Nanliang

Southern Chaoliang

Liang Dynasty (502-557) is the Third Dynasty of Southern Dynasty in China's southern and Northern Dynasties. Xiao Yan, the governor of Yongzhou, replaced the Southern Qi Dynasty as emperor and established the capital of Jiankang (now Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province). The name of the state is Liang. Xiao Yan's fiefdom was in Guliang County, so the name of the state is Liang. Because the royal family name Xiao, also known as Xiao Liang.

Among all the emperors in the Southern Dynasty, Liang Wu was an emperor who worked hard to rule. Before he became emperor, he worked in the grass-roots political organizations for some years, had some political experience, and heard and witnessed the decadent rule of the late Qi Dynasty. Therefore, after he ascended the throne, most of his policies were beneficial to Liang's political stability and economic recovery and development. In the late Liang Dynasty, the State Administration was corrupt, which led to the chaos of Hou Jing, and the war caused great damage to the social economy of the Southern Dynasty. Later, in order to fight for the throne, the Nanliang royal family attracted the Northern Qi and the Western Wei Dynasty to help them, which made the two dynasties seize a large area of Nanliang land, weakened the strength of the Southern Dynasty, and established the situation of weak in the South and strong in the north. In the second year of Taiping (557), Chen Baxian abolished the emperor and changed his name to Chen.

In the Southern Dynasty, Liang Heguo lived for 55 years. In the second year of Wucheng (560) of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Nanliang remnant in Yingzhou, the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, was destroyed by the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In addition, the Northern Zhou Dynasty also supported Xiao Yan's grandson, Xiao Chen, to establish Xiliang in Jiangling and pass on the three emperors. Before the Sui Dynasty's war against Chen, his imperial title was cancelled.

National name

The first year of Liang Tianjian (502) was founded by Xiao Yan, the patriarchal clan of the Southern Qi Dynasty, who called himself Emperor

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, dujiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu). Xiao Yan's fiefdom was in Guliang County, and his old name was Liang. Because the emperor's surname is Xiao, also known as Xiao

Xiao Liang

.

history

The beginning of the Liang Dynasty

Xiao Yan, the founder of the Liang Dynasty, was the 25th grandson of Xiao He, the Prime Minister of the Western Han Dynasty. He originally belonged to the royal family of Qi in the Southern Dynasty. His father, Xiao Shunzhi, made great contributions in the process of Xiao Daocheng's independence in the Song Dynasty. In the process of Xiao Luan's killing the imperial clan, Xiao Shunzhi's family was not killed. During the reign of Xiao Baojuan, the Duke of donghun, "the internal troubles were nine and the foreign invaders were three.". Xiao Yan saw that the rule of Qi Dynasty would not last long, so he decided to replace it. In Xiangyang, he made a lot of preparations, such as "making equipment by stealth, cutting down more bamboo and wood, sinking in Tanxi, and preparing for the boat". In the winter of the second year of Yongyuan (501), Xiao Yan raised his army in Xiangyang. "It was built in Japan. He went out of Tanxi to build a boat with bamboo and wood, and did it in ten days.". Because the rule of Qi Dynasty was decadent at that time and completely lost the people's will, Xiao Yan made a great impact after he set up his army. After two years of war, Xiao Yan's army invaded Jiankang, killed Xiao Baojuan and made Xiao Baorong emperor. Of course, the establishment of Xiao Baorong was only a necessary buffer stage before Xiao Yan became emperor of Qi Dynasty. In the first year of Liang Tianjian (502), Qi and Xiao Baorong, the last emperor of Qi Dynasty, transferred the ruling power of Qi Dynasty to Xiao Yan, the king of Liang Dynasty. Xiao Yan officially became emperor in Jiankang, and named the country "Daliang". In the early period of the reign of Xiao Yan, Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty, he was able to pay attention to government affairs and correct various malpractices since the song and Qi dynasties. When he came to power, he not only gave 2000 palace maids to the soldiers, but also issued an edict to release all the women who belonged to the Hougong, Yuefu and Xijie. He also abolished the promiscuous and promiscuous service set up by donghun Marquis, banned all floating expenses except for practicing rites and music and repairing Jiabing, and advocated thrift. He always only wears cloth clothes and eats vegetables. And I'll wait and accept the opinions of the public. He ordered Gongdong mansion to set up a wooden letter and a stone letter, stipulating that if he wanted to discuss the political affairs that the incumbent did not pay attention to, he could slander the wooden letter; if he did not know about the merits, talents and wrongs, he could slander the stone letter. He used to be the imperial concubine of donghun Marquis, which was a hindrance to politics. Since the Yongjia rebellion in the late Western Jin Dynasty, the Han regime has been in a passive position in the military struggle with the northern minority regime. However, it was stronger than the northern regime in economy and culture. Since the southern regime was established in the south of the Yangtze River from the eastern Wu Dynasty, the most prosperous period of economy and culture in the Southern Dynasty was the Liang Dynasty. This is inseparable from Xiao Yan's own cultural quality. Xiao Yan's cultural level is the highest among the southern emperors. Since he became emperor, he has carried out a moderate policy in China, focusing on economic development and attaching importance to cultural development as well as economic development. At that time, the Northern Wei Dynasty, which was confronted with the Xiaoliang regime, had a sharp decline in its national strength since the death of tuobahong, Emperor Xiaowen. When Xiao Yan established the Liang Dynasty, the Northern Wei Dynasty began decades of civil strife and peasant uprising. During this period, there was no strength and energy to attack Xiao Liang, so that Xiao Liang could take advantage of the weakening military pressure to develop domestic economy and culture.

