New dynasty

New dynasty

The new dynasty (from January 15, 2009 to October 6, 2013) was established by Wang Mang, a relative of the Western Han Dynasty. In December of the first year of guiyoushuo (January 15, 1999), Wang Mang abolished Han Ruzi (Liu Ying) as the Duke of Anding, changed Yinzheng of Han Dynasty to chouzheng, and founded the people's Republic of China after the Yuan Dynasty, changed the name of the country to Xin, and established the capital of Chang'an (now the site of Chang'an city of Han Dynasty in Xi'an)

Xinmang

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After Wang Mang became emperor, he carried out a number of reforms, including: carrying out the system of King's land, limiting private land holding, state-owned part of the excess, state-owned distribution of the landless, one man per hundred mu, in order to solve the serious problem of land annexation since the late Western Han Dynasty, but completely unable to implement; banning and rewarding slaves; promoting state-owned undertakings; reforming the currency system, etc. However, the new dynasty's political orders were complicated and changed constantly, which led to the failure of the reform and the rapid demise of the new dynasty.

In the 23rd year of the Dihuang reign, the new dynasty was overthrown by the green forest army, and it lasted for 15 years. After the peasant war, Liu Xuan established the Xuanhan regime.

The new dynasty created a successful precedent in the history of China by abdicating to Emperor. Because the traditional view of history despised the way of transferring power by abdication, compared with the way of gaining power by war revolution, so Wang Mang has been mistaken as a "hypocrite" by Chinese historians. The evaluation of the new dynasty by ancient Chinese historians is almost negative, especially in Hanshu, which regards Wang Mang as a traitor. Later generations also evaluated Wang Mang according to the viewpoint of Han Dynasty, and the evaluation did not change until the end of Qing Dynasty.

National name

In the early Han Dynasty, according to the five virtues theory, Liu Bang designated zhengshuo as shuide. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed zhengshuo to tude. It was not until Wang Mang usurped the government to establish a new dynasty that he adopted the view of Liu Xiang and Liu Xin that Han belonged to Huode. After the restoration of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu officially recognized this view, and then established zhengshuo as Huode in the Eastern Han Dynasty. This view was adopted in the Eastern Han Dynasty and later historical books such as Hanshu and the annals of the Three Kingdoms, so the Han Dynasty was also known as "Yan Han". The Han Dynasty was also called "Liu Han" because of the emperor's surname Liu, so the Han Dynasty was also called "Yan Han", "Yan Liu" and "Liu Han".

The meaning of Wang Mang's "new" state name of the dynasty is as follows:

The original meaning of the new is to change the old and update. In the late Western Han Dynasty, under the control of the five virtues theory of heaven and man induction, there was an ideological trend of replacing the old virtues with the new virtues in social politics. Under this background, Wang Mang regarded himself as the spokesman of the new virtues, "changing the Han Dynasty to establish a new one and abolishing Liu to prosper the king", and finally completed the process of "accepting orders again". In Han Dynasty, it was Huode, the Red Emperor, and Wang Mang was Tu De, claiming to be "entrusted by the emperor's first ancestor after the examination of the Yellow Emperor". According to the principle of five elements, Tu de replaced Huode, which meant that the Red Emperor passed it on to the yellow emperor and was granted by heaven.

history

Wang's rise

See:

usurper who founded the Xin dynasty

Since emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, Liu's power gradually fell to Wang's relatives group with empress Xiaoyuan Wang Zhengjun as the core.

Wang Zhengjun was the empress of emperor yuan of Han Dynasty (empress Xiaoyuan for short), and gave birth to Emperor Cheng of Han Dynasty. During the reign of emperor Cheng of Han Dynasty, many of the brothers of empress Xiaoyuan were appointed as Marquises, but Wang man died earlier than that. Wang Mang is Wang man's second son and nephew after Yuan Dynasty. Because his cousin was the son of general liehou, "he was extravagant in his time, and he was proud of his horse and his voice; but because his father died early, he was" poor and alone, and frugal because of frugality. ". When he was young, he was educated by Confucianism, diligent and erudite. It's very considerate to serve my mother and my widowed sister-in-law and raise my brother and son. And make friends with handsome, serve their parents, in line with the etiquette.

