Wang Kaiyun

Wang Kaiyun

Wang Kai Yun (1833-1916) was a Confucian scholar and writer in the late Qing Dynasty. Renqiu, also known as Renfu, is called xiangqi. In the second year of Xianfeng (1852), he was a tutor in SUSHUN, and later joined Zeng Guofan's shogunate. He entered Sichuan in 1880 and presided over Zunjing Academy in Chengdu. After the lecture in Changsha Sixian lecture house, Hengzhou Chuanshan academy, Nanchang College. He was awarded the title of Imperial Academy review and official reading. After the revolution of 1911, he served as the director of the Qing History Museum. He is the author of xiangqilou poetry collection, anthology, diary, etc.

Life of the characters

According to Wang's genealogy, his ancestors moved from Jiangxi to Xixiang, Hengyang, Hunan in the Ming Dynasty, and then moved outside Xiangtan City in the Chenghua period of Xianzong. Wang Kaiyun was born in 1833. He was a little orphan and was raised by his uncle. As a child, he was dull but eager to learn. The draft of the history of the Qing Dynasty says that he "can't recite what he learned, but can't eat what he learned; can't solve what he recited in the evening, and can't sleep." "Classics, history, and a hundred schools do not recite. Note, note, copy, school, day has fixed class Nine year old Nengwen. A little longer, studied in Chengnan Academy of Changsha. It is not for profit. In the seventh year of Xianfeng (1857), Hunan Buxing Renzi (the second year of Xianfeng) Yimao (the fifth year of Xianfeng) two subjects of rural examination, he ranked the fifth in the examination, and was praised by Zhang Jinyong, the academic administrator. He was treated well by Zeng Guofan, but only for the sake of Qing Dynasty. In the ninth year of Xianfeng (1859), Wang Kai went to the capital for the ceremony department examination. He failed in the examination and was employed by SUSHUN. He taught and read in his family, and was well received. He quit soon. In the "Qixiang coup" of the 11th year, eight ministers, such as SUSHUN, were killed. He once wrote "Qixiang story" to explain the killing of SUSHUN. In the first year of tongzhi (1862), Wang Kai was transported into Zeng Guofan's tent. Most of his discussions were not in agreement with each other, and he soon left. He lived in poverty and devoted himself to lecturing. In 1879, Wang Kaiyun came to Chengdu at the invitation of Ding Baozhen, governor of Sichuan Province, to serve as the head of Zunjing Academy. He not only cared for the students, but also had strict requirements. He kept a diary every day and had papers every month. Wang Kaiyun returned to Hunan after his resignation and successively presided over Sixian lecture hall in Changsha and Chuanshan Academy in Hengzhou. In 1902, he hosted Nanchang College of higher learning, but soon dismissed and returned to Hunan, where he gave lectures and apprentices. There are thousands of disciples around, and they are known as students all over the world. In 1906, Wang Kaiyun was an old man in his twilight years. Cen Chunxuan, the governor of Hunan Province, wrote a letter to show his virtue. The Qing government granted him the official post of reviewing the Imperial Academy. In 1911, he was granted the title of minister of the Imperial Academy. In 1914, he was employed by Yuan Shikai as the curator of the national history museum to compile the national history. He also served as a member of the Senate to participate in politics, and resigned in the tide of restoration. In 1916, at the age of 83, Wang Kaiyun died in his hometown. He wrote an elegiac couplet: "the spring and Autumn Annals have not yet been completed. Fortunately, there is a beautiful girl to write poems and rites. If you don't have enough time, you can sing poems all over the country." After his death, the then president Li Yuanhong personally wrote inscriptions on Shinto, and Hunan, Sichuan and other provinces all wrote articles on public sacrifice, which enjoyed great reputation.

Confucian classics

Wang Kaiyun was a scholar in charge of the biography of Gongyang in the spring and Autumn period, which was based on the study of jinwenjing. In his early years, he first studied the system of the three dynasties in detail from the book of rites. In his 20s, he wrote 13 chapters of the book of rites. Then he discussed the theory of he Xiu in Gongyang Chunqiu. When he saw that the scholars of Qian Jia period in Qing Dynasty were only familiar with annotations, but they only explained the Scriptures, but did not record them. They only focused on textual research but ignored the argument. Readers often wanted to sleep before they finished ten lines. He said with deep emotion: "the literati are entrusted by the saints, sent by the rites, believed in the later generations by Shi Lai, and believed in the language by people Now if this is the case, the way of writing is almost dead. " Therefore, his annotation of classics did not follow the song Confucianists' boasting of righteousness, nor did he follow the Qian Jia scholars' special ancient annotation, but made a brief interpretation according to his own experience. He is not strong enough to explain what is really difficult for him to understand. Wang Kaiyun once made it clear that his purpose of governing the classics was only to "seek its grand purpose", which was used to "assist in governing the Tao, preserve the first classics, understand the ancient precepts, and publish the articles." In order to make readers understand and feel happy, this method of studying had a certain influence on the style of study at that time. Throughout his life, Wang Kaiyun wrote more than 10 kinds of Confucian classics, including Zhouyi shushuo, shangshujian, shangshudazhuan Buzhu, shijingbujian, lijijingjian, zhouguanjian, lijiji, Chunqiu Yibiao, Chunqiu Gongyang zhuanjian, lunyuxun, Erya Jijie, etc. The number of works, the depth of effort and the great influence are rare in modern times.