Increasingly extravagant

When Xiao Liang's rule was stable and his national strength began to rise, Xiao Yan gradually became a man of great achievements, flattery and remonstrance. Finally, he developed into a very devout Buddhist and began to believe in sycophantic Buddhists. Not only did he like Buddhism alone, but he also tried his best to create a Buddhist atmosphere in the ruling area and encouraged the princes and nobles around him to believe in Buddhism. The whole country was in a miasma, followed by political corruption. Political corruption also inevitably led to military incompetence. In addition, although the northern regime had been split at that time, the Northern Qi and Northern Zhou, which could be split from the eastern and Western Wei dynasties, achieved considerable development through various reforms and rectifications. During the reign of Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty, in view of the power of signature in song and Qi dynasties, the power was concentrated on the emperor, resulting in the situation that the royal family was fratricidal and the power was seized by the Su nationality. Therefore, Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty abolished the signature system. In this way, the kings were no longer subject to Dianqian and became powerful vassals. They acted recklessly in the local area, that is, they fought against the central government and made trouble, but they were only taught by Emperor Liang Wu. Liang Wudi's painstaking efforts later led to civil strife in the royal family, which he did not expect. Liang Wudi also believed that the national movement of the Eastern Jin Dynasty lasted for more than a hundred years because of the support and maintenance of the aristocratic families, so he paid special attention to the restoration and improvement of the rights of the aristocratic families. All the Royal descendants, aristocratic families and ministers were given preferential treatment, tolerance and even indulgence. Even if they commit a crime, they are not punished by law. According to historical records, Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty "simplified the criminal law from the minister, but did not mean to punish him.". There are many corrupt officials, many corrupt officials, and many corrupt officials At that time, the sons of princes and princes were often arrogant and lewd. Emperor Liang Wu was also aware of these disadvantages, but he did not prohibit them. In the later period of emperor Liang Wu, political corruption, official corruption, social extravagance, and people's exile were all very serious. He Chen pointed out to Emperor Wu: "the reduction of household registration in the world is an urgent task. The county can't bear the control of the state and the county can't bear the intention of the county. The common people could not live up to their orders, and all things moved, either depending on their surnames or gathering in tunfeng. Today, the rulers are all corrupt, and few are honest and beautiful. " Emperor Liang Wu could not listen to these pertinent opinions. In this way, Emperor Liang Wu created a decadent ruling group centered on the royal family and aristocratic families. This group was tolerated by the emperor and enjoyed various privileges. They have "a hundred concubines, thousands of servants, no farming, no weaving, royal food". However, the people were displaced under their exploitation, so that "everyone was tired of suffering, and every family was confused." This is the most fundamental reason for the end of Liang Dynasty.

