He Tengjiao

He Tengjiao

He Tengjiao (1592-1649), whose name is Yuncong, was born in Liping Prefecture, Guizhou Province. In 1645, he served as governor of Huguang and cooperated with Li Zicheng's old peasant army to resist the Qing army. In 1647, the Qing army captured Hunan. He retreated to Guangxi, defended Quanzhou, and repulsed the Qing army. In 1648, he made a counterattack and recovered most of Hunan. Later, he was defeated in Xiangtan, captured and killed in Changsha. There is a volume of the collection of he Tengjiao, the king of Hunan in the Ming Dynasty.

Life of the characters

Appease the local bandits

Chongzhen years, Nanyang County Magistrate. During the mourning for his mother, he resigned. After getting rid of the mourning clothes, he was appointed to serve as the commander of Huai Xu army. He leveled off the local bandits and made his area peaceful.

Gather troops to fight against the Qing Dynasty

Zuo Liangyu led a rebellion and invited he Tengjiao to accompany him. He didn't agree. So he transferred from ningzhou to Liuyang and arrived in Changsha. Gather his former subordinates, such as Du Yinxi, Fu shangrui, Yan Qiheng, Zhang Kuang, Zhou Daqi and Wu Jinxi, to make an oath. They allocated horses, ships, grain and grass, and established several armed forces to serve as leaders respectively.

Accept and accept the scattered generals

In May of the second year of Shunzhi (1645), the Qing army conquered Nandu, and Zhu Yujian, king of the Tang Dynasty, became king in Fuzhou. After Li Zicheng's accidental death in Jiugongshan, his generals Liu Tiren and Hao Yaoqi planned to be subordinated to he Tengjiao because they had no commander in chief. They led 40000 or 50000 people into Xiangyin, only a hundred li away from Changsha. The people in the city didn't know that they were coming to submit and were very afraid. Chao Xuan led his troops back to the swallow's nest. Shangrui asked Teng to escape for a while. Teng Jiao said, "to die in Zuo Liangyu's hand is the same as to die in the thief's hand. Why do you want to escape?" On Tuesday, the magistrate of Changsha asked for a reconnaissance. Tengjiao sent 1000 people to protect him. The bandit soldiers thought that they were here to fight, so they shot him with arrows and killed all the soldiers who were with them. The city was even more frightened, and all the gentry and people, men and women, fled. He Tengjiao and Zhang Kuang plan to send Wan Dapeng and other two people to recruit. When the bandits saw that there were only two horses, they welcomed them into the arena and entertained them with wine and meat. The two of them didn't say a word, they just drank with the bandits. After drinking, the bandits asked them what they were coming for. They answered that the governor thought Xiangyin was too small to accommodate the army. Please move to Changsha. So he took out he Tengjiao's letter and invited them to say, "Mr. He is waiting for the day when you will be obedient. He vowed that you will always enjoy wealth." Hao Yaoqi and others were very happy and immediately went to Changsha with Wan Dapeng. He Tengjiao openly appeased and sympathized with them, held banquets, drank and reveled, and used beef and wine to annoy his accompanying officials. He Tengjiao ordered xianbi to lead 30000 soldiers to practice riding and shooting, and the big and small military flags blocked the sky. Hao Yaoqi and others were very happy. They recruited yuan Zongdi, Lin Xingfa, Wang Jincai, Niu Youyong and other members of his party to submit. They all increased more than 100000 soldiers at once, and their military power was greatly boosted. Before long, Li Zicheng's generals Li Jin and Gao bizheng led hundreds of thousands of troops to approach Changde. He Tengjiao ordered Du Yinxi to recruit them and settle them in Jingzhou. Li Zicheng's hundreds of thousands of soldiers eventually all belong to he Tengjiao. He Tengjiao only said that the culprit had been removed, and that he should go to the suburban temple to tell the gods about his contribution. The king of the Tang Dynasty was very happy. He immediately appointed him as the Grand Master of Dongge and Minister of the Ministry of war, and conferred him dingxingbo, still commanding the army. However, he suspected that Li Zicheng's death was untrue. Tengjiao is sure that Li Zicheng is dead and his body has rotted. He Tengjiao did not dare to claim his meritorious service, so he resolutely declined the title he had given himself. The king of Tang did not allow him to resign, but ordered him to plan to capture Jiangxi and Nandu.

