Northern Wei Dynasty
Northern Wei Dynasty
The Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534) was the first dynasty of the Northern Dynasty, which was established by the Xianbei people.
In 386, when the former Qin Dynasty was divided into five parts, tuobawei called himself the king of the dynasty in niuchuan, rebuilt the state of the dynasty, and established the capital of Shengle (now Helingeer County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region). In April of the same year, it was renamed King Wei. In June 398, it was officially named "Wei", which is known as "Northern Wei" in history. In July 398, Emperor Daowu moved his capital to Pingcheng (today's Datong City, Shanxi Province) and became emperor. In 439, Taiwu emperor tuobatao unified the north. In 493, Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba moved his capital to Luoyang and carried out a large-scale reform.
Yongxi three years (534), divided into the Eastern Wei and Western Wei. In 550, Gao Yang accepted emperor Xiaojing's abdication and established the Northern Qi Dynasty. In 557, Zen was established in yuwenjue, Northern Zhou Dynasty, and Yuan Wei (Tuoba Wei) ended. From the reconstruction of the state in 386 to the division in 534, there were 20 emperors (12 included in the official history) and 148 years of state enjoyment.
During the Northern Wei Dynasty, Buddhism rose and developed unprecedentedly. The move of capital Luoyang and the change of Customs promoted the centralization and national integration of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
Because the word "Wei" has a great meaning and is the name of "the kingdom of China", it is different from the previous Cao Wei regime, so some historical books are also called "post Wei". His royal family name was Tuoba, and later changed to yuan, so it was also called Tuoba Wei and Yuan Wei.
National name
The name of the Northern Wei Dynasty was originally“
Wei
”The word "Wei" is preceded by the word "North" for address“
Northern Wei Dynasty
”It refers to the "China" in the north, which is also different from the Cao Wei regime in the Three Kingdoms. In the Northern Wei Dynasty
The later Wei Dynasty
and
Tuoba Wei
、
Northern Wei
It's the name of a person. Because of the custom of braided hair in Tuoba tribe of Northern Wei Dynasty, it was scornfully called suotou Lu in Southern Dynasty
Suolu
, or
Wei Lu
.
According to the research of historian Tian Yuqing, Tuoba fan was originally renamed Daiwang, and soon changed to Weiwang, which may be related to his fighting with Murong Yong for the Hedong area belonging to Weidi, which means that Daidi and Weidi should be under his jurisdiction. In 398, the name of the state was officially designated as "Wei", which meant that it was beautiful and great, and contained the intention of boasting to Jiangzuo and the Eastern Jin Dynasty that it was "Shenzhou orthodox". However, before Emperor Xiaowen, quite a number of people used it privately“
generation
”It's a national name.
history
The predecessor of the founding of the people's Republic of China
Tuoba tribe of Xianbei nationality originally lived near Daxinganling in Heilongjiang and Nenjiang River Basin and lived a nomadic life. Before the Eastern Han Dynasty, after the northern Xiongnu was defeated and moved to the west, the Tuoba tribe, led by the tribal leader Tuoba jiefen, gradually moved to the West and entered the original northern Xiongnu residence, namely Mobei area.
In the period of Tuoba Liwei, Tuoba tribe went south to nomad in Yunzhong (today's Tuoketuo County of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), and then moved to Shengle (today's Helingeer County of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), and had contacts with Cao Wei and Western Jin Dynasty. But at this time, Tuoba tribe was still in the stage of clan tribe alliance.
In 315, Tuoba Yilu, the grandson of Tuoba Liwei, was granted the title of Daigong by the Western Jin Dynasty for helping Liu Kun, the governor of Bingzhou in the Western Jin Dynasty, fight against Liu Cong, the Hun nationality, and shile, the Jie nationality. In 338, Tuoba shiyiqian founded daiguo. Duyu Shengle entered the class society of slave owner system and gradually became strong.
In 376, Fu Jian, the former king of Qin Dynasty, attacked Dai Dynasty, and Tuoba shiyiqian was defeated. Later, he was killed by his son Tuoba Shijun. The former Qin Dynasty attacked Dai Dynasty again, and Dai Dynasty was destroyed.