During the period of Yangshuo (24-21 BC), Wang Feng was ill and Wang Mang was very respectful. When Wang Feng was dying, she recommended Wang Mang to be the servant of Huangmen, and Wang Mang embarked on his official career.

After a few years, Wang Shang and some famous people praised Wang Mang. In the first year of Yongshi (16 BC), Emperor Cheng granted Wang Mang the title of new capital. Before and after that, Wang Mang was successively promoted to the rank of commander of riding, doctor of Guanglu and servant. At this time, he "Suwei Jinchi" and "the more modest his moral integrity is.". He often used chariots, horses, clothes and furs to make friends with celebrities and ministers. Therefore, Gongqing recommended it, and the tourists said, "the reputation is rising day by day, and all the fathers are devoted to it.".

In the first year of Suihe (8 BC), Wang Mang was promoted to Da Sima at the age of 38. At this time, Wang Mang "wanted to be more famous than his predecessors, so he was never tired of conquering himself." he hired some virtuous people as his history, and the reward was given to his subordinates. He was very thrifty, and his wife was like a servant.

In the year of Wang Mang's reign, Emperor Cheng died, Emperor AI of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne (7 BC), and his relatives Ding and Fu Yongshi abdicated. Wang Mang stayed in the new capital and blocked his door.

Emperor AI died in the second year of Yuanshou (1 BC). Nine year old Hanping emperor ascended the throne. After the Yuan Dynasty, Wang Mang was called the great Sima. Wang Mang died in the second year of Yuanshou's reign, and he held power for 24 years.

In the first six or seven years of Wang Mang's Assistant Administration (1 bc-6 AD), the influence of Ding and Fu's relatives was eliminated. "If the relatives of emperor AI and his ministers did not speak, mang would be punished by Fu.". At the same time, it was used by Kong Guang and his son-in-law Zhen Han. He was afraid that his uncle Wang Li, Hongyang Marquis, would gossip in front of the empress of the Yuan Dynasty, so he asked Kong Guang to play Wang Li's "old evils" and sent Wang Li back to the feudal state. Because Wang Mang had a strong hand in holding up and down, he "promoted a Shun and killed those who hated him.". In the first month of the first year of emperor Hanping's reign, Yueshang retranslated the first white pheasant and the second black pheasant, and summoned the three ministers to recommend the ancestral temple. The officials then declared that "Mang's merits and virtues are the same as those of Zhou Cheng's white pheasant for thousands of years" and demanded that Wang Mang be granted the title of Han Gong. So Wang Mang was worshipped as Taifu.

Kill the dissident

In the second year of the first year (Ad 2), Emperor Hanping was 13 years old. Wang Mang successfully promoted his daughter Wang Zhen to the position of empress, which was called empress Xiaoping in history.

Chen Chong and scholar Zhang Song wrote a memorial praising Wang Mang's comparable merits and virtues to the Duke of Zhou, suggesting that "it is appropriate to restore the principality, make it like the Duke of Zhou, establish a childe, and make it like a bird.". It's time for LV Kuan to discuss this matter. At first, after passing the Yuan Dynasty, Wang Mang expelled the emperor's mother Wei Ji and his uncle Wei Bao and Wei Xuan from the capital. His son, Wang Yushen, was afraid of the resentment of emperor Ping when he grew up. He wrote to Wei Bao and taught him to return to Beijing. Wang Mang disagreed. Wang Yu and his wife and brother LV Kuan discussed in private, using superstitious means to make the court return to Zhengwei. However, when Lu Kuan spilled blood on Wang Mang's door at night, he was arrested and committed suicide in prison. Wang Mang Zou asked him to kill his son Wang Yu. Yu's wife was pregnant and wanted to give birth. For this reason, Wang Mang killed the Wei family and managed LV Kuan's prison in poverty. He even led the heroes of the prefecture to criticize himself. He also led Princess Jingwu (sister of the Yuan emperor), Liang Wangli, Hongyang Houli, and Ping'a Houren to force him to commit suicide. "Hundreds of the dead.". Wang Mang also wrote a book for this purpose, preaching that the crime of governing children is selfless and selfless, so as to discipline children and grandchildren. His followers also requested that this book be distributed throughout the country, so that the officials can understand the purpose of this book.

