ma chao
ma chao
Ma Chao (176-222), whose name is Meng Qi, was born in Maoling, Fufeng (now Xingping, Shaanxi Province). He was the descendant of Ma Yuan, general Fubo of Han Dynasty, and the son of Ma Teng. He became famous as a young man. Cao Cao called Ma Chao to Beijing many times, but he refused. After Ma Teng entered Beijing, he was named Wei Wei, and Ma Chao led Ma Teng's troops.
In the 16th year of Jian'an (211), Cao Cao ruled Guanzhong, and Ma Chao united with Han Sui, the vassal of Guanzhong, to resist Cao Cao. He once posed a great threat to Cao Cao, but he was defeated by Cao Cao by means of estrangement and retreated. Then he gathered his troops to capture the counties of Longshang again. After failure, he attached himself to Zhang Lu in Hanzhong.
When Liu Bei attacked Liu Zhang, Ma Chao surrendered to Liu Bei and surrounded Chengdu with Liu Bei's army. After the war of Hanzhong, he signed a letter to respect Liu Bei as the king of Hanzhong. After the establishment of Shu Han Dynasty, Ma Chao became an official to the general of Hushi and the Marquis of Qixiang. Ma Chao died in the second year of Zhangwu (222) at the age of 47. During the period of Liu Chan, he was named Weihou. A daughter married to Liu Li, king of Anping. Some swordsmanship techniques were handed down to later generations.
Life of the characters
Early experience
In the first year of Jian'an (196), Ma Chao's father Ma Teng and the northwest warlord Han Sui attacked and killed each other because of some minor friction between their subordinates. Ma Chao was known as "Jianyong" when he was young. In the battle between Ma Teng and Han Sui, he fought with Han Sui's minister Yan Xing. Yan Xing attacked Ma Chao, and his spear was broken by Ma Chao. Yan Xing almost injured Ma Chao's neck with his broken spear and killed Ma Chao. During the turmoil in Sanfu, Ma Chao led his troops to break through Su's fortress.
In the seventh year of Jian'an (202), Yuan Shang's Department Gao Gan and Guo Yuan united with the southern Xiongnu Shan Yu Hu Chuquan to attack Hedong and seize Guanzhong. Zhong Yao, the commander of Sili school, wrote a letter to Ma Teng and Han Sui, stating the advantages and disadvantages, and sent Zhang Ji and Fu Gan to persuade Ma Teng and Han Sui to send troops for help. Ma Teng sent Ma Chao into Guanzhong to help Zhong Yao, and the imperial court appointed Ma Chao as the commander of Sili to fight against Guo Yuan and Gao Gan. When Guo Yuan led his troops across the Fenhe River, Ma Chao led his troops to intercept and kill Guo Yuan halfway across the river. In the course of the battle, Ma Chao was injured by an arrow in his foot, but Ma Chao didn't flinch. He wrapped his injured foot in cloth and continued to lead the army to defeat the enemy. Ma Chao's Department personally killed Guo Yuan by pound, then Gao Gan and Shan Yu surrendered. When Cao Cao was the prime minister, he wanted to recruit Ma Chao into the imperial court, but Ma Chao didn't go to his post. After the crusade against Guo Yuan, Cao Cao adopted the Han Xiandi's imperial edict to appoint Ma Chao as the governor of Xuzhou, but Ma Chao still did not go to his post. Cao Cao changed the title of Ma Chao as an admonishment official, and the imperial court gave Zang Ba the position of governor of Xuzhou.
In 208, Ma Teng was persuaded by Zhang Ji to become an official and was appointed as a guard. Ma Chao's two younger brothers, Ma Xiu and Ma tie, were also granted the titles of "Che Du Wei" and "Qi Du Wei". Only Ma Chao stayed in Liangzhou, was granted the titles of "Pian general" and "duting Hou", and led Ma Teng's troops. He still stationed his troops in Huaili.
In the 15th year of Jian'an (210), Zhou Yu and Sun Quan proposed to capture Liangchuan and unite with Ma Chao to besiege Cao Cao, but they died before the plan was implemented.