At the beginning of our country
After the war of Feishui, the former Qin Dynasty collapsed, and all the nationalities conquered by Fu Jian became independent and established their own kingdoms. In 386, the grandson of Tuoba shiyiqian joined the old tribe and held a tribal assembly in niuchuan (now the Northeast Henan Province in Xinghe County of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), which was the throne of the dynasty. Soon after he ascended the throne, he moved his capital to Shengle because of the remoteness of niuchuan. In April of the same year, the name of the state was changed to Wei, claiming to be the king of Wei.
The area where Xianbei people lived was originally the hometown of Xiongnu. Most of the Huns moved to the West and south, but not all the Huns moved to the West and south, and some of them stayed in the same place. After the Xianbei came, they merged with this part of the Huns who did not move, established a tribal alliance, incorporated the Huns into the Xianbei tribal alliance, and strengthened the relationship between the two ethnic groups by marriage. In the era of clan tribe, tribal alliance can still be established through conquest. Naturally, in this alliance, the status of the conqueror and the conquered is not necessarily equal.
When Fujian attacked shiyiqian, Liu Weichen, the head of Tiefu department, cooperated with Fujian to attack shiyiqian. After the failure of shiyiqian, Liu Weichen and Liu Kuren, another leader of Tiefu, became powerful. Fu Jian made them take the Yellow River as the boundary and occupy the hometown of Tuoba family respectively. Liu Weichen's family lived in the West and Liu Kuren's family lived in the East. Both Liu Weichen and Liu Kuren came from the southern Huns. Because the Han Dynasty was in peace with the Xiongnu, and married the Xiongnu Chanyu with the daughter of the emperor, most of the Xiongnu people assumed the surname of Liu. The two Huns were married to Tuoba Xianbei. Liu Kuren's mother is the daughter of Tuoba Yulu (emperor pingwen). Shiyiqian married Liu Kuren with his daughter and Liu Weichen with her daughter.
In order to revive the Tuoba clan, Tuoba must first compete with Liu Xian (the son of Liu Kuren) and Liu Weichen of Xiongnu for the leadership of the tribal alliance. Before he ascended the throne, Liu Xian murdered him. Shortly after he ascended the throne, Liu Xian sent troops to escort his son Tuoba kudou and Tuoba to fight for the country. Tuoba's original custom of setting up a young son posed a great threat to Tuoba. All the tribes wavered and caused riots. The left and right of Tuoba also plotted to capture Tuoba alive in response to Tuoba cave's attack. In fear, Tuoba fan went north over Yinshan Mountain and depended on Helan department. He sent people to murongchui for help. Murongchui sent muronglin to lead the troops to save tuobayu, defeated kudou, and kudou defected to Liu Weichen, who killed him, and all the troops belonged to tuobayu; the next year (387) tuobayu defeated Liuxian in mize, Mayi, and the Liuxian tribe was finally destroyed by murongchui. At last, Wei Chen was defeated and killed. His son, Helian, led the remnant to flee south and attached himself to Yao Xing of the later Qin Dynasty. As a result, all the areas south of the Yellow River were flat, and more than 300000 famous horses and 4 million cattle and sheep were captured.
After restoring the leadership of the tribal alliance of the Tuoba clan in Xianbei, Tuoba began to develop north and south. In this period, in the north of Tuoba family, Gaoche and Rouran were more backward in culture, and in the south, Houyan was founded by murongchui in Xianbei. In the fourth year of Dengguo (389), Tuoba defeated the Gaoche people. Gaoche is a nomadic tribe and a good cavalry. The conquest of Gaoche clan enhanced the fighting ability of Tuoba clan.
Unify the North
See:
The war of unifying the north in the Northern Wei Dynasty
The war of unifying the north in the Northern Wei Dynasty was carried out under the condition of feudalism at the time of the Sixteen Kingdoms of Wuhu. Although it faces many opponents and the situation is complex and changeable, it can judge the situation, measure the situation, determine the targets successively, and adopt flexible strategies and tactics to achieve the goal of breaking down one by one.