After Lu Kuan's case, Wang Shun put forward Chen Chongzhi's suggestion again. The followers incited "more than 8000 people to submit letters to the people" and all demanded to follow Chen Chong's advice. So in April of the fourth year of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (AD 4), Wang Mang was worshipped as Zaiheng, a duke. Wang Mang also carved "the seal of the great Sima of Zaiheng Taifu", which was superior to the Minister of state, and had a different prestige.

At this time, Wang Mang played Ming Tang, PI Yong and Ling Tai, built Shewan district for scholars, worked as a market, and often filled warehouses. The system was very prosperous. The book of songs is composed of five doctors and five classics. He called up scholars of Confucian classics, and those who knew Yi Li, Gu Shu, Mao Shi, Zhou Guan, Er Ya, astronomy, Tu Chen, Zhong Lu, Yue Ling, art of war and Shi pian. "It's a strange saying that there are thousands of talents in the world. It's said that the generals in the imperial court are absurd."

Please reward Wang Mang for his performance. After the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial edict was issued to discuss the law of Jiuxi. In the fifth year of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (AD 5), the officials and the people asked for a reward for Wang Mang because he was not given a gift from xinyetian. Wang Mang wrote that he was weak in virtue, respected in position, and had little power. He was often afraid that he would not be competent. The "peace" of the world was the virtue of the post Yuan Dynasty, and his contribution was not his own ability. He refused to be rewarded. However, he was still influenced by Jiuxi, and his power was quite different from that of other officials.

Establish a new dynasty

Liu Qing, the Marquis of Leling, wrote that the present emperor was young, so Wang Mang should be allowed to "act like the Duke of Zhou". All the officials said that should be the case. At this time, when Emperor Ping was ill, Wang Mang made a plan and was willing to replace it with his body. He hid the plan in Jindan and put it in the front hall. This is the story of deceiving Duke Zhou to make Jindan for King Wu. Soon, Emperor Ping died, and he wanted to choose his successor. At this time, Emperor Shijue of the Yuan Dynasty chose Liu Ying, the youngest of the xuansun, who was only two years old, and "thought that BU Xiang was the most auspicious.".

At this time, it was said that Meng Tongjun, the martial arts master, got a white stone. Under the upper circle, there was a stone written in red script. The text said, "tell Han Gong mang to be emperor." Gongqing was reprimanded after playing Yuan Dynasty, saying: "this slander is against the world, and can't be carried out!" Wang Shun interceded and explained to empress yuan that this matter could not be stopped, and Wang Mang did not dare to have other ideas, "but he wanted to emphasize his power and fill in the ears of the world.". The empress of the Yuan Dynasty had no choice but to promise, and ordered Wang Mang to "take photos of Jianzuo, just like the story of Duke Zhou". Therefore, the ministers asked Wang Mang to be Regent "just like the emperor's system", and to change the Yuan Dynasty to "Ju Shi" in the next year. Soon, Wang Mang took Liu Ying as the crown prince, and called him "Ruzi".

In April of the first year of Ju she (6th year), Liu Chong, the Marquis of an Zhong, instigated Liu's clan to rise up against Wang Mang. More than 100 followers attacked Wancheng and were not allowed to enter. The anti recklessness of the world started from then on. Liu Jiaque, the father of Liu Chong's clan, pleaded guilty and was pardoned. He praised Wang Mang's merits and virtues, scolded Liu Chong for chaos, and affirmed Wang Mang's suppression of Liu Chong. Wang Mang was so happy that he made Liu Jia a handsome marquis. At this time, the officials said that Liu chongmou's rebellion was due to Wang Mang's "light power" and that Wang Mang's power should be raised in order to subdue the whole country. So the empress of the Yuan Dynasty ordered Wang Mang to call himself "false emperor" when he came to see her.

In September of the 7th year of jushe, Wang Mang suppressed Zhai Yihou

Chinese PinYin : Xin Chao