Fight against Cao
In March of the 16th year of Jian'an (211), Cao Cao sent Zhong Yao and Xia Houyuan out of Hedong to attack Zhanglu in Hanzhong through the territory of Liangzhou warlords such as Ma Chao. The warlords in Guanxi headed by Ma Chao and Han Sui suspected that Cao Cao wanted to attack and annex Liangzhou. Ma Chao thought that this was Cao Cao's plan to destroy Guo by deceiving the way. So he joined forces with ten generals in Guanzhong, Zhang Heng, Liang Xing, Yang Qiu of Anding, Hou Xuan of Hedong, Cheng Yin, Li Kan, Ma Wan, Cheng Yi, and so on, with a total of 100000 people to fight against Cao. During this period, Ma Chao tried to win over Liu xiongming's forces, but was rejected. Ma Chao led his troops to defeat him and took refuge in Cao Cao. In order to win over Han Sui, Ma Chao even said to Han Sui, "today, Ma Chao abandons his father and takes general Han as his father. General Han should also abandon his son and take Ma Chao as his son. " So the Allied forces in Guanzhong elected Han Sui as the governor, and gathered in Weihe River and Tongguan to build a camp. Cao Cao sent Cao Ren and others to refuse to defend. Because he was afraid of the fierce soldiers in Guanxi, Cao Cao ordered the generals to stick to the wall, not to attack head on, waiting for the support of Cao Cao's army.
In July, Cao Cao led the army of the Central Plains to the West in person and confronted Ma Chao's allied forces at Jiaguan, Tongguan. Cao Cao's army was stationed in Pusan and wanted to cross the river westward. When Ma Chao heard of this, he said to Han Sui, "you can defend on the North Bank of the Weihe River. In less than 20 days, the enemy troops will withdraw on their own when the grain in the east of the River is exhausted." But it was replaced by Han Sui's "half strike" strategy. After hearing Ma Chao's plan, Cao Cao sighed: "if Ma Chao's children don't die, I'm afraid I don't even have a place to die.".
In August, Cao Cao crossed the Yellow River from Tongguan to the north, and sent Xu Huang, Zhu Ling and others to lead 4000 people to pubanjin at night. When Ma Chao knew about it, he sent Liang Xing to lead 5000 troops to attack Xu Huang, but Xu Huang defeated him, and Xu Huang occupied the West of the river to set up a camp. Cao Cao personally led the army to cross from Tongguan to the north. Just after the front team passed, Cao Cao, Xu Chu and more than 100 tigers were cut off. Ma Chao suddenly led more than 10000 infantry to kill. More than 100 people around Cao Cao did not know what to do under the coverage of Ma Chao's arrows. But Cao Cao still sat on the Hu bed and did not get up. When Xu Chu, Zhang Ying and other generals saw that the matter was urgent, they took Cao Cao out of the boat and crossed the river in a hurry. Ma Chao led his cavalry to chase after him and shoot. The arrow was like rain, and Cao Cao almost died. Xu Chu, a tiger mad man under Cao Cao's command, saved Cao Cao with a saddle in one hand and a pole in the other. Cao Cao's captain Ding Fei released a large number of cattle and horses on the river bank. Ma Chao's soldiers ran to catch the running cattle and horses, but Ma Chao couldn't control them. Therefore, Cao Cao was able to successfully cross the river. When Cao Cao's generals saw the defeat on the south bank and didn't know where Cao Cao was, they were very scared. Later, when they saw Cao Cao, they felt sad, surprised, and scared to cry. But Cao Cao laughed and said, "today I was almost trapped by the thief! "
In September, Cao Cao ran across the Weihe River as a corridor to Weinan. The Malaysian and Korean allied forces lost their strategic position and had to retreat. They refused to garrison in Weikou, but Cao Cao set up suspicious soldiers for many times. He sneaked into the Weihe River with ships carrying soldiers, making it a floating bridge. One night, Cao Cao divided his troops and camped in Weinan. The Allied forces attacked the Barracks at night, Cao Cao set up an ambush to break the horse, and the Korean allied forces made a sneak attack. So Ma Chao and others stationed troops in Weinan and sent letters to ask for peace talks in the west of the river, but Cao Cao refused. Under Lou GUI's plan of splashing water to build an ice city, Cao Cao's army was able to cross the