suitable for paroxysmal heart failure caused by atrial tachycardia and paroxysmal heart failure.

[clinical application] the results of experiments and clinical trials showed that oleanolin and glucosinolate extracted from the kernel of oleander had significant cardiotonic effect

Chinese PinYin : Huang Hua Jia Zhu Tao