historiography

The local chronicles edited and finalized by Wang Kaiyun in Tongguang period include Guiyang Prefecture chronicles, Dong'an County chronicles, Hengyang County chronicles, Xiangtan County chronicles, etc. later generations once commented that "gathering talents in Fangji, accepting changes in essays", and thought that "the Li Mi of Shi Duan" exceeded the works of famous historians of the same era. Wang Kaiyun thought that his most proud historical work was "Xiang Jun Zhi", which was written at Zeng Guoquan's request and reflected the complete history of Xiang army. In order to write this book, besides his personal experience and reputation, he also managed to borrow a large number of files from the military aircraft department and asked people to make maps, which took seven years to complete. Wang Kaiyun himself had a deep relationship with many generals of Hunan army, and he also highly praised Zeng Guofan. However, in addition to praising the meritorious achievements of the Hunan army, he did not cover up the fierce momentum of the Taiping Army in the early stage, the contradictions among various factions in the Qing Dynasty, the repeated defeats of the Hunan army in the early stage, and the plundering and swallowing of property by the longitudinal army after Zeng Guoquan conquered Jiangning . Therefore, as soon as the book was printed, it was attacked by some generals of the Hunan army. They thought it was a "slander book" and forced Wang Kaiyun to destroy the original edition by Guo Songtao. Later, Zeng Guoquan asked Wang anding, his aide, to write a new book called Xiang Jun Ji in an attempt to counteract its influence. Although the record of Xiang army is detailed, it can make up for the deficiency and bias of Xiang army records, but it flatters the Zeng brothers and deliberately avoids or mends the contradictions of all parties. Therefore, the authenticity, the simplicity of narration and the vigor of writing are not as good as Xiang army records. For this reason, some scholars of later generations said that "the writing style of Xiang Jun Zhi is high, and it is the first voice and color literature in the miscellaneous history of our country in the past thousand years" and "the justice of right and wrong is the first to promote the good history of the later Tang Dynasty."

literature

Wang Kaiyun is a great poet of a generation. In the general record of Guangxuan poetry by Wang Guoyuan at the beginning of the Republic of China, he was listed as the leader of the poetry circle and the first poet of a generation. When he was young, Wang Kaiyun strictly abided by the rules and rules of poetry. He emphasized that he should start from imitating the ancients. Five character long poems lived in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, while seven character long poems and modern style poems lived in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. However, he did not simply imitate the ancients, but tried his best to imitate the beauty of the ancients. His poems: most of them are related to current affairs. " Duxingyao and Yuanmingyuan CI are all great works reflecting the current social situation, which once spread for a while and can be called epic. His landscape poems are magnificent, often with a noble pride. For example, it is written in the work of entering Peng Li to look at Lushan Mountain: "the light boat runs through the huge gully, carrying the sacred wind high alone; it walks alone without neighbors, but it is desolate. When the sun is clear and bright, Lushan Mountain can not be illuminated. When you set sail to carry floating clouds, you can hold boats and play with the waves. " It is a typical portrayal of this style, so Tan Sitong said that his poems are beyond the "poet's Poems" and belong to the category of "more upward works". Wang Kaiyun also likes to select and comment on poems, and his selected poems of eight dynasties is very popular. He once analyzed and said: "the ancient poetry is based on the correct gains and losses, and the modern poetry is based on the cultivation of nature. Although it is still a poem, its use is different. Therefore, since the Han Dynasty, poetry is both music and moving. Its origin is different. In ancient times, it was based on admonishment, especially for people. Today, it is based on tuoxing, but it is for oneself. " It shows the difference of the purpose of poetry writing between ancient and modern times. Wang Kaiyun's prose is composed of parallel prose and prose, which is neither rhetorical nor pretentious. Therefore, it can be natural, not vulgar, and has many warning words. Many of his works are handed down from generation to generation.

education

Wang Kaiyun has been engaged in education for a long time. He has successively taught at Zunjing Academy in Chengdu, Sixian lecture house in Changsha, Chuanshan Academy in Hengyang and Jiangxi University in Nanchang. In addition to his private disciples, he has thousands of students, among whom Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi, Liao Ping, Song Yuren, Yang Du, Yang Rui and Qi Baishi have made great achievements. On his first day in Zunjing academy, he taught the students how to learn the classics. He said, "in the book of changes, we must first know the number and meaning of the words in the book of changes. We should not exaggerate the name of the hexagram. In the book of songs, we must first read the sentences. In the book of songs, we must prophesy the words given by men and women. It is not enough to pass them on to the academic officials He also said: "it's more important to say the universe than to know the characters in Shuowen Jieyu." if you don't take the ancient style, you will die. If you copy the ancient style, you will die. " At that time, there were few Confucianists in huisai of Shu School. Only when they heard Wang Kaiyun's comments did they know how to study, recite and annotate the selected historical works. Zunjing academy has a daily record, a monthly lesson, and a free time to study rites. In the past three years, the style of scholars changed, and some influential figures such as Liao Ping and Hu Congjian appeared. Therefore, it is not too much to call Wang Kaiyun a great educator in modern times. In his early years, Wang Kaiyun cherished the study of emperors and tried to take part in the governance of the world. However, he suffered many setbacks and was unable to display his ambition. He refused to be an official and returned to write and teach apprentices. However, his arrogance of "having no ambition, he has no spare time to sing high over the country and mountains" has not been reduced. Usually laugh, scold, ridicule, everywhere, people are often afraid to avoid it. But he is sincere and easy to the students, diligent in teaching, often Zhengjin Professor, talking, tireless all day. Wang Kaiyun went to bed early and got up early in his life. He did not smoke and drink, so he had enough energy and more attainments. All his books were copied by himself, and his calligraphy was thick,

Chinese PinYin : Wang Kai Yun