Weishui River in batches. The Malaysian and Korean allied forces challenged him several times, but Cao Cao did not respond to the challenge. The Allied forces could only request the land to be cut off and send hostages to make peace. Cao Cao took Jia Xu's strategy, pretended to agree, and then talked and laughed with Han Sui before the battle. (during the negotiation with Cao Cao, Ma Chao, Han Sui, conceited of his bravery, put six rice bags in front of the horse, rode back and forth, measured Cao Cao's weight with the rice, and wanted to sneak attack and capture Cao Cao Cao, but he heard that Xu Chu, Cao Cao's bodyguard, was brave, so he gave up the game It's an idea. Cao Cao soon learned that he was scared and said, "I was almost bullied by the crafty thief." Cao Cao wrote another letter to Han Sui to alter the fake Zhaoan letter, alienating the Guanzhong allied forces, which led to mutual suspicion among the warlords of the Guanzhong allied forces. Cao Cao took advantage of this opportunity to launch an attack and launched a decisive battle in Weinan area. The Allied forces were defeated and Cheng Yi and Li Kan were killed. After the Tongguan war, tens of thousands of soldiers and civilians were killed and injured, and Cao Cao regretted that he had not listened to Wei Wei's words and forced him to fight against the generals in Guanzhong.
Ma Chao and Han then sent messengers to Cao Cao again to cut off the Hexi area and ask for peace, but Cao Cao didn't agree. Ma Chao withdrew and returned to Shangying, Liangzhou. Ren Yang, a member of the county, led his troops to meet Ma Chao. After Cao Cao pursued his troops to anding, he withdrew his troops and returned to the East because of the rebellion in Hejian. At that time, Yang Fu, as a diplomatic envoy, advised Cao Cao: "Ma Chao has the courage of Han Xin and yingbu, and is deeply supported by Qiang people and Di people. The whole Xizhou is in awe of him. If the army is returned and careful preparation is not made, I am afraid the counties in Longshang will no longer belong to the state." Although Cao Cao understood Ma Chao's power, but the war in Hejian was imminent, so he withdrew his troops to Xuchang first, but he still left Xia Houyuan, Zhang Ying and other famous generals to guard the key. (see Tongguan battle for details)
Rolled soil Liangzhou
In the 17th year of Jian'an (212), in the first month of the year, shortly after Ma Chao's defeat in the battle of Tongguan, he quickly annexed the counties of Longshang (Longxi, Nan'an, Hanyang, yongyang, etc.), and Zhang Lu also sent Yang ang, a general, to help Ma Chao. He gathered more than ten thousand people to besiege Liangzhou governor Wei Kang, who was in charge of Jicheng (now the south of Gangu County, Gansu Province).
In March, Liangzhou governor Wei Kang sent Yan Wen out of the city secretly to ask Xia Houyuan for help. Yan Wen dived out of the city at night. The next day, Ma Chaojun finds Yan Wen's trace and sends someone to track and intercept him. Ma Chaojun catches up with Yan Wen in Xianqin area and catches him to see Ma Chao. Ma Chao untied his bondage and said to him, "now the victory and defeat are clear. You asked for help for the isolated city, but you were caught here. How can you show your righteousness? If you listen to me and tell the city that there will be no rescuers from the East, it's a trick to turn disaster into good. Otherwise, I will kill you now. " Yan Wen pretends to agree, and Ma Chao takes him to Jicheng in a car. Yan Wen yelled to the city: "the army will come in three days, work hard!" All the people in the city wept for him and prayed for his long live. Ma Chao angrily asked him: "you don't want to die?" Yan Wen did not answer. At that time, Ma Chao couldn't attack for a long time, so he slowly lured Yan Wen, hoping that he would change his mind. He said to him: "friends in the city, do you want to join hands with me?" Yan Wen ignored him again, and Ma Chao severely criticized him. Yan Wen said: "the only way to be a king is to die, but you want the elder to say something unjust. Am I a person who lives on idly?" Ma Chao killed him.
In May, Cao Cao arrested the machao people (including Ma Teng, his father, and Ma Xiu, Ma tie, his two younger brothers) in Yecheng,
Chinese PinYin : Ma Chao
ma chao