Hou jingluanliang

In the last years of his reign, Emperor Liang Wu not only made a lot of mistakes in internal affairs, but also made a lot of follies in dealing with the relationship with the Northern Wei Dynasty, especially in accepting Hou Jing. In October of the 13th year of Tianjian (514), the Northern Wei Dynasty took situ Gaozhao as the general and the governor of Pingshu, with 150000 soldiers attacking liangyizhou. In addition, Fu Liyan went out of Bajun north, Yangzhi went out of Yucheng, Xi Kangsheng went out of Jinxing, and Zhen Chen went out of Jiange. They wanted to take liangzhishu in one fell swoop. There were victories and defeats in the war, but the Wei army failed. Almost at the same time, Liang Wudi believed the suggestion of Wang Zu, a descendant of the Northern Wei Dynasty I want to build a weir to irrigate Wei Shouyang city with Huai water. The water conservancy engineers sent by Liang to survey the terrain all said that the huaishui river is surrounded by sandy soil, which is not solid enough to build weirs. Not listening to this, Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty sent 200000 migrant workers and soldiers to work day and night in Xu and Yang prefectures for two years. After the Northern Wei Dynasty was divided into the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty, the two sides fought for years, and the attack on the South tended to be gentle; the Liang Dynasty also began to decline, and the large-scale military action against the Northern Dynasty stopped. However, Emperor Liang Wu always wanted to find an opportunity to attack the Northern Dynasties. In 547, Hou Jing was forced to surrender to Liang by Gao Cheng, the son of Gao Huan. Liang Wudi readily accepted it and thought that the time had come for the northern expedition. The conflict between Hou Jing and Gao Cheng was aroused, so he went to other countries. The reason why emperor Liang Wu accepted Hou Jing was to expand the territory of Liang. But he didn't deal with the matter carefully and didn't fully estimate Hou Jing's actual situation, which caused serious mistakes. After Hou Jing came down to Liang, Emperor Wu of Liang sent his nephew Xiao Yuanming to attack Gucheng in the winter of the first year of Taiqing Dynasty (547), hoping to echo with Hou Jing. Xiao Yuanming is a man who can't fight at all. According to historical records, "the generals discussed military affairs with Yuanming, but Yuanming could not deal with them, but they said that" temporary measures should be taken. " As a result, Liang's army was defeated by Gao Cheng of the Eastern Wei Dynasty. Xiao Yuanming, several important generals Hu Guisun and Zhao Bochao were captured by the Eastern Wei Dynasty, and tens of thousands of Liang's soldiers died. When Emperor Liang Wu heard the news that Xiao Yuanming had been captured, he had to negotiate peace with the Eastern Wei Dynasty. In the spring of 548, Hou Jing was defeated by the Eastern Wei Dynasty and fled to Shouyang in the Liang Dynasty. This battle, Liang Dynasty's weakness and incompetence, gave Hou Jing a great stimulation. Seeing that he was eager for peace, Gao Cheng proposed to exchange Hou Jing for Xiao Yuanming. Without considering the consequences, Emperor Wu of Liang agreed. When Hou Jing knew that Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty was going to exchange him for Xiao Yuanming, he set up troops in Shouyang to attack Jiankang, causing an unprecedented turmoil at the end of Liang Dynasty. History calls this turmoil the chaos of Hou Jing, also known as "the difficulty of Taiqing". In October of the second year of Taiqing Dynasty (548), Hou Jing captured qiaozhou (now huichu)

Chinese PinYin : Nan Liang