In the 10th year of the Northern Wei Dynasty (395, the 10th year of the Jianxing period of the later Yan Dynasty), the latter attacked the Northern Wei Dynasty. Facing the attack of the latter Yan army, tuobafen took the policy of showing weakness and avoiding, waiting for fatigue to attack. At the same time, he paid attention to disintegrating the morale of the other army, pursued bravely, and annihilated 45000 Yan troops in the decisive battle of shenhepi (now Liangcheng city of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region). From then on, the balance of power between the two countries was changed, and the Northern Wei forces entered the Central Plains.
In the 11th year of Deng state (396), tuobafen took advantage of his victory and attacked Yan. He personally led more than 400000 troops to attack Yan. After that, tuobafen led his troops out of Mayi, conquered Jinyang, took Bingzhou, and went down to jingxingguan in the East. After the surrender, Yan general Li Xian was granted the title of chief envoy of Zhengdong left. Then he drove straight to Hutuo and set up camp and Bulei in Changshan city (now the East ancient city in the suburb of Shijiazhuang City), ready to conquer the city in one fell swoop. At that time, Gou Yan, the Empress Dowager of Changshan, led the people to guard the city. If he failed to persuade the soldiers to surrender, he ordered them to attack the city on a large scale. Gou Yan was in a hurry to fight, but because he didn't know much about the art of war, he had no command, and because of the great disparity between the two sides, Yan's army suffered heavy casualties. The Northern Wei army broke into the city and captured Gou Yan. After that, Wei company occupied dozens of counties. Only Zhongshan, ye (now Anyang City in Henan Province to Linzhang County in Hebei Province) and Xindu (now Jizhou city in Hebei Province) were still under the control of Yan army. In November, the king of Wei assembled a large number of troops to attack Zhongshan, the capital of Yandu. At the same time, he ordered Duke Tuo Biyi of Dongping to lead 50000 soldiers to attack Yecheng, and ordered champion General Wang Jian and left General Li Li to attack Xindu, ready to destroy Yan at one stroke.
Later, Murong long, king of Gaoyang in Yan Dynasty, defended the South Gate of Zhongshan and led the whole army to fight back the successive attacks of Wei army. The Wei army suffered heavy casualties. Seeing that Zhongshan City was strong and strict, he led his troops to the South and quickly attacked Xindu with superior forces. After that, the army came to Yecheng and several strong attacks failed. The barracks of the Wei army were attacked by Murong Qing at night, so Tuoba Li had to retreat to Yangcheng. At this time, the state of Wei and Zhou Jianjun Chou heard that his uncle had no roots to surrender Yan, so the governor led his troops to kill and return to the capital of the state of Wei. When he heard this, he was ready to withdraw his troops and return to the north to quell the civil strife. But he was afraid that Yan's army would run after him and suffer from the enemy.
Therefore, he sent his country to negotiate peace with Houyan and was willing to take his younger brother as a hostage. Murong Bao, the master of Yan, was not allowed to accept the internal difficulties of the state of Wei. At the same time, 120000 infantry and 37000 cavalry troops were stationed in baisiwu (today's Gaocheng county) on the North Bank of the Hutuo River, inviting Tuoba to fight here. He was angry and took the fight. In a few days, he went north to camp on the South Bank of Hutuo River. Taking advantage of the unstable position of the Wei army, murongbao sent more than ten thousand elite soldiers to attack the Wei camp at night in an attempt to preempt. After crossing the river, the Yan army went to Weiying and used the north wind to set fire to the camp and launched a fierce attack. The barracks of the Wei army were on fire one after another, and the soldiers were in chaos. At this time, Tuoba was sleeping. Suddenly, he heard that the barracks were in a mess. He left the barracks in a hurry and fled barefoot. Yan Jiang Qi te and more than 100 people fly to Tuoba
Chinese PinYin : Bei Wei