The morale of the army is shaken

In the third year of Shunzhi (1646), Yongming King ascended the throne, and he Tengjiao was granted the title of Bachelor of wuyingdian. The crown prince and his wife. In the spring of the fourth year of Shunzhi (1647), Wang Jincai threatened to lack military support and plundered the local area until Xiangyin. Just as the Qing soldiers arrived in Changsha, Wang Jin fled to Hubei. He Tengjiao couldn't guard and fled to Hengzhou alone. Changsha and Xiangyin fell together. Lu Ding guarded Hengzhou at this time, but xianbi's army suddenly arrived and plundered wantonly. Lu Ding could not resist and fled to Yongzhou. Xianbi then took he Tengjiao to Qiyang and from Xiaodao to Chenzhou. He Tengjiao escaped and came back to Yongzhou. In June of the same year, he Tengjiao was in Baiya. Yongming King secretly sent envoys to tell him Liu Chengyin's crime and ordered him to get rid of him in Wugang. He Tengjiao then went to see King Yongming, who was summoned by the king and the Empress Dowager. Liu Chengyin started as a small school and became a general with the recommendation of he Tengjiao. Now he has gradually become proud. In August of the same year, the Qing army conquered Wugang and Liu Chengyin surrendered. Yongming first fled to Jingzhou, and then to Liuzhou. At that time, Changde and Baoqing had been lost, and Yongzhou had fallen again. King Yongming planned to return to Guilin, but only Jiao Lian's weak troops were in the city. He Tengjiao led Zhao Yinxuan and Hu Yiqing's troops to the city to support them. However, Hao Yongzhong, the Marquis of Nan'an, suddenly arrived with more than 10000 troops and planned to fight Jiao Lian's army. At the same time, the army of Bolu Ding in Yizhang also arrived, and he Tengjiao adjusted for them. Only then did Guilin settle down. He Tengjiao sent Jiao Lian, Hao Yongzhong, Lu Ding, Zhao Yinxuan and Hu Yiqing to guard Xingan, Lingchuan, Yongning and Yining counties respectively. He Tengjiao led five generals to resist.

Recover lost land

In the first month of the fifth year of Shunzhi (1648), the king of Yongming lived in Guilin. Tengjiao was granted the title of Taishi and Jinjue the title of marquis. In February, the Qing troops conquered Quanzhou and arrived at Xing'an. Hao Yongzhong's army was defeated and fled to Guilin. King Yongming was forced to flee to the West and indulged his army in plundering. He Tengjiao came from Yongfu. Knowing that Guilin had changed, the Qing army went straight to the north gate. After he Tengjiao led Jiao Lian, Hu Yiqing and others to refuse to defend, the Qing army returned to Quanzhou. It happened that Jin Shenghuan and Wang Deren betrayed the Qing Dynasty and led their troops to attach themselves. When the Qing army in Hunan retreated, he Tengjiao captured Quanzhou. Cao Zhijian, the Marquis of Baochang, Hou Luding, the Marquis of Yizhang, Jiaolian, the Marquis of Xinxing, and Zhao Yinxuan, the Marquis of Xinning, were sent to attack Yongzhou. They besieged the city for three months, fought 36 battles, and conquered it in early November. Soon after, Yu Kunqi, the censor of the Jianjun army, and Li Jiachun, the chief of the staff side, captured Baoqing, the generals also captured Hengzhou, and Ma Jinzhong captured Changde. Most of the lost land was recovered.

Die for the country

In the first month of the sixth year of Shunzhi (1649), he Tengjiao ordered Jinzhong to leave Changsha from Yiyang. He agreed that all the generals would meet and then go to Zhongzhen camp in person to invite Li Chixin to settle in Hengzhou. He Tengjiao's 6000 soldiers were afraid of the joint attack of Zhongzhen camp, so they did not dare to let them protect themselves. They only carried 30 subordinate officials and soldiers to Xiangtan. They saw that they were coming. They heard that Li Chixin was leading his troops eastward, so they followed him to Xiangtan. Xiangtan is an empty city. Li Chixin left without defense, and he Tengjiao entered the city. When the Qing soldiers learned that he Tengjiao had entered the empty city, they sent General Li Yong to lead them into the city. Li Yong used to be a general of he Tengjiao's subordinates. When he entered the city, he led his soldiers to surround him and salute him, persuading him to surrender. He Tengjiao yelled, and Li Yong took him away. He Tengjiao fasted for seven days, and the Qing soldiers had to kill him. When King Yongming heard the news, he mourned and offered sacrifices to the king of Hunan many times. He was posthumously named Wenlie and asked his son, he Wenrui, to be the censor of Jindu.

Character achievement

Politics

As a general of the Southern Ming Dynasty, he Tengjiao was able to judge the situation and conform to the people's will in the face of the overwhelming southward offensive of the Qing army. To a certain extent, he changed his stand against the Dashun peasant army, united with the peasant uprising army to fight against the Qing Dynasty, and became an important figure to unite the forces of various classes to fight against the Qing Dynasty.

military

He Tengjiao united with the peasant uprising army to set up thirteen towns in Jingxiang to fight against the Qing Dynasty.

nation

After he Tengjiao was captured in the anti Qing Dynasty, he vowed not to surrender, which showed his regret that he could not recover the Nanming Dynasty and his unswerving national integrity.

personal works

Jueming poem

"Heaven is the source of human suffering," he said. He has the heart to refine the stone, he has a tree, he has no plan to comfort the three continents. The mountains and rivers are red, the wind is sad, the country is full of people, and the rain is overflowing in autumn. When he was exhausted and failed, he died. Remarks: before he died, he Tengjiao wrote the poem of Jueming.

Historical evaluation

Evaluation of historical records

History of the Ming Dynasty: in the rough and difficult situation, Jie ran defends himself with difficulty.

Historical evaluation

(Qing Dynasty) he Chengzhen's Taogong mountain: fortunately buried the king Wenlie of Hunan, Taogong mountain is full of gloomy atmosphere. A group of tourists on an outing and mending wedges are fighting for the memorial ceremony of Lan Wei tomb. Li Shuchang (Qing Dynasty): he Tengjiao, who was appointed king of central Hunan after his death, was stationed at a different place from Shi Kefa. It is not known whether Ming Dynasty will die or not. Gu Cheng's history of the Southern Ming Dynasty: he Tengjiao was unyielding after he was captured, and he maintained his national integrity, which should be affirmed. But throughout his life, he did not achieve enough, but failed more. In Hongguang period, he was constrained by Zuo Liangyu and did nothing. During the period of Longwu, he and Zhang Kuang, governor of Hubei Province, pushed out the rest of the Dashun army and recruited a group of scattered soldiers to act as their direct line, but they were not able to take them as generals, resulting in the situation of Liu Chengyin, Cao Zhijian, Huang chaoxuan and other separatist and domineering regimes. He was also responsible for the death of emperor Longwu. At the time of the victory of the counter attack on Hunan, as the commander-in-chief of the whole army, he used his selfishness to instigate Hao Yongzhong to sneak attack on Chen Youlong's Department, which came and went anyway, provoking the Ming army to fight each other and giving the Qing army a breathing space; he also transferred the Zhongzhen camp, which besieged Changsha, to destroy the overall strategic situation of restoring Hunan and aiding Jiangxi. Wang Weizhou's "national humiliation": when a decayed building collapses, even a peerless hero can't support it

Chinese PinYin : He Teng Jiao